This document discusses using the STELLA simulation software to model predator-prey dynamics. It provides background on predator-prey theory and describes using STELLA to simulate the interaction between snowshoe hares and lynx over time. The simulation allows users to manipulate variables and observe their impact on predator and prey populations. It finds that STELLA engages students by allowing them to actively experiment with models and better understand complex systems through visualization of dynamic changes over many years.
Theme 4 - Climate Change Mitigation and AdaptationCIFOR-ICRAF
This presentation by Christopher Martius, Henry Neufeldt, Glenn Hyman and Laura Snook focuses on the objectives and structure of the climate change adaptation and mitigation program of the FTA Research Program, their evolution over time, the major accomplishments and the main obstacles and challenges.
This document discusses environmental restoration approaches and goals. It presents on environmental restoration by Khan Mohammad Raoha, Shaumik Sakib Bin Masud, and Sumaiya Jabin of the Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology. It outlines that environmental restoration aims to remedy environmental damage and protect human health. Approaches include using heavy machinery, hand planting, and computer mapping. Goals are to identify and clean contamination, remedy other environmental harms, and demolish unsafe structures. The document also discusses restoration after Hurricane Katrina, including habitat, wetland, and chemical waste restoration projects.
This document summarizes VicRoads' climate change risk assessment and adaptation strategies. It identifies the greatest risk as the impact of sea level rise on coastal assets in eastern Victoria, which could result in road overtopping and damage to pavements and bridges. While impacts are predicted across the Victorian coast, the effects are likely to be most significant in eastern regions. The assessment adopts a conservative climate change scenario, consistent with other Australian organizations, to project more significant climate impacts by 2030, 2070 and 2100. Adaptation strategies will need to consider asset lifespans and evolve as new climate projections and data emerge.
The document discusses the impacts of climate change based on IPCC findings. It notes that greenhouse gas concentrations are at their highest levels in at least 420,000 years and that the planet will continue warming for decades even if emissions are reduced now. Specific impacts discussed include increasing temperatures, more extreme weather events, rising sea levels, and threats to agriculture, water resources, health, and coastal areas in the Philippines from these changes.
Agriculture has significant environmental impacts including climate change effects on crop yields, deforestation, genetic engineering issues, irrigation problems, water and soil pollution from pesticides and fertilizers, soil degradation, plastic waste, and loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services. Sustainable practices like organic farming, conservation tillage, and reducing excess nitrogen and phosphorus use can help minimize these impacts, but may result in lower food production. Overall agriculture involves difficult tradeoffs between high yields and environmental protection that require modifying current practices.
Ecological succession describes the process by which the species in an ecosystem change over time following a disturbance. It can be primary succession, which occurs on new surfaces like lava flows with no previous life, or secondary succession, which follows a disruption but not destruction of an existing community like after a forest fire. Succession proceeds as pioneering species like grasses establish and modify the environment, making it possible for other plants like shrubs and trees to grow and eventually form a stable community. Examples of succession include forests reestablishing on the island of Krakatoa after its 1883 eruption destroyed all life and sand dunes transforming into forests over time along shorelines.
Theme 4 - Climate Change Mitigation and AdaptationCIFOR-ICRAF
This presentation by Christopher Martius, Henry Neufeldt, Glenn Hyman and Laura Snook focuses on the objectives and structure of the climate change adaptation and mitigation program of the FTA Research Program, their evolution over time, the major accomplishments and the main obstacles and challenges.
This document discusses environmental restoration approaches and goals. It presents on environmental restoration by Khan Mohammad Raoha, Shaumik Sakib Bin Masud, and Sumaiya Jabin of the Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology. It outlines that environmental restoration aims to remedy environmental damage and protect human health. Approaches include using heavy machinery, hand planting, and computer mapping. Goals are to identify and clean contamination, remedy other environmental harms, and demolish unsafe structures. The document also discusses restoration after Hurricane Katrina, including habitat, wetland, and chemical waste restoration projects.
