MODUL PERKULIAHAN - Mata Kuliah English for Proficiency Certification (EPC)

MODUL PERKULIAHAN
Mata Kuliah English for Proficiency Certification
(EPC)
Modul 1:
Mengetahui tentang strategi-strategi dasar menyelesaikan soal TOEFL
(Listening, Structure, dan Reading Section)
Fakultas Program Studi Tatap Muka Kode MK Disusun Oleh
Bahasa Program
Studi Bahasa Inggris
S1 01
________ Tim Dosen
Abstract Kompetensi
Bab ini membahas dan
mengeksplorasi strategi-strategi
dasar dalam mengerjakan soal-soal
TOEFL dengan benar, baik dalam
listening, structure dan reading
section.
Mahasiswa mampu
mengidentifikasi strategi dan skill
dasar yang diperlukan untuk
mengerjakan soal TOEFL.

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2 EPC Module Biro Akademik dan Pembelajaran
Tim Dosen http://www.widyatama.ac.id
Listening Section : Short Dialogue I
(General Strategies)
You may think of listening as a passive activity, but becoming a good listener means learning
to listen actively—to ask questions, analyze, and draw conclusions about what you hear. The
listening section of the TOEFL exam measures your ability to understand English. It uses
conversational language including idiomatic expressions, rather than formal, written English.
The section has 30–50 questions and is 40–60 minutes in length. On the exam, you will hear
three types of recordings:
1. Short Dialogues are two-line dialogues between two speakers, each followed by a
multiple-choice question. You will listen to each short dialogue and question on the
recording and then choose the best answer to each question from the four choices in
your test book. The 30 short dialogues and 30 questions about them make up Part A of
the paper TOEFL test.
2. Long Conversations are 60-90 second conversations on casual topics between
students, each followed by a number of multiple-choice questions. You will listen to
each long conversation and each of the questions that accompany it on the recording
and then choose the best answer to each question from the four choices in your test
book. The two conversations and the seven to nine questions that accompany them
make up Part B of the paper TOEFL test.
3. Talks are 60-90 second talks about school life or on academic subjects, each followed
by a number of multiple-choice questions. You will listen to each lecture and each of
the questions that accompany it on the recording and then choose the best answer to
each question from the four choices in your test book. The three lectures and the 11-13
questions that accompany them make up Part C of the paper TOEFL test.
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GENERAL STRATEGIES FOR LISTENING COMPREHENSION
1. Be familiar with the directions. The directions on every paper TOEFL test are the same,
so it is not necessary to spend time reading the directions carefully when you take the
test. You should be completely familiar with the directions before the day of the test.
2. Listen carefully to the passages. You should concentrate fully on what the speakers are
saying on the recording because you will hear the recording one time only.
3. Know where the easier and the more difficult questions are generally found. Within
each part of the Listening Comprehension section on the paper test, the questions
generally progress from easy to difficult.
4. Be familiar with the pacing of the test. You have 12 seconds between each question on
the recording, so you must answer each question within 12 seconds and then be
prepared for the next question on the recording.
5. Never leave any answers blank on your answer sheet. Even if you are not sure of the
correct response, you should answer each question.There is no penalty for guessing.
6. Use any remaining time to look ahead at the answers to the questions that follow. When
you finish with one question, you may have time to look ahead at the answers to the
next question
SHORT DIALOGUES ON THE PAPER TOEFL TEST
Short dialogues are found in Part A in the Listening Comprehension section of the paper
TOEFL test. For each of the 30 short dialogues in this part of the test, you will hear a two-line
dialogue between two speakers followed by a multiple-choice question. After you listen to the
dialogue and the question, you must choose the best answer to the question from your test book.
Look at an example of a short dialogue from the paper TOEFL test.

