Morphine and fentanyl are potent opioid analgesics that act on mu-opioid receptors in the central nervous system. Morphine is a naturally occurring substance extracted from poppy plants, while fentanyl is a synthetic opioid. Both drugs are used medicinally to treat moderate to severe pain. Common side effects include respiratory depression, nausea, constipation, and euphoria. Withdrawal from long-term opioid use can cause pain, irritability, and dysphoria.
Digoxin & Nitroglycerin by Dr. Sanaullah Aslam (Complete)Sanaullah Aslam
Your Feedback will be highly appreciated. This presentation was made for students at pharmacy institute in a project of clinical pharmacy and use of digoxin and nitroglycerin. This presentation is made so that you can present it in a same session, without any change.
Intravenous Anaesthetics are a group of fast-acting
compounds that are used to induce a state of impaired
awareness of complete sedation.
These are drugs that, when given intravenously in an
appropriate dose, cause a rapid loss of consciousness.
Digoxin & Nitroglycerin by Dr. Sanaullah Aslam (Complete)Sanaullah Aslam
Your Feedback will be highly appreciated. This presentation was made for students at pharmacy institute in a project of clinical pharmacy and use of digoxin and nitroglycerin. This presentation is made so that you can present it in a same session, without any change.
Intravenous Anaesthetics are a group of fast-acting
compounds that are used to induce a state of impaired
awareness of complete sedation.
These are drugs that, when given intravenously in an
appropriate dose, cause a rapid loss of consciousness.
Long Island Periodontist presents "The Art and Science of the Painless Dental...Edward Brant DDS, MS
Periodontist who does his best when he provides Long Island with treatment for tooth and gum disease. Dentist, dental implants, laser gum treatment for periodontal disease, bone graft, gum surgery.
Explanation of how to give dental injections without causing the patient pain.
this is an important topic in palliative care. a form of care each of us may need when we suffer terminal illness and severe trauma at one point in our life time.
Preoperative sedation and premedication in pediatrics Nida fatima
Sedation and premedication
Why? --Aims of premedication!
When?
How?
Drugs for premedication!
Routes for administration!
Side effects & complications!
Parental Anxiety
SEPARATION ANXIETY
Kids not small adults
Sedative -omitted for neonates and sick infants.
child's age, body weight, drug history, allergic status and medical or surgical conditions
Avoid needles!!
Oral premedication ≠ risk of aspiration pneumonia
Allay Anxiety & fear.
Reduce saliva and airway secretions.
Enhance the hypnotic effects of general anaesthesia.
Reduce postoperative nausea & vomiting.
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
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5. • Source: Morphine is a naturally occurring
substance extracted from the seedpod of the
poppy plant, Papavar somniferum.
• Morphine concentration in opium can range
from 4-21%.
6. HISTORY
About 1806, a german youth,
Frederich Serturner isolated the primary
active ingredient in opium.
He tested the new drug on his friends at 10
times the modern recommended dose!
-Active agent was 10x more potent than
opium -He named it morphium after
morphius, the god of dreams!!!
7. DRUG- MORPHINE
• Drug Class: Narcotic analgesic (schedule II)
• prescription forms:
• Injectable (0.5-25 mg/mL strength);
• oral solutions (2-20 mg/mL);
• immediate and controlled release tablets
and capsules (15-200 mg); and
• suppositories (5-30 mg).
8. Pharmacokinetics
• Orally -absorbed very slowly,
• Extensive first pass metabolism - 20%- 40% of
bio-availability.
• Duration of action – ( 3 – 6 hours)
• Distribution is wide ;concentration in liver,
spleen and kidney is greater than plasma.
• Morphine freely crosses placenta.
• Plasma half life 3hours (1-5 hrs).
• 30% is plasma protein bound
9. Metabolism
• The primary site metabolism is liver, where
it undergoes rapid glucuronidation.
• However, extrahepatic metabolism up to
30% of its total clearance.
• Morphine-6-glucuronide (m6g), as potent
as morphine. M6G has a half-life of
approximately 1-2 hours.
10. USES
• Morphine is used medicinally –
• Relief of moderate to severe pain in both
acute and chronic management.
• pre-operative sedation and to facilitate the
induction of anesthesia.
• For long-term treatment of terminally ill,
pain ridden patients
12. Dosage
• Oral: Short-acting oral dose-severe, chronic
pain in Adults: 10 to 30 mg 4 hrly.
• I.M/S.C : 5 to 20 mg (usually 10 mg), 4 hrly
• I.V : initial dose 4 mg to 10 mg slowly over
4-5 min 4hrly. Daily dose range 12-120mg.