This document summarizes VicRoads' climate change risk assessment and adaptation strategies. It identifies the greatest risk as the impact of sea level rise on coastal assets in eastern Victoria, which could result in road overtopping and damage to pavements and bridges. While impacts are predicted across the Victorian coast, the effects are likely to be most significant in eastern regions. The assessment adopts a conservative climate change scenario, consistent with other Australian organizations, to project more significant climate impacts by 2030, 2070 and 2100. Adaptation strategies will need to consider asset lifespans and evolve as new climate projections and data emerge.
The document discusses the impacts of climate change based on IPCC findings. It notes that greenhouse gas concentrations are at their highest levels in at least 420,000 years and that the planet will continue warming for decades even if emissions are reduced now. Specific impacts discussed include increasing temperatures, more extreme weather events, rising sea levels, and threats to agriculture, water resources, health, and coastal areas in the Philippines from these changes.
Agriculture has significant environmental impacts including climate change effects on crop yields, deforestation, genetic engineering issues, irrigation problems, water and soil pollution from pesticides and fertilizers, soil degradation, plastic waste, and loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services. Sustainable practices like organic farming, conservation tillage, and reducing excess nitrogen and phosphorus use can help minimize these impacts, but may result in lower food production. Overall agriculture involves difficult tradeoffs between high yields and environmental protection that require modifying current practices.
Ecological succession describes the process by which the species in an ecosystem change over time following a disturbance. It can be primary succession, which occurs on new surfaces like lava flows with no previous life, or secondary succession, which follows a disruption but not destruction of an existing community like after a forest fire. Succession proceeds as pioneering species like grasses establish and modify the environment, making it possible for other plants like shrubs and trees to grow and eventually form a stable community. Examples of succession include forests reestablishing on the island of Krakatoa after its 1883 eruption destroyed all life and sand dunes transforming into forests over time along shorelines.
The ecological footprint calculates the amount of land and water needed to produce the resources humans consume and absorb the waste generated. It shows that people currently use resources 50% faster than the Earth can regenerate them, consuming over 1.5 planets worth of resources each year. Reducing consumption would decrease the human impact on the environment by making our ecological footprint smaller.
Presentation food security and threat posed by climate change- Saadullah Ayazsaadayaz
Pakistan faces significant threats to its food security and agriculture from climate change, as rising temperatures are projected to reduce wheat and rice yields, shorten growing seasons, and melt glaciers that supply water for irrigation. Climate change is also expected to increase climate variability and the frequency of extreme weather events like droughts and floods that can severely damage crops. These impacts of climate change threaten Pakistan's economy and the food security of its population, a third of which already lives below the poverty line.
Environmental value systems: Lake Victoria vs Gulf of CaliforniaRoberto Alviso
This document compares the environmental value systems of Lake Victoria and the Gulf of California. It discusses their political, social, economic, environmental, cultural, and conservation relevance. For both ecosystems, conservation efforts are important due to their high biodiversity and impacts on surrounding human communities. The document expresses the view that conservation of both Lake Victoria and the Gulf of California should continue given their significance.
This document summarizes key points about climate change adaptation from a paper by Dr. Sarah Ahmed. It discusses the vulnerability of developing countries to climate change impacts, the need to enhance adaptive capacity. Adaptation measures include policy, technology, monitoring, and risk sharing. Estimates suggest adaptation will cost $86-100 billion annually by 2015. Accurate cost information is essential for policymaking but difficult to obtain. The document then outlines India's National Action Plan on Climate Change and its focus on both mitigation and adaptation through various missions and sectors. Adaptation costs in India are estimated to be 0.88-2.17% of GDP from 2004-2007.
Identifying, quantifying and valuing ecosystem services in the context of eco...CIFOR-ICRAF
This document summarizes a presentation on identifying, quantifying, and valuing ecosystem services in the context of ecological restoration. It defines ecosystem services and discusses how restoration can benefit ecosystem services. It also describes frameworks for identifying, quantifying, and valuing ecosystem services. The document then outlines the presenter's own work conducting an assessment of ecosystem services from different land uses in Southeast Austria, finding the highest economic values associated with mature plantations but noting a need for more comprehensive valuation. It concludes by stating the importance of understanding linkages between ecology, economics, and society to ensure human well-being and sustainability.
