Evaluation of morphological differences between primary tumors and their intracerebral metastases was performed in operational specimens from 41 patients with intracerebral metastases (carcinoma in 80,5±6,19 %, melanoma in 19,5±6,19 %) and primary tumors: skin melanoma (8 cases), lungs carcinoma (17 cases), breast carcinoma (16 cases). Standard basic micromorphological processing was performed.
The structure of intracerebral metastatic melanoma foci had similarities with primary foci, but with higher atypicity, vascularity, surrounding by "muffs" of tumor cells, hemorrhagic, inflammatory and necrotic foci. Tumor tissue of lungs-derived metastatic focus repeated the structure of primary tumor, in patches glandular formations go with solid layers of acinar structures in the center, stroma in these places is not prominent giving an evidence of de-differentiation. In primary breast tumors and their brain metastases morphology was almost identical. It was proved that brain metastatic tumor tissue is characterized by lower differentiation comparing with primary tumor.
Lesions/ Tumors/ Cysts doesn't follow the text books. Hence, every enthusiastic Pathologist should be updated with the current trends in the subject. Here is an attempt made from the most common text books of Oral pathology.
Lesions/ Tumors/ Cysts doesn't follow the text books. Hence, every enthusiastic Pathologist should be updated with the current trends in the subject. Here is an attempt made from the most common text books of Oral pathology.
More than 90% of malignant tumors in the oral region are squamous cell carcinomas arising from the mucosal epithelium.
However, it is now apparent that these mucosal carcinomas comprise a number of different diseases that must be considered separately, due to differences in site, etiology, prognosis and management.
More than 90% of malignant tumors in the oral region are squamous cell carcinomas arising from the mucosal epithelium.
However, it is now apparent that these mucosal carcinomas comprise a number of different diseases that must be considered separately, due to differences in site, etiology, prognosis and management.
Histopathological patterns of cutaneous malignant melanoma in Sudaniosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
ON ANALYTICAL APPROACH FOR ANALYSIS OF DISSOLUTION OF A MEDICINAL PRODUCT IN ...pbij
In this paper we introduce a model of dissolution of a medicinal product in a organism with account of
changing of conditions. The model gives a possibility to estimate spatio-temporal distribution of
concentration of a medicinal product during dissolution. We also consider an analytical approach to
analyze the above dissolution. We consider a possibility to accelerate and decelerate of the above
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Pharmaceutical and Biomedical sciences: An International Journal (PBIJ)pbij
Pharmaceutical and biomedical sciences: An International Journal (PBIJ) is a Quarterly peer-reviewed and refereed open access journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of the Pharmaceutical and Biomedical sciences. The journal is devoted to the publication of high quality papers on theoretical and practical aspects of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical sciences.
Pharmaceutical and Biomedical sciences: An International Journal (PBIJ)pbij
Pharmaceutical and biomedical sciences: An International Journal (PBIJ) is a Quarterly peerreviewed and refereed open access journal that publishes articles which contribute new results
in all areas of the Pharmaceutical and Biomedical sciences. The journal is devoted to the
publication of high quality papers on theoretical and practical aspects of Pharmaceutical and
Biomedical sciences
Pharmaceutical and Biomedical sciences: An International Journal (PBIJ)pbij
Pharmaceutical and biomedical sciences: An International Journal (PBIJ) is a Quarterly peer-reviewed and refereed open access journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of the Pharmaceutical and Biomedical sciences. The journal is devoted to the publication of high quality papers on theoretical and practical aspects of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical sciences.
The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus Pharmaceutical and Biomedical sciences advancements, and establishing new collaborations in these areas. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews are invited for publication in all areas of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical sciences.
Pharmaceutical and Biomedical sciences: An International Journal (PBIJ)pbij
Pharmaceutical and biomedical sciences: An International Journal (PBIJ) is a Quarterly peer-reviewed and refereed open access journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of the Pharmaceutical and Biomedical sciences. The journal is devoted to the publication of high quality papers on theoretical and practical aspects of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical sciences.
Pharmaceutical and Biomedical sciences: An International Journal (PBIJ)pbij
Pharmaceutical and biomedical sciences: An International Journal (PBIJ) is a Quarterly peer-reviewed and refereed open access journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of the Pharmaceutical and Biomedical sciences. The journal is devoted to the publication of high quality papers on theoretical and practical aspects of
Pharmaceutical and Biomedical sciences.
