Monetary Policy
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Monetary policy refers to a government's manipulation of interest rates and money supply to influence economic activity. Expansionary monetary policy increases the money supply and decreases interest rates to stimulate the economy, while contractionary policy decreases money supply and increases rates to slow economic growth. By adjusting interest rates, governments aim to maintain full employment and stable prices by influencing borrowing and spending throughout the economy.
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This document discusses monetary policy and the role of central banks. It outlines the objectives of monetary policy as maintaining price stability, managing the flow of credit, promoting economic growth, ensuring financial stability, and influencing interest rates. The document also mentions credit delivery, financial inclusion, and institutional developments as additional objectives of monetary policy.
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Quantitative easing (QE) is an unconventional monetary policy used by central banks to stimulate the economy by increasing the money supply when standard policies are ineffective. It involves central banks buying assets like government bonds or other securities to inject money directly into the financial system. While QE aims to increase lending, spending, and job growth, it also poses risks like potentially fueling inflation and discouraging exports. As a result, QE is usually only used as a last resort to support the economy during severe downturns.
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Central banks use three main tools to conduct monetary policy: open market operations, changes to the discount rate, and changes to reserve requirements. Open market operations are the most important tool as they directly impact interest rates and the monetary base. The goals of monetary policy include price stability, economic growth, and high employment, though occasionally these goals can conflict in the short run. Central banks set targets for variables like inflation and GDP growth that are more directly influenced by their policy tools and can help achieve their broader economic and financial stability goals over time.
Central Banking Report
This document analyzes the relationship between inflation and economic growth in Bangladesh from 1980 to 2014. It finds that inflation has negatively impacted growth when inflation rates are very high, such as over 20%. However, moderate inflation rates between 3-8% appear correlated with higher economic growth of around 5-6%. The relationship between inflation and growth is non-linear, with inflation potentially stimulating growth up to a certain threshold, after which high inflation hinders growth. Understanding this relationship is important for Bangladesh's central bank in conducting monetary policy.
Monetory Policy.pptx
This document discusses monetary policy and its tools and types. It explains that monetary policy controls the money supply and interest rates in an economy. There are two types of monetary policy: expansionary and contractionary. Expansionary policy aims to increase spending by lowering interest rates, while contractionary policy aims to decrease spending by raising interest rates. The role of monetary policy is to achieve economic growth and stable inflation. It discusses how monetary policy uses interest rates and money supply to address inflation and unemployment issues.
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Affirmative Action
Affirmative action policies aim to promote equal access to education, employment, and housing by providing preferential treatment to minorities and women. It has a legal history dating back to the 14th amendment and Brown v. Board of Education, though its preferential treatment approach is debated as it could be seen as reverse discrimination that helps those not directly harmed by past discrimination.
Rights Of The Accused Notes
The document outlines the rights of the accused in a criminal case, including the right to not be subject to unreasonable searches or seizures, the right to be informed of Miranda rights during arrest, the right to not have a coerced confession, the right to a speedy and public jury trial with protections against self-incrimination and the right to confront witnesses, and the right to not be subject to double jeopardy, cruel/unusual punishment, or have the ability to appeal the jury's verdict.
Money & The Fed
This document provides an overview of money and the Federal Reserve System. It defines money, discusses its key functions and properties, and explains how the US dollar became fiat currency not backed by gold. It also summarizes the role of the Federal Reserve System and its central banks in controlling the money supply, clearing checks, regulating banks, and maintaining currency. Additionally, it briefly describes the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and its role insuring commercial bank deposits.
Economic Function of Government
The government serves four main functions in the economy:
1) Regulate business to prevent abuses of workers and consumers, limit negative externalities like pollution, and promote competition.
2) Provide public goods like national defense, infrastructure, and education that benefit all citizens.
3) Redistribute income through social insurance programs that citizens pay into, like Social Security, and welfare programs that provide assistance regardless of income.
4) Ensure economic stability by maintaining low unemployment and inflation rates.
Fiscal Policy
Fiscal policy involves changes to government spending and taxes to influence economic activity. Expansionary fiscal policy includes increasing spending or decreasing taxes, while contractionary policy means decreasing spending or increasing taxes. The purpose is to achieve long-run growth, full employment, and stable prices. While tax increases may raise revenues up to a point, the Laffer Curve shows revenues decline beyond a certain tax rate as incentives to work and invest diminish.
Factors that Encourage Govt Growth
Population growth in the United States from 13.5 million people in 1776 to over 300 million people in 2006 increased demand for government services. Changing public attitudes supported more government intervention during the Great Depression as unemployment and homelessness rose. As the standard of living increased, citizens expected new government programs to meet wants and improve goods and services. National emergencies like wars also caused the government to expand rapidly to address issues like increasing the number of employees from 400,000 in 1914 to 850,000 by 1918 during World War I.
Budget Tax Debt
The federal budget process involves the President working with the Office of Management and Budget to develop a budget that is then sent to Congress for approval, though the budget is often not passed until after the fiscal year has begun. The document also outlines various principles of taxation such as benefits-received, ability-to-pay, and different forms of taxation like proportional, progressive, and regressive taxes. Additionally, it discusses deficit spending, the national debt, and how interest paid on the debt has increased significantly from 1940 to 2000, with the greatest growth occurring from 1980 to 1990.
The Bureaucracy
The document discusses the structure and organization of the federal bureaucracy in the United States. It describes how the bureaucracy implements public policy through specialized staff selected based on expertise. It is organized hierarchically and aims to apply rules impartially. The bureaucracy has grown significantly over time and now includes cabinet departments, independent agencies, and government organizations. It implements the federal budget and is subject to congressional oversight while also having some autonomous authority.