This document is an introduction to weather and climate written by Miss Lena Teo for her physical geography class. It defines weather and climate, with weather representing short-term atmospheric conditions and climate representing long-term weather patterns over 30 years. The document then explores various factors that influence temperature, relative humidity, cloud formation, rainfall, air pressure and wind systems at a location. These factors include latitude, altitude, distance from the sea, and cloud cover. Diagrams and figures are included to illustrate these concepts.
This is the third lesson of the course ' Climate Change and Global Environment' conducted at the Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka
One hectare feasibility study with forwardRitesh Karnik
This document outlines a plan for smallholder farmers with approximately 1 hectare of land to implement agroecology practices. It discusses the benefits of agroecology such as producing own inputs, access to nutritious crops, soil health improvement, and climate change adaptation. The plan includes trenches and ponds for water management, live fencing, intercropping various crops, and mixed tree plantations. Case studies show high yields and productivity using these methods on small plots of land. The goal is for small farmers to sustainably meet family food, nutrition, and income needs from 1 hectare through agroecology.
1. The document discusses mitigation opportunities presented in the IPCC's Fifth Assessment Report from Working Group III.
2. It finds that while meeting a 2 degree Celsius target is still possible, it presents significant technological, economic, and institutional challenges.
3. The costs of mitigation will have a moderate effect on global GDP growth and consumption, representing a small reduction in their overall growth rates.
Ecology is the scientific study of the relationships between organisms and their environment. It examines these relationships across different levels of biological organization, from individuals to populations, communities, ecosystems, and the biosphere. Ecologists use the scientific method to develop hypotheses and models to understand these relationships and make predictions. Their work is interdisciplinary, drawing on fields like physiology, genetics, and hydrology. Uncertainty is inherent in ecology due to the complexity of nature and limitations of scientific studies.
Kenneth Boulding was among the first to recognise limits to growth due to natural resource depletion. He pointed out that the Earth is not limitless, and everything we use comes from this Earth, and all our wastes have to remain on this Planet. Hence he asked (in 1966) to control consumption and production, otherwise we would run out of natural resources, while fouling our own nest.
This document provides an overview of deforestation presented by B. Arpita. It begins by defining forests and their importance, including commercial, ecological, aesthetic, and tourist values. Deforestation is then defined as the large-scale clearing of forests, which can damage land quality and the environment. The major drivers of deforestation are discussed, such as cattle ranching, agriculture, logging, and infrastructure development. Both the benefits and harmful effects of deforestation are outlined. Steps taken to reduce deforestation include afforestation programs, awareness campaigns, and government acts like the Indian Forest Act. Several important environmental movements in India and worldwide aimed at forest conservation are also summarized.
The document discusses ecosystem services and provides several examples. It defines ecosystem services as benefits that people derive from ecosystems. The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment identified four categories of services: provisioning, regulating, cultural, and supporting. Examples of services from various ecosystems are given, including forests, wetlands, rivers, reservoirs, and marine systems. The document emphasizes that many ecosystem services are often undervalued in decision making despite their importance to human well-being.
TRAGEDY OF COMMON IN THAT THE PEOPLE ARE HOW USE NATURAL RESOURCES HOW CARELESS ABOUT THAT AND HOW ITS EFFECT ON FUTURE, ENVIRONMENT NATURE , HUMAN AND LIVING SYSTEM
Thunderstorms form from moisture, unstable air that rises rapidly, and lift from factors like fronts or mountains. Thunder is caused by lightning opening a small channel in the air, which then collapses back, creating the sound we hear. While thunderstorms produce noise and light, it is the heavy rain and wind that can damage homes and property, potentially leaving people without shelter or food.