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In the dialogue, when the woman says I'll say, she is showing that she agrees with what the
man just said. Answer (C) is therefore the best answer to this question.
PROCEDURES FOR THE SHORT DIALOGUES
1. As you listen to each short dialogue, focus on the second line of the conversation. The
answer to the question is generally found in the second line.
2. Keep in mind that the correct answer is probably a restatement of a key word or idea in
the second line of the dialogue. Think of possible restatements.
3. Keep in mind that certain structures and expressions are tested regularly in the short
dialogues. Listen for these structures and expressions:
• structures (passives, negatives, wishes, conditions)
• functional expressions (agreement, uncertainty, suggestion, surprise)
• idiomatic expressions (two-part verbs, three-part verbs, idioms)
4. Keep in mind that these questions generally progress from easy to difficult. This means
that questions I through 5 will be the easiest and questions 26 through 30 will be the
hardest. 5. Read the answers and choose the best answer to each question. Remember
to answer each question even if you are not sure of the correct response. Never leave
any answers blank. SHORT DIALOGUES (Paper and Computer)
5. Even if you do not understand the complete dialogue, you can still find the correct
answer.

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• If you only understand a few words or ideas in the second line, choose the answer that
contains a restatement of those words or ideas.
• If you do not understand anything at all in the second line of the conversation, choose
the answer that sounds the most different from what you heard.
• Never choose an answer because it sounds like what you heard in the dialogue.
6. Be prepared for the next question. You have only 12 seconds between questions.
SKILL 1. FOCUS ON THE LAST LINE
The short dialogues involve conversations between two people, each followed by a question.
It is important to understand that the answer to this type of question is most often (but not
always!) found in the last line of the conversation.
The last line of this dialogue indicates that Billy forgot to turn in his research paper, and this
means that he didn't remember to submit it. The best answer is therefore answer (D). The
following chart outlines the most important strategy for the short dialogues:

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LISTENING EXERCISE 1
In this exercise, you should focus on the last line of the dialogue, read the question, and then
choose the best answer to that question. Remember that you can probably answer the question
easily with only the last line.
TOEFL LISTENING EXERCISE 1
1.
2.
3.
a. He is leaving now.
b. He has to go out of his way.
c. He will not be leaving soon.
d. He will do it his own way.
a. He locked the door.
b. He tried unsuccessfully to get into
the house.
c. He was able to open the door.
e. He left the house without locking
the door.
a. She doesn’t like to listen to
turkeys.
6.
7.
8.
a. Not all the bills have been paid.
b. They don’t have enough credit to
pay the bills.
c. What she said on the phone was
not credible.
d. He used a credit card to pay some
of the bills.
a. She’ll call back quickly.
b. She’ll definitely be back by 4:00
c. She’ll give it back by 4:00.
e. She’ll try to return fast.
a. She hasn’t seen Tim.
b. Tim was there only for a moment.

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4.
5.
b. She thinks the dinner sounds
special.
c. She especially likes the roast
turkey.
d. She’d prefer a different dinner.
a. He’ll be busy with her homework
tonight.
b. He can’t help her tonight.
c. He’s sorry he can’t ever help her.
d. He’ll help her with her physics.
a. Her eyes hurt.
b. She thought the lecture was great.
c. The class was boring.
d. She didn’t want to watch Professor
Martin.
9.
10.
c. Tim was around a short time ago.
d. Tim will return in a minute.
a. She doesn’t like the place he
chose.
b. She doesn’t want to get into the
car.
c. She’s glad the spot is reserved.
d. They can’t park the car there.
a. There’s a plenty to eat.
b. The refrigerator’s broken.
c. The food isn’t in the refrigerator.
d. He’s not sure if there’s enough.
SKILL 2. CHOOSE ANSWERS WITH SYNONYMS
Often the correct answer in a short dialogue is an answer that contains synonyms (words with
similar meanings but different sounds) for key words in the conversation.
In this dialogue, the key word started means began, and the key word working refers to job.
The best answer to this question is therefore answer (B). The following chart outlines a very
important strategy for short dialogues:

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In this exercise, underline key words in the last line of each short dialogue. Then underline
synonyms for these key words in the answers, and choose the best answer to each question.
Remember that the best answer is probably the answer that contains synonyms for the key
words in the last line of the dialogue.
In this exercise, listen carefully to each short dialogue and question on the recording, and then
choose the best answer to the question. You should look for synonyms for key words in the last
line.