Legislative Branch Notes
The document summarizes the structure and powers of the United States Congress. It describes Congress as a bicameral legislative body consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate. It outlines the qualifications, terms, and election processes for both chambers. It also discusses the powers of Congress, including expressed powers directly granted by the Constitution as well as implied powers.
Foundations Of Govt 1
This document discusses different types of governments including unitary, confederate, federal, presidential, parliamentary, and dictatorship governments. It also discusses key aspects of democracy and the American system of government, noting that it draws from ideas during the Enlightenment period as well as the English political tradition while establishing a new federal republic with separation of powers.
Business Cycle & Unemployment
The document discusses the business cycle and unemployment. It describes the business cycle as alternating periods of economic growth and contraction. It also explains that unemployment occurs when total spending falls and businesses produce less, and defines the unemployment rate as the percentage of the total population aged 16 and over that is without jobs and actively seeking work. It then outlines different types of unemployment such as seasonal, frictional, structural, and cyclical unemployment.
Corporations Notes
Corporations are legally distinct entities that can own property, hire workers, make contracts, pay taxes, sue and be sued, and make and sell products. To form a corporation, articles of incorporation are filed that include the corporate name, purpose, address, fundraising methods, expected funds to be raised, and names and terms of corporate officers. There are two main types of corporations: private corporations owned by individuals or groups and not offering public ownership, and public corporations owned by large numbers of investors through purchased stock shares. Corporations combine to expand either by building new facilities or through legal mergers, which unify two companies, or acquisitions, where one company purchases another.
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一比一原版(UoB毕业证)伯明翰大学毕业证如何办理
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招聘代理：本公司诚聘英国加拿大澳洲新西兰美国法国德国新加坡各地代理人员如果你有业余时间有兴趣就请联系我们咨询顾问：+微信:95270640田里逡巡一番抱起一只硕大的西瓜用石刀劈开抑或用拳头砸开每人抱起一大块就啃啃得满嘴满脸猴屁股般的红艳大家一个劲地指着对方吃吃地笑瓜裂得古怪奇形怪状却丝毫不影响瓜味甜丝丝的满嘴生津遍地都是瓜横七竖八的活像掷满了一地的大石块摘走二三只爷爷是断然发现不了的即便发现爷爷也不恼反而教山娃辨认孰熟孰嫩孰甜孰淡名义上是护瓜往往在瓜棚里坐上一刻饱吃一顿后山娃就领着阿黑漫山遍野地跑阿黑是一条黑色的大猎狗挺机灵的是山室
Financial Assets: Debit vs Equity Securities.pptx
financial assets represent claim for future benefit or cash. Financial assets are formed by establishing contracts between participants. These financial assets are used for collection of huge amounts of money for business purposes.
Two major Types: Debt Securities and Equity Securities.
Debt Securities are Also known as fixed-income securities or instruments. The type of assets is formed by establishing contracts between investor and issuer of the asset.
• The first type of Debit securities is BONDS. Bonds are issued by corporations and government (both local and national government).
• The second important type of Debit security is NOTES. Apart from similarities associated with notes and bonds, notes have shorter term maturity.
• The 3rd important type of Debit security is TRESURY BILLS. These securities have short-term ranging from three months, six months, and one year. Issuer of such securities are governments.
• Above discussed debit securities are mostly issued by governments and corporations. CERTIFICATE OF DEPOSITS CDs are issued by Banks and Financial Institutions. Risk factor associated with CDs gets reduced when issued by reputable institutions or Banks.
Following are the risk attached with debt securities: Credit risk, interest rate risk and currency risk
There are no fixed maturity dates in such securities, and asset’s value is determined by company’s performance. There are two major types of equity securities: common stock and preferred stock.
Common Stock: These are simple equity securities and bear no complexities which the preferred stock bears. Holders of such securities or instrument have the voting rights when it comes to select the company’s board of director or the business decisions to be made.
Preferred Stock: Preferred stocks are sometime referred to as hybrid securities, because it contains elements of both debit security and equity security. Preferred stock confers ownership rights to security holder that is why it is equity instrument
<a href="https://www.writofinance.com/equity-securities-features-types-risk/" >Equity securities </a> as a whole is used for capital funding for companies. Companies have multiple expenses to cover. Potential growth of company is required in competitive market. So, these securities are used for capital generation, and then uses it for company’s growth.
Concluding remarks
Both are employed in business. Businesses are often established through debit securities, then what is the need for equity securities. Companies have to cover multiple expenses and expansion of business. They can also use equity instruments for repayment of debits. So, there are multiple uses for securities. As an investor, you need tools for analysis. Investment decisions are made by carefully analyzing the market. For better analysis of the stock market, investors often employ financial analysis of companies.
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After this first you should: Understand the nature of mining; have an awareness of the industry’s boundaries, corporate structure and size; appreciation the complex motivations and objectives of the industries’ various participants; know how mineral reserves are defined and estimated, and how they evolve over time.
一比一原版(GWU,GW毕业证)加利福尼亚大学|尔湾分校毕业证如何办理
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Monetary Policy
- 1. Monetary Policy 1
- 2. What is monetary policy? changes to interest rates & money supply by the government in order to alter the economy 2
- 3. expansionary monetary policy • Increase money supply • Decrease interest rates 3
- 4. contractionary monetary policy • Decrease money supply • Increase interest rates 4
- 5. What is the purpose of monetary policies? In order to maintain “maximum” employment & “stable” prices 5
- 6. Why change interest rates? • raising or lowering interest rates affect people's and company’s demand for goods and services • allow user’s more ability to take out loans 6
- 7. Does the govt actually print more money? NO, increasing $ supply means that the Fed allows banks to lend more of its money to consumers 7
- 8. How does more loan power by banks help consumers? consumers have more money, making them feel wealthier, in turn stimulating spending 8