• Pediatric: I.V-0.025–0.1 mg/kg.
S.C- 0.1-0.2mg/kg
13. Epidural Adult Dosage
• 5 mg in lumbar region -pain relief up to 24 hrs
• Incremental doses 1-2 mg.
• Max 10 mg/24 hr
• For continuous infusion an initial dose of
2 to 4 mg/24 hours is recommended
• INTRATHECAL DOSAGE IS USUALLY
1/10 THAT OF EPIDURAL DOSAGE.
14. Intra-thecal Adult Dosage
• A single injection of 0.2 to 1 mg pain relief
for up to 24 hours.
• A constant intravenous infusion of naloxone
hydrochloride, 0.6 mg/hr, for 24 hours after
intrathecal injection may be used to reduce
the incidence of potential side effects.
16. Contraindications
• respiratory depression,
• hypersensitivity,
• paralytic ileus, and delayed gastric emptying,
• Obstructive airway disease,
• acute hepatic disease,
• MAO Inhibitor administration,
• pregnancy, lactation and in children.
17. Interactions
• Morphine will not be effective in people
taking naltrexone.
• It can increase the sedative effect of alcohol,
• Increase the risk of respiratory depression
when used with MAO inhibitors and
cimetidine.
• It antagonises the effects of diuretics.
18. FENTANYL
• a potent, synthetic
opioid analgesic with a
rapid onset and short
duration of action.
• a strong agonist at the
μ-opioid receptors.
19. HISTORY
• Fentanyl first synthesized by Paul Janssen in
1960 by assaying analogues of the structurally
related drug pethidine for opioid activity.
• Historically, used to treat breakthrough pain
and is commonly used in pre-procedures as a
pain reliever as well as an anesthetic in
combination with a benzodiazepine.
20. • In the mid-1990s, fentanyl was first
introduced for widespread palliative use
with the clinical introduction of the
Duragesic patch, Actiq lollipop and Fentora
buccal through, sublingual spray
21. Fentanyl
Onset: 1-2 minutes IV/IO
8 minutes IM
Peak: 3-5 minutes IV route
Less predictable IM route
Duration: 30-60 minutes IV
1-2 hours IM
Duration of respiratory depressant effect of
fentanyl may be longer than the analgesic effect
22. Metabolism
• Hepatic, primarily by CYP3A4
• Metabolized to 3-glucuronide metabolites
–No analgesic properties
–CSF doses often exceed doses of parent
compound (rats)
–Cause neuroexcitation
• 6-glucuronide has analgesic properties
23. Medical uses
• Fentanyl has a therapeutic index of 270.
• Intravenous fentanyl is often used for
anesthesia(often used along with a hypnotic
agent like propofol) and analgesia.
• along with local anesthetic for neuraxial
administration (epidural or intrathecal or
spinal).
24. • In combination with benzodiazepine, like
midazolam, - procedural sedation for
endoscopy, cardiac catheterization, oral
surgery, etc.
• Management of chronic pain including
cancer pain.
• In children intranasal fentanyl is useful for
the treatment of moderate and severe pain.
25. Fentanyl patch
• Takes 12 hours for onset of analgesia
• Need adequate subcutaneous tissue for
absorption
• Work by slowly releasing fentanyl through
the skin into the bloodstream over 48 to 72
hours.
• Takes 24 hours to reach maximum effect
• Suitable for stable pain only
26. Patches
• Durogesic/duragesic/matrifen
• Dosage is based on the size of the patch.
• Dosage change after six days on patch
• Change patch every 72 hours
• Transdermal absorption rate is constant at
a constant skin temperature
27. Lozenges
• Fentanyl lozenges (Actiq) are a solid
formulation of fentanyl citrate as lollipop that
dissolves slowly in the mouth for transmucosal
absorption.
• Effective in treating breakthrough cancer pain
• It is most effective within 15 minutes.
28. • Rate of absorption depends on:
1. Body temperature,
2. skin type,
3. amount of body fat, and
4. placement of the patch
Under normal circumstances, the patch will
reach its full effect within 12 to 24 hours
29. • About 25% of the drug is absorbed through
the oral mucosa, resulting in a fast onset of
action, and the rest is swallowed and
absorbed in the small intestine, acting more
slowly.
• extensive first-pass metabolism, leading
to an oral bioavailability of about 33%
and 50% when used correctly (25% via
the mouth mucosa and 25% via the gut).