1. This document provides sample essay questions on topics related to ecosystems and conservation. The questions assess understanding of topics like methods for recording ecosystem changes, impacts on the nitrogen cycle, the role of environmental impact assessments, and distinguishing between ecological concepts like succession and zonation.
2. The document outlines two reasons why societies may have differing perspectives on issues like global warming, including religious/cultural factors and levels of economic development. It also compares the roles of intergovernmental organizations and non-governmental organizations in conservation efforts.
3. Detailed answer schemes provide examples of concepts and frameworks that could be discussed for each question to receive full credit. These include describing ecological goods and services provided by specific ecosystems.
The document discusses the Tragedy of the Commons, which is an economic problem that occurs when individuals acting in their own self-interest deplete shared, limited resources. It provides examples like overgrazing on common pastures and overfishing. When each individual increases their use of the resource, it leads to overuse and depletion of the resource through reinforcing loops. In the long run, this archetype results in the common resource becoming depleted and less accessible. The document recommends identifying the shared resource and incentives driving overuse, then limiting access or assigning ownership to better manage usage.
Increasing the storage of carbon in the soil has been a controversial strategy for addressing climate change mitigation. What is the potential and why is there debate about this? How can we push beyond the debate to constructive action?
Lini Wollenberg, a Gund Fellow, is an anthropologist and natural resource management specialist concerned with rural livelihoods and the environment. She currently leads a research program on Low Emissions Agricultural Development for the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS), based at the University of Vermont. Her work seeks to identify options for reducing the impacts of agricultural development and land use on the climate, while also improving livelihoods for the poor in developing countries.
This presentation was given by Lini Wollenberg, CCAFS, on September 11, 2020 as part of the GundxChange Series.
Relationship between man and physical environmentKomal644
The document discusses the relationship between the physical environment and human behavior. It explains that human activities interact with and impact the environment. Population growth leads to issues like pollution, climate change, deforestation, and water pollution due to industrialization, fossil fuel use, and resource consumption. These human impacts degrade the environment and ecosystems. The document calls for more sustainable utilization of resources to preserve them for future generations.
This document discusses types of drought and drought management in rangelands. It describes three types of drought: meteorological, agricultural, and hydrological. Meteorological drought is defined by a lack of precipitation. Agricultural drought impacts soil moisture and crops/animals. Hydrological drought decreases water levels in rivers, lakes, and groundwater. The document outlines causes of drought and its effects on rangelands, including lack of forage/water and increased wildfires. It recommends management strategies like providing supplemental feed, vaccinating animals grazing toxic plants, reducing herd size, and temporarily moving animals to less drought-stricken areas.
The document discusses using the STELLA simulation software to model natural selection. It begins with an overview of simulation and modeling. It then discusses using STELLA specifically to model a rabbit population undergoing natural selection from fox predators. The model shows the average rabbit speed increasing over generations as slower rabbits are preyed upon more. The document analyzes the results and shows how they support Darwin's theory of natural selection. It concludes that STELLA is an effective teaching tool that can increase student understanding and motivation by allowing them to predict population changes over time.
This document discusses using the STELLA simulation software to model predator-prey dynamics. It provides background on how STELLA can be used to conduct virtual experiments that represent real-world processes. As an example, it examines a predator-prey model simulating the population fluctuations between Canada lynx and snowshoe hares over time. The simulation allows students to adjust variables and make predictions about how the predator and prey populations would change.
The ecological footprint calculates the amount of land and water needed to produce the resources humans consume and absorb the waste generated. It shows that people currently use resources 50% faster than the Earth can regenerate them, consuming over 1.5 planets worth of resources each year. Reducing consumption would decrease the human impact on the environment by making our ecological footprint smaller.
Presentation food security and threat posed by climate change- Saadullah Ayazsaadayaz
Pakistan faces significant threats to its food security and agriculture from climate change, as rising temperatures are projected to reduce wheat and rice yields, shorten growing seasons, and melt glaciers that supply water for irrigation. Climate change is also expected to increase climate variability and the frequency of extreme weather events like droughts and floods that can severely damage crops. These impacts of climate change threaten Pakistan's economy and the food security of its population, a third of which already lives below the poverty line.
