Causes of the War for Texas Independence
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Texas independence from Mexico was caused by racial tensions between Mexicans and Americans who felt superior to each other, disagreements over slavery as Mexico banned it while American settlers brought slaves to Texas, and differences in views of government as Americans believed in limited government which angered Mexicans used to more powerful central rule.
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2) Investment (I) which refers to business investment in capital.
3) Government spending (G) which is the sum spent on final goods and services by the government including salaries and weapons.
4) Net exports (X-M) which is gross exports minus imports of goods and services.
Fiscal policy
Fiscal policy uses government spending and taxation to influence the economy. It aims to achieve economic stability without inflation or deflation. The government collects revenues through taxes, fees, fines, and loans, then spends money on productive investments like infrastructure and non-productive services like education and health. The budget shows estimated receipts and expenditures. Fiscal policy can be neutral, expansionary, or contractionary depending on whether spending equals, exceeds, or is less than tax revenue. While fiscal policy aims to evenly distribute wealth and resources, limitations include inadequate data and delayed decision-making.
Fiscal Policy
This document discusses fiscal policy and its objectives. It provides information on fiscal policy tools used by governments to influence economic growth, employment and prices. The key objectives of fiscal policy are mobilizing resources, accelerating economic growth, minimizing income inequality, increasing employment opportunities, and maintaining price stability. Examples of fiscal tools include taxation, public expenditure, borrowing. The document also summarizes Indian fiscal policy goals of rapid growth, employment expansion, reducing disparities.
Fiscal policy
Fiscal policy refers to a government's taxing, spending, and borrowing policies. It aims to manage the economy through manipulating levels of public expenditure, taxation, and public debt. The key instruments of fiscal policy are public revenue (taxation), public expenditure (spending), and public borrowing (loans). Governments use fiscal policy to achieve objectives like economic growth, full employment, and controlling inflation. There are two types: automatic stabilizers that operate without government action, and discretionary policies that involve deliberate changes to taxes and spending to stabilize the economy. However, fiscal policy faces challenges like the time it takes to have an effect, problems with tax policies, and the burden of public debt.
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GDP as a measure of Economic Growth and Standard of Living
GDP as a measure of Economic Growth and Standard of Living
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Affirmative Action
Affirmative action policies aim to promote equal access to education, employment, and housing by providing preferential treatment to minorities and women. It has a legal history dating back to the 14th amendment and Brown v. Board of Education, though its preferential treatment approach is debated as it could be seen as reverse discrimination that helps those not directly harmed by past discrimination.
Rights Of The Accused Notes
The document outlines the rights of the accused in a criminal case, including the right to not be subject to unreasonable searches or seizures, the right to be informed of Miranda rights during arrest, the right to not have a coerced confession, the right to a speedy and public jury trial with protections against self-incrimination and the right to confront witnesses, and the right to not be subject to double jeopardy, cruel/unusual punishment, or have the ability to appeal the jury's verdict.
Money & The Fed
This document provides an overview of money and the Federal Reserve System. It defines money, discusses its key functions and properties, and explains how the US dollar became fiat currency not backed by gold. It also summarizes the role of the Federal Reserve System and its central banks in controlling the money supply, clearing checks, regulating banks, and maintaining currency. Additionally, it briefly describes the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and its role insuring commercial bank deposits.
GDP
Gross Domestic Product, or GDP, is a measurement of the total market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time, usually a year. GDP is used to indicate the overall economic performance and health of a nation's economy. It excludes production that occurs abroad and only includes "new" domestic production, not used goods. GDP has limitations as it does not account for non-market activities, distribution of goods, leisure time, or negative externalities like pollution.
Economic Function of Government
The government serves four main functions in the economy:
1) Regulate business to prevent abuses of workers and consumers, limit negative externalities like pollution, and promote competition.
2) Provide public goods like national defense, infrastructure, and education that benefit all citizens.
3) Redistribute income through social insurance programs that citizens pay into, like Social Security, and welfare programs that provide assistance regardless of income.
4) Ensure economic stability by maintaining low unemployment and inflation rates.
Factors that Encourage Govt Growth
Population growth in the United States from 13.5 million people in 1776 to over 300 million people in 2006 increased demand for government services. Changing public attitudes supported more government intervention during the Great Depression as unemployment and homelessness rose. As the standard of living increased, citizens expected new government programs to meet wants and improve goods and services. National emergencies like wars also caused the government to expand rapidly to address issues like increasing the number of employees from 400,000 in 1914 to 850,000 by 1918 during World War I.
Budget Tax Debt
The federal budget process involves the President working with the Office of Management and Budget to develop a budget that is then sent to Congress for approval, though the budget is often not passed until after the fiscal year has begun. The document also outlines various principles of taxation such as benefits-received, ability-to-pay, and different forms of taxation like proportional, progressive, and regressive taxes. Additionally, it discusses deficit spending, the national debt, and how interest paid on the debt has increased significantly from 1940 to 2000, with the greatest growth occurring from 1980 to 1990.
The Bureaucracy
The document discusses the structure and organization of the federal bureaucracy in the United States. It describes how the bureaucracy implements public policy through specialized staff selected based on expertise. It is organized hierarchically and aims to apply rules impartially. The bureaucracy has grown significantly over time and now includes cabinet departments, independent agencies, and government organizations. It implements the federal budget and is subject to congressional oversight while also having some autonomous authority.
Legislative Branch Notes
The document summarizes the structure and powers of the United States Congress. It describes Congress as a bicameral legislative body consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate. It outlines the qualifications, terms, and election processes for both chambers. It also discusses the powers of Congress, including expressed powers directly granted by the Constitution as well as implied powers.
Foundations Of Govt 1
This document discusses different types of governments including unitary, confederate, federal, presidential, parliamentary, and dictatorship governments. It also discusses key aspects of democracy and the American system of government, noting that it draws from ideas during the Enlightenment period as well as the English political tradition while establishing a new federal republic with separation of powers.
Business Cycle & Unemployment
The document discusses the business cycle and unemployment. It describes the business cycle as alternating periods of economic growth and contraction. It also explains that unemployment occurs when total spending falls and businesses produce less, and defines the unemployment rate as the percentage of the total population aged 16 and over that is without jobs and actively seeking work. It then outlines different types of unemployment such as seasonal, frictional, structural, and cyclical unemployment.
Corporations Notes
Corporations are legally distinct entities that can own property, hire workers, make contracts, pay taxes, sue and be sued, and make and sell products. To form a corporation, articles of incorporation are filed that include the corporate name, purpose, address, fundraising methods, expected funds to be raised, and names and terms of corporate officers. There are two main types of corporations: private corporations owned by individuals or groups and not offering public ownership, and public corporations owned by large numbers of investors through purchased stock shares. Corporations combine to expand either by building new facilities or through legal mergers, which unify two companies, or acquisitions, where one company purchases another.
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