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SKILL 3. AVOID SIMILAR SOUNDS
Often the incorrect answers in the short dialogues are answers that contain words with similar
sounds but very different meanings from what you hear on the recording. You should definitely
avoid these answers.
The key words in the last line of the dialogue are searching and apartment. In answers (C) and
(D), the words research and church sound like search, so these answers are incorrect. In answers
(A) and (D), the words department and appointment sound like apartment, so these answers are
incorrect. The best answer is therefore answer (B). The following chart outlines a very
important strategy for the short dialogues:

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In this exercise, underline key words in the last line of each short dialogue. Then underline
words with sounds similar to these key words in the answers, and choose the best answer to
each question. Remember that the best answer is probably the answer that does not contain
words with sounds that are similar to the sounds of the key words in the last line of the dialogue.

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choose the best answer to the question. You should be careful to avoid answers with similar
sounds.
Structure Section: What’s Missing?
(Identifying Sentences)
2

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TOEFL LISTENING EXERCISE (SKILL 1 – 3)
choose the best answer to the question.

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Structure Section: What’s Missing?
(Identifying Sentences)
The structure section in TOEFL has 40 questions. These questions requires you to complete an
incomplete sentence. Thus, the first thing you need to do is to identify what is missing from
the sentences.
There are some rules of English grammar that you need to remember to be able to identify what
is missing from a sentence as follows:
1. A SENTENCE consists at least A SUBJECT and A VERB (or some call it
PREDICATOR).
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The smartest girl in the class with cute pink glasses no verb
incorrect
sentence
SUBJECT
2
The smartest girl in the class
with cute pink glasses
wins the speech
competition correct sentence
SUBJECT VERB
3
With her
teacher help
always wins the speech competition no subject
incorrect
sentenceCOMPLEMENT VERB OBJECT
2. A SUBJECT could be in form of a noun/noun phrase/noun clause, pronoun, gerund, or
to infinitive.
Noun
Cats hate water.
Vegetables are good for your health.
Noun
phrase
That adorable little baby smiles at me.
That antique vase on the table is a gift from my uncle.
Noun
clause
Whatever you say to him will not change his decision.
What makes me dissapointed the most is the low quality of the product.
Pronoun
I really hate waiting.
You made an appoinment wtih the doctor yesterday.
2

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She enjoys watching Korean drama a lot.
He never stops trying to ask her out.
They will solve the problem.
We finished reading the report.
It is difficult to write an article in this condition.
Gerund
Singing gives her a great pleasure.
Walking home is something I really enjoy.
Taking my mother to Mecca is my dream comes true.
To
infinitive
To make you understand needs a lot of efforts.
To be with you is my goal of life.
Here/There
Here are the books we need to review.
There is no time left to finish the book.
3. A VERB could be in form of a verb, a linking verb (seems to, look, etc.), or an auxiliary
verb (is, am, are, was, were, etc.)
My little sister drives her own car to her office
SUBJECT VERB OBJECT COMPLEMENT
The lifeguards look Ready to help them.
SUBJECT LINKING VERB OBJECT COMPLEMENT
That dishes taste delicious.
SUBJECT LINKING VERB COMPLEMENT
My little sister drives her own car to her office
SUBJECT VERB OBJECT COMPLEMENT

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It is Important to wear a helmet.
SUBJECT AUXILIARY
VERB
OBJECT COMPLEMENT
4. A VERB could be followed by AN OBJECT (if the verb is a transitive) or A
COMPLEMENT (if it is an intransitive).
The cat Sleeps on the sofa
SUBJECT INTRANSITIVE VERB COMPLEMENT
The new company Opens massive recruitments
SUBJECT TRANSITIVE VERB OBJECT
5. A SENTENCE is divided into two types; a one-clause sentence and a multiple-clause
sentence. It is a one-clause sentence when it only has one subject an one verb.
The loud music Annoyed the neighbours.
SUBJECT VERB OBJECT
A CLAUSE
= one-clause sentence
6. However, when a sentence has more than one subject and more than one verb, it is
called A Multiple-Clause Sentence. This sentence has CONJUNCTIONS to connect
each clauses in the sentence.
The
loud
music
annoyed the
neighbours,
so They reported it to the
police
station.
SUBJECT VERB OBJECT CONJUCTION SUBJECT VERB OBJECT COMPLEMENT
CLAUSE 1 CLAUSE 2
= two-clause sentence