Environmental value systems: Lake Victoria vs Gulf of CaliforniaRoberto Alviso
This document compares the environmental value systems of Lake Victoria and the Gulf of California. It discusses their political, social, economic, environmental, cultural, and conservation relevance. For both ecosystems, conservation efforts are important due to their high biodiversity and impacts on surrounding human communities. The document expresses the view that conservation of both Lake Victoria and the Gulf of California should continue given their significance.
This document summarizes key points about climate change adaptation from a paper by Dr. Sarah Ahmed. It discusses the vulnerability of developing countries to climate change impacts, the need to enhance adaptive capacity. Adaptation measures include policy, technology, monitoring, and risk sharing. Estimates suggest adaptation will cost $86-100 billion annually by 2015. Accurate cost information is essential for policymaking but difficult to obtain. The document then outlines India's National Action Plan on Climate Change and its focus on both mitigation and adaptation through various missions and sectors. Adaptation costs in India are estimated to be 0.88-2.17% of GDP from 2004-2007.
Identifying, quantifying and valuing ecosystem services in the context of eco...CIFOR-ICRAF
This document summarizes a presentation on identifying, quantifying, and valuing ecosystem services in the context of ecological restoration. It defines ecosystem services and discusses how restoration can benefit ecosystem services. It also describes frameworks for identifying, quantifying, and valuing ecosystem services. The document then outlines the presenter's own work conducting an assessment of ecosystem services from different land uses in Southeast Austria, finding the highest economic values associated with mature plantations but noting a need for more comprehensive valuation. It concludes by stating the importance of understanding linkages between ecology, economics, and society to ensure human well-being and sustainability.
This document is an introduction to weather and climate written by Miss Lena Teo for her physical geography class. It defines weather and climate, with weather representing short-term atmospheric conditions and climate representing long-term weather patterns over 30 years. The document then explores various factors that influence temperature, relative humidity, cloud formation, rainfall, air pressure and wind systems at a location. These factors include latitude, altitude, distance from the sea, and cloud cover. Diagrams and figures are included to illustrate these concepts.
This is the third lesson of the course ' Climate Change and Global Environment' conducted at the Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka
One hectare feasibility study with forwardRitesh Karnik
This document outlines a plan for smallholder farmers with approximately 1 hectare of land to implement agroecology practices. It discusses the benefits of agroecology such as producing own inputs, access to nutritious crops, soil health improvement, and climate change adaptation. The plan includes trenches and ponds for water management, live fencing, intercropping various crops, and mixed tree plantations. Case studies show high yields and productivity using these methods on small plots of land. The goal is for small farmers to sustainably meet family food, nutrition, and income needs from 1 hectare through agroecology.
1. The document discusses mitigation opportunities presented in the IPCC's Fifth Assessment Report from Working Group III.
2. It finds that while meeting a 2 degree Celsius target is still possible, it presents significant technological, economic, and institutional challenges.
3. The costs of mitigation will have a moderate effect on global GDP growth and consumption, representing a small reduction in their overall growth rates.
Ecology is the scientific study of the relationships between organisms and their environment. It examines these relationships across different levels of biological organization, from individuals to populations, communities, ecosystems, and the biosphere. Ecologists use the scientific method to develop hypotheses and models to understand these relationships and make predictions. Their work is interdisciplinary, drawing on fields like physiology, genetics, and hydrology. Uncertainty is inherent in ecology due to the complexity of nature and limitations of scientific studies.
Kenneth Boulding was among the first to recognise limits to growth due to natural resource depletion. He pointed out that the Earth is not limitless, and everything we use comes from this Earth, and all our wastes have to remain on this Planet. Hence he asked (in 1966) to control consumption and production, otherwise we would run out of natural resources, while fouling our own nest.