International Journal of Electronic Design and Test (JEDT)pbij
International Journal of Electronic Design and Test (JEDT) is a peer-reviewed, open access journal which invites original works describing the methods used to design and test electronic product hardware and supportive software. Authors from industry and academia are invited to submit their original unpublished research works on the topics listed below:
ROLE OF ECHOGRAPHY AND COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY IN DIAGNOSIS OF CHRONIC DIFFUSE LI...pbij
In three-stage prospective cohort controlled research of 2876 persons with chronic diffuse liver diseases (2076 cases of fatty liver disease, 509 cases of chronic hepatitis, 139 cases of liver cirrhosis) and 152 healthy controls the clinical significance of radiation methods of investigation in quantitative evaluation of liver morphofunctional state in patients with chronic diffuse liver diseases was estimated. Diagnosisprognostic algorithm for patients with this pathology was developed, validated and recommended for practical application. Further perspectives are related to detailed chronic diffuse liver diseases stratification by intensity of steatosis (in fatty liver disease), activity (in chronic hepatitis) and fibrosis (in chronic hepatitis and liver cirrhosis).
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
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Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
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Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
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Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
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MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF METASTATIC BRAIN TUMORS AND THEIR PRIMARY SOURCES
1. Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences: An International Journal (PBIJ), Vol.1, No.1
1
MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF
METASTATIC BRAIN TUMORS AND THEIR PRIMARY
SOURCES
Vladimir A. Pyatikop1
, Mohamad A. Al-Trawneh1
and Oksana N. Pliten2
1
Department of Neurosurgery, Kharkiv National Medical University, Kharkiv, Ukraine
2
Department of Pathological Anatomy, Kharkiv National Medical University, Kharkiv,
Ukraine
ABSTRACT
Evaluation of morphological differences between primary tumors and their intracerebral metastases was
performed in operational specimens from 41 patients with intracerebral metastases (carcinoma in
80,5±6,19 %, melanoma in 19,5±6,19 %) and primary tumors: skin melanoma (8 cases), lungs carcinoma
(17 cases), breast carcinoma (16 cases). Standard basic micromorphological processing was performed.
The structure of intracerebral metastatic melanoma foci had similarities with primary foci, but with higher
atypicity, vascularity, surrounding by "muffs" of tumor cells, hemorrhagic, inflammatory and necrotic foci.
Tumor tissue of lungs-derived metastatic focus repeated the structure of primary tumor, in patches
glandular formations go with solid layers of acinar structures in the center, stroma in these places is not
prominent giving an evidence of de-differentiation. In primary breast tumors and their brain metastases
morphology was almost identical. It was proved that brain metastatic tumor tissue is characterized by
lower differentiation comparing with primary tumor.
KEYWORDS
Skin Melanoma, Lung Carcinoma, Breast Carcinoma, Brain metastasis, Morphology
1. INTRODUCTION
Metastatic affection of brain by its prevalence, medical and social importance and economical
burden represents a topical medical problem in neurosurgery and adjacent medical specialties
[1, 2].
The statistical data about the frequency of metastatic brain tumors (MBT) among all cerebral
neoplasms are discrepant and vary, according to different sources, from 1,2 % to 50 % [3, 4, 5].
The frequency of malignant tumors brain metastasis is about 0,5 % of all cases of oncological
pathology; it was noted what in 23-39 % of oncological patients with metastases to central
nervous system the affection of brain is first and sometimes only manifestation of latent course
of primary malignant tumor [6, 7, 8].
The problem of MBT treatment in Ukraine and all the world is one of the most topical because
the frequency of the diseases is growing from year to year due to increase of primary pathology
incidence, such as lung cancer, breast cancer and other.
2. Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences: An International Journal (PBIJ), Vol.1, No.1
2
2. MATERIAL AND METHODS
The aim of the research was evaluation of morphological differences between primary tumors of
different locations and their intracerebral metastases for optimization of diagnosis and treatment
of metastatic brain tumors. In the presented in this article part of research the morphological
characteristics of MBT and corresponding primary tumor foci was performed using histological
microspecimens of operational material of primary tumors and their brain metastases from 41
patients obtained from archives of pathologoanatomical departments of Kharkiv Regional
Clinical Hospital – Center of Emergency Medical Care and Disaster Medicine; Kharkiv Regional
Clinical Oncological Center, while in the dissertational research we cover a wider range of
primary tumors locations (nephrogenic cancer, vaginal cancer, thymoma, leiomyosarcoma and
unknown primary sources together with their intracerebral metastases in addition to what was
mentioned above). By histological structure the metastases were represented by carcinoma in 33
cases (80,5±6,19 %), by melanoma – in 8 cases (19,5±6,19 %), and by primary tumors: skin
melanoma (8 cases), lungs carcinoma (17 cases) and breast carcinoma (16 cases).
The preparation of histological specimens was standard. Tissue samples has been fixed in 10 %
solution of buffered (neutral) formalin, then processed though alcohols in gradually increasing
concentration, Nikiforoff’s fluid (96 % ethylic alcohol and diethylic ether in 1:1 ratio),
chlorophorm, after what filled with paraffin. From prepared in such a manner blocks the serial
sections of 4-5×10-6
m width have been produced with microtome. The morphological
processing included the routine method of hematoxylin and eosin staining. The histological
methodics mentioned above is conducted by the prescriptions described in the guidelines of
histological technics [9, 10]. Microscopy and photographing has been performed with Olympus
BX-41 microscope. The critical value of p-level was 0.05.
The research has been conducted according to requirements of European Convention (Strasburg,
1986), ІСН GСP (2008), GLР (2002) principles, local Ukrainian legislation.
The statistical analysis has been performed using non-parametric methods with critical p-level of
0.05.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
One of tumors often associated with brain metastases is melanoma. In our research we have
revealed epithelioid-cellular (6 cases) and spindle-cell (2 cases) histological variants of primary
melanoma foci.
Below morphological characteristics of primary tumor tissue foci and its intracerebral metastases
of most often melanoma histological variant – epithelioid (carcinoid) form is represented (our
own observation).
The tissue of primary tumor is built from “nests” of atypical cells with big excentrically located
big nucleus and clearly visualized nucleolus, present in the derma. In the cytoplasm of most cells
a greyish-brown pigment (melanin) is revealed in excess quantities (figure 1).
In part of cases the multi-layer squamous epithelium does not possess a melanocyte activity; in
some of samples there are signs of pseudo-carcinomatous hyperplasia of multi-layer squamous
epithelium – its reactive overgrowth in form of acanthosis bundles.
The structure of MBT was similar to primary foci, while the level of differentiation of tumor
tissue is lower. In the MBT preparations more intensive cellular atypism, more vessels
3. Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences: An International Journal (PBIJ), Vol.1, No.1
3
surrounded with “muffs” of tumor cells, foci of haemorrhage, inflammation and necrosis are
present comparing with primary tissue (figure 2).
It was stated that the degree and extent of spread of melanin accumulation in a primary and
metastatic tumor may be different: melanin in metastatic focus, same as in primary, is
accumulated diffusely in excess amounts or melanin is metastatic tumor is present insufficiently
or moderately, while in a primary focus it is present in excess quantities.
In general, in case of melanoma-derived MBT there was a low differentiation of tumor tissue:
expressed cells atypism and polymorphism, multiple vessels surrounded with tumor cells which
here and there form “muffs”, foci of inflammation and necrosis of tumor tissue.
Figure 1. Skin melanoma, epithelioid cell type. Hematoxylin and eosin staining, ×100
4. Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences: An International Journal (PBIJ), Vol.1, No.1
4
Figure 2. Brain metastases of epithelioid cell skin melanoma. Hematoxylin and eosin staining, ×100
It is known that most often origin of MBT are tumors of lungs and breast. This has got a
confirmation in the results of our research.
Metastatic brain tumors derived from malignant tumors of lungs were represented mostly by
glandular tumor tissue – metastases of adenocarcinoma, in part of cases – by metastases of
squamous-cellular and non-differentiated cancer. Cases of primary tumors observed by us on
histological specimens represented most often highly-differentiated adenocarcinoma of lungs –
in 10 cases (the morphological characteristics of primary tumor and MBT tissue from our own
observations is represented below), moderately-differentiated – in 2 cases, low-differentiated – in
1 case, large-cell (clear-cell variant) – in 3 cases, squamous-cell – in 1 case.