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Tom read
s
novel
s
but Jack read
s
comic
s
because novels are too
difficult
.
S V O
Conj
S V O
Conj S V C
C
CLAUSE 1 CLAUSE 2 CLAUSE 3
= three-clause sentence
7. There are many kinds of conjunctions and connectors. However, you should be able to
to define those conjuctions/connectors to link phrases and those to link clauses. In this
case, we need to locate the conjuctions/connectors that link clauses.
Virly and Tio present their project quite well.
phrase conjuction
My mother bakes some cakes and decorates them beautifully.
clause conjuction
STRUCTURE EXERCISE 1
Identify the elements of each sentence.
e.g. The progressive reading method in this school works efficiently.
subject verb complement
1. The new machine processes more than 1000 cans per hour.
2. The search results new clue to solve that case.
3. Eating too quickly gave him an upset stomach.
4. To travel around the world costs a lot of my saving, so i only do it once a year.
5. My friends planed to go climbing last weekend, but the wheather was terrible, so they
brought some new movie to be watched together in my house.
STRUCTURE EXERCISE 2
Indicate if the sentences are correct or incorrect. Underline the subjects once, the verbs
twice, and circle the conjuction/connectors if there is one.
e.g. No one from my class is admitted to that university because the entrance test is
tremendously difficult.
The cute little baby with red dresses and green ribbons on her hair. (no verb)
With his family went for a holiday to Praha last month. (no subject)
1. Yesterday found a very interesting article about Global Warming.

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2. With their friend went for holiday to East Europe.
3. The assigned text for history class with Prof. McGreggor.
4. Since it is firstly lauched, the new application has provided a variety helpful features.
5. Engineers are needed to work on the new space program.
STRATEGIES
1) Locate the VERB first to identify what’s missing from a sentence easier.
2) When you have identified what’s missing, study the OPTIONS.
3) When the missing part is the SUBJECT, then choose the option that could form a
subject (see rules no. 2)
4) When the missing part is the VERB, then choose the option that could form a verb
(see rules no. 3)
5) When the sentence is a multiple-clause sentence, identify whether each clause has
a subject and a verb, and also check whether the sentence has A
CONJUNCTION/CONNECTOR to connect each clauses.
6) There are TWO options that you could likely eliminate right away.
7) REMEMBER, DO NOT waste your time trying to understand each every words in
the sentence.
TOEFL STRUCTURE EXERCISE 1
Choose the option that best completes the sentence. Follow the strategies suggested above.
e.g. ... is necessary for the development of strong bones and teeth.
A. Calcium
B. That calcium
C. Although calcium
D. It is calcium
How you do it:
1) Find the VERB. The verb of this sentence is ‘IS’.
2) Identify the missing part. The missing part of this sentence is THE SUBJECT,
which means it only needs a noun to form the subject.
3) Check THE OPTIONS. Option (c) and (d) could be eliminated right away,
because it doesn’t need another verb from option (d)); and it doesn’t need any
conjuction (although) from option (c) since it only has ONE CLAUSE, “
A. Calcium
B. That calcium
C. Although calcium
D. It is calcium