This document provides an overview of deforestation presented by B. Arpita. It begins by defining forests and their importance, including commercial, ecological, aesthetic, and tourist values. Deforestation is then defined as the large-scale clearing of forests, which can damage land quality and the environment. The major drivers of deforestation are discussed, such as cattle ranching, agriculture, logging, and infrastructure development. Both the benefits and harmful effects of deforestation are outlined. Steps taken to reduce deforestation include afforestation programs, awareness campaigns, and government acts like the Indian Forest Act. Several important environmental movements in India and worldwide aimed at forest conservation are also summarized.
The document discusses ecosystem services and provides several examples. It defines ecosystem services as benefits that people derive from ecosystems. The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment identified four categories of services: provisioning, regulating, cultural, and supporting. Examples of services from various ecosystems are given, including forests, wetlands, rivers, reservoirs, and marine systems. The document emphasizes that many ecosystem services are often undervalued in decision making despite their importance to human well-being.
TRAGEDY OF COMMON IN THAT THE PEOPLE ARE HOW USE NATURAL RESOURCES HOW CARELESS ABOUT THAT AND HOW ITS EFFECT ON FUTURE, ENVIRONMENT NATURE , HUMAN AND LIVING SYSTEM
Thunderstorms form from moisture, unstable air that rises rapidly, and lift from factors like fronts or mountains. Thunder is caused by lightning opening a small channel in the air, which then collapses back, creating the sound we hear. While thunderstorms produce noise and light, it is the heavy rain and wind that can damage homes and property, potentially leaving people without shelter or food.
1. This document provides sample essay questions on topics related to ecosystems and conservation. The questions assess understanding of topics like methods for recording ecosystem changes, impacts on the nitrogen cycle, the role of environmental impact assessments, and distinguishing between ecological concepts like succession and zonation.
2. The document outlines two reasons why societies may have differing perspectives on issues like global warming, including religious/cultural factors and levels of economic development. It also compares the roles of intergovernmental organizations and non-governmental organizations in conservation efforts.
3. Detailed answer schemes provide examples of concepts and frameworks that could be discussed for each question to receive full credit. These include describing ecological goods and services provided by specific ecosystems.
The document discusses the Tragedy of the Commons, which is an economic problem that occurs when individuals acting in their own self-interest deplete shared, limited resources. It provides examples like overgrazing on common pastures and overfishing. When each individual increases their use of the resource, it leads to overuse and depletion of the resource through reinforcing loops. In the long run, this archetype results in the common resource becoming depleted and less accessible. The document recommends identifying the shared resource and incentives driving overuse, then limiting access or assigning ownership to better manage usage.
Increasing the storage of carbon in the soil has been a controversial strategy for addressing climate change mitigation. What is the potential and why is there debate about this? How can we push beyond the debate to constructive action?
Lini Wollenberg, a Gund Fellow, is an anthropologist and natural resource management specialist concerned with rural livelihoods and the environment. She currently leads a research program on Low Emissions Agricultural Development for the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS), based at the University of Vermont. Her work seeks to identify options for reducing the impacts of agricultural development and land use on the climate, while also improving livelihoods for the poor in developing countries.
This presentation was given by Lini Wollenberg, CCAFS, on September 11, 2020 as part of the GundxChange Series.
Relationship between man and physical environmentKomal644
The document discusses the relationship between the physical environment and human behavior. It explains that human activities interact with and impact the environment. Population growth leads to issues like pollution, climate change, deforestation, and water pollution due to industrialization, fossil fuel use, and resource consumption. These human impacts degrade the environment and ecosystems. The document calls for more sustainable utilization of resources to preserve them for future generations.
This document discusses types of drought and drought management in rangelands. It describes three types of drought: meteorological, agricultural, and hydrological. Meteorological drought is defined by a lack of precipitation. Agricultural drought impacts soil moisture and crops/animals. Hydrological drought decreases water levels in rivers, lakes, and groundwater. The document outlines causes of drought and its effects on rangelands, including lack of forage/water and increased wildfires. It recommends management strategies like providing supplemental feed, vaccinating animals grazing toxic plants, reducing herd size, and temporarily moving animals to less drought-stricken areas.