The primary tumor tissue of lung – highly-differentiated adenocarcinoma – consisted of atypical
glandular structures of different sizes and shape covered with large prismatic cells with round-
shaped or oval basally-located nuclei, the cytoplasm is well-expressed; the polymorphism of
cells and nuclei was observed; papillary structures were met here and there in the tumor; the
stroma was intensive enough, with loci of infiltration with lymphoid-plasmocytic cellular
elements (figure 3).
5. Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences: An International Journal (PBIJ), Vol.1, No.1
5
Figure 3. Highly differentiated lung adenocarcinoma. Hematoxylin and eosin staining, ×100
The tumor tissue of metastatic focus, in places, repeated the structure of primary tumor with high
degree of differentiation; in places, glandular structures combine with solid layers with acinar
structures in the centre, the stroma in these locations is weak (figure 4), which testify the
decrease of differentiation degree of tumor tissue.
Cases of breast intracerebral metastases observed by us, in primary tumors were presented by
mostly invasive ductal carcinoma – 10 cases, invasive lobular carcinoma – 3 cases, non-invasive
ductal carcinoma – 1 case and mixed variants – 2 cases.
Below we present our own observations, represented by following microscopy variants of breast
cancer with metastases to brain: invasive lobular, partly ductal adenocarcinoma of solid-
scirrhous structure and invasive ductal cancer with cribrous structures (figure 5).
First variant of breast adenocarcinoma may be classified as moderately differentiated, because
solid loci are more characteristic for high level of differentiation, scirrhous – as low-
differentiated, that’s why this mixed variant occupies a intermediate position. Second, cribrous,
variant concerns highly-differentiated type. While, metastatic foci in brain have been observed in
both cases, in spite of the fact that highly-differentiated tumors, particularly cribrous cancer, are
not inclined to distribution of metastasis or do not produce them for prolonged time.
6. Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences: An International Journal (PBIJ), Vol.1, No.1
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Figure 4. Lung adenocarcinoma brain metastasis. Hematoxylin and eosin staining, ×40
Figure 5. Invasive ductal breast adenocarcinoma. Hematoxylin and eosin staining, ×100
Metastatic tumor tissue in first variant was represented by partly solid foci with more or less
expressed stromal component (figure 6), in second variant – in metastatic foci the tumor tissue
was represented mostly with cribrous structures; apart of this, multiple full-blooded vessels,
inflammatory infiltration and small necrotic foci were observed.
7. Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences: An International Journal (PBIJ), Vol.1, No.1
7
Figure 6. Brain metastasis of invasive lobular, partly ductal breast adenocarcinoma. Hematoxylin and
eosin staining, ×200
4. CONCLUSIONS
Thus, the carried-out research of microscopic structure of MBT and primary tumor foci let us to
prove the fact that metastatic tumor tissue in brain is mostly characterized by lower
differentiation comparing with primary tissue.
In turn, the lower is a differentiation of tumor tissue, the more aggressive is a so-called clinical
behaviour of the neoplasm, and this plays a significant role in the choice of treatment tactics and
prognosis for working capacity and life of a patient.
Perspective of further researches might be connected with revealing of morphometric,
histochemical, immunohistochemical peculiarities and development of derivative index
parameter considering the nature of brain metastasis and integrative for neoplasms of different
origin and histological structure.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors are thankful to administration of Kharkiv National Medical University; Kharkiv
Regional Clinical Hospital – Center of Emergency Medical Care and Disaster Medicine; Kharkiv
Regional Clinical Oncological Center for presentation of operational specimens for this initiative
medical research of the Department of Neurosurgery as well as individual Ph. D. dissertation
research of one of authors.
8. Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences: An International Journal (PBIJ), Vol.1, No.1
8
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Authors
Pyatikop Vladimir Alexandrovich, neurosurgeon of highest qualification
category (Ukrainian certification), D.M., professor, the Head of the
Department of Neurosurgery of Kharkiv National Medical University
Al-Trawneh Mohamad Adnan Ghaleb, neurosurgeon, research post-graduate
student of the Department of Neurosurgery of Kharkiv National Medical
University,
Pliten Oksana Nikolayevna, pathomorphologist, associate professor of the
Department of Pathological Anatomy of Kharkiv National Medical
University,