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4) The best answer is (a), because the sentence discusses “Calsium” in general
context.
This steps approximately takes 5 – 20 seconds.
1. ... variety of flowers in the show,
from simple carnations to the most
exquisite roses.
A. A wide
B. There was a wide
C. Was there
D. Many
2. The Military Academy at West
Point ... on the west bank of the
Hudson River, north of New York
City.
A. located
B. is located
C. which is located
D. whose location is
3. Traditionally, ... in New England
on Thanksgiving Day.
A. when served is sweet cider
B. when sweet cider is served
C. is served sweet cider
D. sweet cider is served
4. The wedges ... dart board are worth
from one to twenty points each.
A. they are on a
B. are on a
C. are they on a
D. on a
5. ... that gold was discovered at
Sutter's Mill and that the California
Gold Rush began.
A. Because in 1848
B. That in 1848
C. In 1848 that it was
D. It was in 1848
6. ... is rooted in experiments in iron
and steel conducted in the
nineteenth century.
A. While the history of twentieth-
century architecture
B. The history of twentieth-
C. That the history of twentieth-
D. Both twentieth-century
architecture and its history
7. The celesta, an orchestral
percussion instrument, resembles
....
A. a small upright piano
B. how a small upright piano
C. a small upright piano is
D. as a small upright piano
8. ... the demands of aerospace,
medicine, and agriculture,
aengineers, are creating exotic new
metallic substances.
A. Meet
B. Being met are
C. To meet
D. They are meeting
9. Like bacteria, protozoans ... by
splitting in two.
A. reproducing
B. reproduce
C. to reproduce
D. reproduction
10. It is very difficult to stop the
cultivation of marijuana because ....
A. it grows very carelessly

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B. or it`s growth without attention
C. it grows well with little care
D. it doesn`t care much to grow
11. In 1964, ... of Henry Ossawa
Tanner’s paintings was shown at
the Smithsonian Institution.
A. was a major collection
B. that a major collection
C. a collection was major
D. a major collection
12. It is presumed that rules governing
the sharing of food influenced ...
that the earliest cultures evolved.
A. that the way
B. is the way
C. the way
D. which way
13. ... the formation of the sun, the
planets, and other stars began with
the condensation of an interstellar
cloud.
A. It accepted that
B. Accepted that
C. It is accepted that
D. That is accepted
14. ... Carl Sandburg is also well
known for his multivolume
biography of Lincoln.
A. An eminent American poet
B. He is an eminent American
poet
C. An eminent American poet
who is
D. Despite an eminent American
poet
15. After seeing the movie Centennial
.....
A. the book was read by many
people
B. the book made many people
want to read it
C. many people wanted to read
the book
D. the reading of the book
interested many people
16. ... the demands of aerospace,
medicine, and agriculture,
aengineers, are creating exotic new
metallic substances.
A. Meet
B. Being met are
C. To meet
D. They are meeting
17. ... James A. Bland, “Carry Me
Back to Old Virginny” was
adopted is the state song of
Virginia in 1940.
A. Was written
B. His writing was
C. He wrote the
D. Written by
18. Mary Garden, ... the early 1900’s
was considered one of the best
singing actresses of her time.
A. a soprano was popular
B. in a popular soprano
C. was a popular soprano
D. a popular soprano in
19. ... was backed up for miles on
freeway
A. Yesterday
B. In the morning
C. Traffict
D. Cars
20. During the early period of ocean
navigation, ... any need for

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sophisticated instruments and
techniques.
A. so that hardly
B. when there hardly was
C. hardly was
D. there was hardly
21. The fact ... credit cards are widely
available has made them a popular
form of payment.
A. of
B. that
C. is that
D. which is
22. The Constitution gave the
legislative branch of government ...
to pass laws.
A. the power
B. has the power
C. the power is
D. of the power
23. ... main processes involved in
virtually all manufacturing:
extraction, assembly, and
alteration.
A. There are three
B. Three
C. The three
D. Three of the
24. In the past, lions ... common in
many parts of the world.
A. were
B. once
C. when
D. only
25. ... most important event in San
Francisco's history was the
disastrous earthquake and fire of
1906.
A. The
B. It was the
C. That the
D. There was a
TOEFL WRITTEN EXPRESSION EXERCISE 1
Choose the letter of the underlined word or group of words that is not correct.
1. The Peace Corps was establish on March 1, 1961, by then President John F. Kennedy.
A B C D
2. The advisor told himself, while listening to the speech, that a dozen other reporters
A B
would has already asked that question.
C D
3. At the start of the American Revolution, lanterns were hung in the Old North Church
A B
as a signal that the British were came.
C D
4. Linus Pauling has wins two Nobel Prizes: the 1954 Nobel Prize in Chemistry and the
A B C
1962 Nobel Peace Prize.