32. • less frequent (3 to 10% of patients)
• abdominal pain, headache, fatigue,
• anorexia and weight loss, dizziness,
• nervousness, hallucinations, anxiety,
• depression, flu-like symptoms,
• dyspepsia (indigestion),
• dyspnea (shortness of breath), apnea,
hypoventilation,
• urinary retention
33. • Fentanyl -associated with aphasia
• fentanyl tends to induce less nausea, as well
as less histamine mediated itching, in
relation to morphine.
• Fentanyl - prolonged respiratory depression
than other opioid analgesics.
34. Dosage
Surgery:
• Premedication: I.M., slow I.V.: 50-100
mcg/dose (1-2mcg/kg) 30-60 minutes prior
to surgery
• Adjunct to regional anesthesia: Slow I.V.:
25-100 mcg/dose (0.5-2mcg/kg) over 1-2
minutes.
35. Adjunct to general anesthesia: Slow I.V.:
• Low dose: 0.5-2 mcg/kg/dose depending on
the indication.
• Moderate dose: Initial: 2-20 mcg/kg/dose;
Maintenance (bolus or infusion): 1-2
mcg/kg/hour.
• High dose: 20-50 mcg/kg/dose.
36. Pain management
• Adults:
• I.V.Bolus:1-2 mcg/kg or 25-100µg/dose;
infusion @ 1-2 µg/kg/hour or 25-200 µg/hr .
• Severe: I.M, I.V.: 50-100 µg/dose every 1-2
hours as needed.
38. • Critically-ill patients:
• Slow I.V.: 25-35 mcg or 0.35-0.5 mcg/kg
every 30-60 minutes as needed
• Continuous infusion: 50-700 mcg/hour
(based on ~70 kg patient) or 0.7-10
mcg/kg/hour
39. Intrathecal fentanyl
• Must be preservative-free.
• Single dose: 5-25 mcg/dose- relief up to 6 hours.
• Continuous infusion: Not recommended
• For chronic cancer pain, infusion of very small
doses may be practical (American Pain Society,
2008).
40. Epidural fentanyl
• Must be preservative-free.
• Single dose: 25-100 µg/dose-relief up to 8 hrs
• Continuous infusion: 25-100 mcg/hour
43. Acute action
• Analgesia
• Respiratory Depression
• Euphoria
• Relaxation and sleep
• Tranquilization
• Decreased blood pressure
• Constipation
• Pupillary constriction
• Hypothermia
• Drying of secretions
• Reduced sex drive
• Flushed and warm skin
Withdrawal signs
• Pain and irritability
• Hyperventilation
• Dysphoria and depression
• Restlessness and insomnia
• Fearfulness and hostility
• Increased blood pressure
• Diarrhea
• Pupillary dilation
• Hyperthermia
• Lacrimation, runny nose
• Spontaneous ejaculation
• Chilliness & “gooseflesh”
44. Opioid Tolerant
"Opioid-tolerant" patients-who are taking at least:
• Oral morphine 60 mg/day, or
• Transdermal fentanyl 25 mcg/hour, or
• Oral oxycodone 30 mg/day, or
• Oral hydromorphone 8 mg/day, or
• Oral oxymorphone 25 mg/day, or
• Equianalgesic dose of any opioid for at least 1 wk
46. Management of OIN
• Rehydration
• Treat concurrent causes of delirium e.g.
UTI, pneumonia
• Reduce dose if pain controlled
• Switch to a different opioid
Editor's Notes
The milky resin that seeps from incisions made in the unripe seedpod is dried and powdered to make opium, which contains a number of alkaloids including morphine
This extrahepatic metabolism may play a relatively important role in morphine metabolism in patients with severe liver failure
Daily dose range is 12-120mg.
. If adequate pain relief is not achieved within one hour, careful administration of incremental doses of 1 to 2 mg at intervals sufficient to assess effectiveness may be given.
work by slowly releasing fentanyl through the skin into the bloodstream over 48 to 72 hours, allowing for long-lasting pain management.
Discontinuing fentanyl infusion 30-60 minutes prior to the end
of surgery will usually allow adequate ventilation upon emergence from anesthesia. For “fast-tracking” and early extubation following major surgery, total fentanyl doses are limited to 10-15 mcg/kg.
patients with prior opioid exposure may tolerate higher initial doses
More frequent dosing may be needed (eg, mechanically-ventilated patients)
More frequent dosing may be needed (eg, mechanically-ventilated patients).
Doses must be adjusted for age, injection site, and patient’s medical condition and degree of opioid tolerance. in acute pain management due to risk of excessive accumulation.
Doses must be adjusted for age, injection site, and patient’s medical condition and degree of opioid tolerance