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D
5. On the huge Ferris wheel constructed for a world exhibition in Chicago in 1893, each
A B C
of the thirty-six cabs could held sixty people.
D
6. To overcome rejection of a skin graft, a system for matching donor and recipient
A B C
tissues has be developed.
D
7. Nails are commonly make of steel but also can contain substances such as aluminum
A B C
or brass.
D
8. A patient suffering from amnesia may had partial or total loss of memory.
A B C D
9. The idea of using pure nicotine to help smokers stop was first tries in the mid-1980's
A B C
with nicotine-laced chewing gum.
D
10. Alice in Wonderland, first published in 1865, has since being translated into thirty
A B C
languages.
D

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Reading Section: Skimming and Scanning
READING SECTION GENERAL STRATEGIES
On the TOEFL test, the third section is called Reading Comprehension. This section
consists of five passages and fifty questions (although some tests may be longer). You have
fifty-five minutes to complete the fifty questions in this section. There is only one type of
question in the Reading Comprehension section of the paper TOEFL test; Multiple-Choice
Questions.
Multiple-Choice questions ask you to select the best answer to questions about the
information given in the reading passages. A multiple-choice question on the paper test may
ask about the main ideas, directly answered details, indirectly answered details,
vocabulary, or overall review ideas.
The questions on the paper test are presented in linear order. The passages progress
from easy to difficult, and the questions are presented in the order in which they appear in the
passage. Here are the general strategies of doing the reading section in TOEFL test:
1. Be familiar with the directions. The directions on every paper TOEFL test are the
same, so it is not necessary to spend time reading the directions carefully when you
take the test. You should be completely familiar with the directions before the day of
the test.
2. Do not spend too much time reading the passages. You do not have time to read
each passage in depth, and it is quite possible to answer the questions correctly without
first reading the passages in depth
3. Do not worry if a reading passage is on a topic you are unfamiliar with. All of the
information that you need to answer the questions is included in the passages. You do
not need any background knowledge to answer the questions.
4. Do not spend too much time on a question you are unsure of. If you do not know
the answer to a question, simply guess and go on. You can return to this question later
in the section if you have time.
3

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5. Guess to complete the section before time is up. There is no penalty for guessing,
so it can only increase your score to guess the answers to questions that you do not have
time to complete.
6. Read the questions first. As you likely know, finishing a reading section in 20 minutes
is difficult. Reading the whole passage in detail is perhaps the biggest mistake in the
reading section.
In addition, acquiring information from long passages can take quite a long time. This can be
a major obstacle to completing the reading section of English language tests. Therefore, to
work on this section in an efficient way, you need to be good at speed reading. And you can be
better at it by mastering skimming and scanning skills.
SKIMMING
Skimming is a reading technique that enables you to read information quickly to get the
gist of an article or passage. You are simply trying to get a general idea of what is written.
Based on your skimming, you may decide whether the information is relevant to your needs at
the time.
Skimming involves reading through a passage quickly to gain a basic understanding of
the topic and main points. When you skim through a passage, you only read the essay’s title,
the topic sentence, concluding sentences and keywords. You read quickly through the text
instead of reading the entire essay word by word.
The best way to skim is by looking at the first sentence of each paragraph, as highlighted
in the image below. The first sentence usually explains the main point or idea of the entire
paragraph. The sentences that follow contain either the supporting content or an explanation of
the paragraph's first sentence.
.

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ADVANTAGES OF DOING SKIMMING
Doing skimming, you can identify keywords, determine the points of each paragraph,
and understand the organization of the text. In some cases, you can even find the conclusion
the paragraph heads towards. Sometimes, you can also indicate the attitude of the author
towards the mentioned topic.
HOW TO DO SKIMMING
Step 1
Read the title of the reading passage and any headlines or captions that appear within it. This
will give you clues to what it is about and help your brain prepare for the reading that will
follow.
Step 2
Skim the passage. As we discussed above, this means reading quickly in order to get the main
idea of the article. Read from start to finish very fast, not worrying about any particular words.
Focus on the start and end of the article and the first and last sentence of each paragraph. These
contain the most pertinent information.
Step 3
Read the questions. Go through them one by one, thinking of synonyms for each of the
important words within the senter e. Remember that you may not find exactly the same words
within the text, so this is essential.
Step 4
For each question, you must now scan the passage. Keep in mind the main idea of the question
and the synonyms that you have noted down. Read quickly until you find the part of the text
that contains these words, and then when you find it, stop. You now have to finally read more
carefully and slowly. Don't read too much. Just read the part that you need to find the answer
to the question.
Step 5
Repeat these steps for each of the questions. Once you have finished, you can check your
answers again if you still have any available time left. If you have left any answers blank, you
can review the text and take an educated guess at anything you were unable to specifically find.

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READING EXERCISE 1
Practice your Skimming skill on the following passage.
Civic virtue became a matter of public interest and discussion during the 18th century, in
part because of the American Revolutionary War. An anecdote first published in 1906
has Benjamin Franklin answer a woman who asked him, "Well, Doctor, what have we got –
a Republic or a Monarchy?" He responded: "A Republic, if you can keep it." The current use
for this quotation is to bolster with Franklin's authority the opinion that republics require the
cultivation of specific political beliefs, interests, and habits among their citizens, and that if
those habits are not cultivated, they are in danger of falling back into some sort of
authoritarian rule, such as a monarchy.
(Retrieved from “Republican Revolutions of the 18th Century”; http://Civic_virtue)
Answer the following questions!
1. The passage is about ....
A. The American Revolutionary
War
B. Benjamin Franklin
C. Civic virtue
D. A doctor
2. This passage discusses ....
A. a problem
B. a solution
C. a piece of information
D. an opinion
3. The author of this passage
indicates that before the 18th
century Civic virtue ....
A. led to the American
Revolutionary War
B. was first published in 1906
C. was already known
D. was a cultivated habit
1
5
10
Monarchy was the most common form of government until the 19th century, but it is no
longer prevalent. Where it exists, it is now usually a constitutional monarchy, in which the
monarch retains a unique legal and ceremonial role, but exercises limited or no political
power under the written or unwritten constitution, others have governing authority.
Currently, 44 sovereign nations in the world have monarchs acting as heads of state, 16 of
which are Commonwealth realms that recognise Queen Elizabeth II as their head of state.
All European monarchies are constitutional ones, with the exception of the Vatican City,
but sovereigns in the smaller states exercise greater political influence than in the larger.
The monarchs of Cambodia, Japan, and Malaysia "reign, but do not rule" although there is
considerable variation in the degree of authority they wield. Although they reign under
constitutions, the monarchs of Brunei, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and Swaziland appear
to continue to exercise more political influence than any other single source of authority in
their nations, either by constitutional mandate or by tradition.
(Retrieved from “Monarchy”, http://americanbuilt.us/governments/monarchy.shtml)

1. This passage is mainly about ....
A. common form of government
B. European monarchies
C. constitutions
D. monarchy
2. The common belief in this passage is
....
A. all monarchies exercise no
political power
B. several nations in the world have
monarchs acting as heads of state
C. all european monarchies are
constitutional ones
D. no monarch continues to exercise
political influence
3. In which part of the passage does the
author discuss the recognition of
Queen Elizabeth II as the head of
state ....
A. line 9-10
B. line 7-8
C. line 3-4
D. line 11-15
4. From the passage we learn that
the role of the monarchs in Japan
is ....
A. reign absolutely
B. reign and rule
C. reign but do not rule
D. reign without written
constitution
5. From the passage we learn that
Vatican City ....
A. exercises constitutional
monarchy
B. has monarch that exercises
more political influence
C. is not ruled by a king
D. has monarch that acts as head
of state
SCANNING
Sometimes people confuse skimming and scanning because they both involve reading
something quite quickly in order to find information. However, skimming is about finding the
main idea of a text, while scanning is quite different. Scanning means looking for specific
information.
We use scanning on our second approach of the text. Usually, this time we have picked
a question and will attempt to answer it. Scanning means knowing what information you need
to find before you read. Scanning is looking for a fact or a detail or a particular vocabulary
word.
Scanning can be used to select keywords from the answer options and then locate them
in the text. Then quickly look for it in the main text, by either seeing it straight away or
systematically looking very quickly over the text from the beginning until you see the word in
the text. Then slow down, and read around the keyword, deciding if the sentence has the same
meaning as your answer option.

12
HOW TO DO SCANNING
Scanning is actually something you do quite frequently, so mastering this skill may be
easier than you think. Scanning helps you find specific information, so these some few
guidelines to do scanning:
1. Understand clearly what you need to find. At first, see the questions and find the
words of the questions in the passages. Identify which part of the paragraph the
information in questions belongs to. This is why skimming and scanning should be
used at the same time.
2. Move eyes quickly down the passage seeking specific chosen words of phrases.
3. Read the front and back of that word or phrase comparing whether they are about the
one you saw in the answer sheet. Doing so would help you get more details related to
the information.
4. If the word or phrase are transformed, identifying that is related to the answer.
READING EXERCISE 2
Practice your Scanning skill on the following passage.
Civic virtue became a matter of public interest and discussion during the 18th century, in
part because of the American Revolutionary War. An anecdote first published in 1906
has Benjamin Franklin answer a woman who asked him, "Well, Doctor, what have we got –
a Republic or a Monarchy?" He responded: "A Republic, if you can keep it." The current use
for this quotation is to bolster with Franklin's authority the opinion that republics require the
cultivation of specific political beliefs, interests, and habits among their citizens, and that if
those habits are not cultivated, they are in danger of falling back into some sort of
authoritarian rule, such as a monarchy.
(Retrieved from “Republican Revolutions of the 18th Century”; http://Civic_virtue)
Quickly scan the passage to find the answer to each question.
1. In what part of the world did civic virtue become a matter of public interest and
discussion during the 18th century?
2. At what point in time did Franklin imply that republics require the cultivation of
specific political beliefs, interests, and habits among their citizens?

12
3. Before the 18th century, what would probably influence civic virtue to become public
interest?
1
5
10
Monarchy was the most common form of government until the 19th century, but it is no
longer prevalent. Where it exists, it is now usually a constitutional monarchy, in which the
monarch retains a unique legal and ceremonial role, but exercises limited or no political
power under the written or unwritten constitution, others have governing authority.
Currently, 44 sovereign nations in the world have monarchs acting as heads of state, 16 of
which are Commonwealth realms that recognise Queen Elizabeth II as their head of state.
All European monarchies are constitutional ones, with the exception of the Vatican City,
but sovereigns in the smaller states exercise greater political influence than in the larger.
The monarchs of Cambodia, Japan, and Malaysia "reign, but do not rule" although there is
considerable variation in the degree of authority they wield. Although they reign under
constitutions, the monarchs of Brunei, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and Swaziland appear
to continue to exercise more political influence than any other single source of authority in
their nations, either by constitutional mandate or by tradition.
(Retrieved from “Monarchy”, http://americanbuilt.us/governments/monarchy.shtml)
Answer the questions based on the text.
1. What two examples are the roles of monarch now?
2. In what point of time that monarchy was the most common form of government?
3. What is a “constitutional monarchy” as mentioned in the passage?
4. What is the opposite of a constitutional monarchy?
5. Which monarchs reign under constitutions that exercise political influence either by
constitutional mandate or by tradition?

MODUL PERKULIAHAN - Mata Kuliah English for Proficiency Certification (EPC)

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