The document discusses using the STELLA simulation software to model natural selection. It begins with an overview of simulation and modeling. It then discusses using STELLA specifically to model a rabbit population undergoing natural selection from fox predators. The model shows the average rabbit speed increasing over generations as slower rabbits are preyed upon more. The document analyzes the results and shows how they support Darwin's theory of natural selection. It concludes that STELLA is an effective teaching tool that can increase student understanding and motivation by allowing them to predict population changes over time.
This document discusses using the STELLA simulation software to model predator-prey dynamics. It provides background on how STELLA can be used to conduct virtual experiments that represent real-world processes. As an example, it examines a predator-prey model simulating the population fluctuations between Canada lynx and snowshoe hares over time. The simulation allows students to adjust variables and make predictions about how the predator and prey populations would change.
This document discusses the use of simulation software Stella in education. It provides an overview of simulation theory and how Stella works. A case study is described where Stella was used to simulate predator-prey dynamics. Advantages of using simulation in education include motivating students through active learning and problem solving. Limitations include teachers lacking expertise and students not developing manual science skills. In conclusion, simulation can enhance learning if used properly to engage students in systems thinking.
This document discusses the use of simulation software Stella in education. It provides an overview of simulation theory and describes how Stella allows users to create system dynamic models to visualize complex systems over time. The document also discusses the benefits of using simulations in education, including how they can motivate students and allow risk-free exploration. Predicting outcomes through simulation is described as an effective way for students to study trends by manipulating variables and observing results over multiple runs.
The document discusses the benefits of simulation and modeling in education. It provides an example of using the STELLA software to model predator-prey dynamics between lynx and snowshoe hares. Adjusting the number of harvested lynx results in changes to both populations over time, demonstrating lag effects between the two. Simulation allows students to better understand complex systems and predict outcomes by experimenting with variables.
This document provides information about a practical report on the STELLA simulation software. STELLA allows users to construct dynamic models that simulate biological systems using stocks, flows, converters and connectors. The report discusses three graphs generated using STELLA that model the relationship between rat and owl populations and palm oil production. The graphs demonstrate how increasing rat populations and decreasing owl populations can negatively impact palm oil yields over time. STELLA provides an engaging way for students to explore variables and conduct experiments to better understand complex systems.
This document provides information about a practical report on the STELLA simulation software. STELLA allows users to construct dynamic models that simulate biological systems using stocks, flows, converters and connectors. The report discusses three graphs generated using STELLA that model the relationship between rat and owl populations and palm oil production. The graphs demonstrate how increasing rat populations and decreasing owl populations impact palm oil yields over time. STELLA provides an engaging learning tool but also has disadvantages like requiring computer access and training to use.
This document provides information about a practical report on the STELLA simulation software. STELLA allows users to construct dynamic models that simulate biological systems using stocks, flows, converters and connectors. The report discusses three graphs generated using STELLA that model the relationship between rat and owl populations and palm oil production. The graphs demonstrate how increasing rat populations and decreasing owl populations impact palm oil yields over time. STELLA provides an engaging learning tool but also has disadvantages like requiring computer access and training to use.
This document is a report on computer simulation created by a group consisting of 3 students. It discusses the use of Biosawit simulation and STELLA software to simulate a system involving the relationship between palm, rat, and owl populations. The report includes an introduction to simulation, descriptions of the STELLA programming language and how it was used, aims of the simulation, when simulators are used, applications of simulation, and advantages and disadvantages of computer simulation.
The document describes how the STELLA simulation software can be used to model simple predator-prey dynamics between lynx and hare populations. The simulation allows students to change a parameter representing the size of the lynx harvest and observe the impact on both populations over time. When the harvest is zero, the populations remain stable, but greater harvests cause instability as the lynx consume more hares. The simulation helps students understand how the populations interact and predict outcomes from changing parameters.
This document discusses using simulations and modeling in teaching and learning. It provides an example of using the STELLA simulation software to model natural selection. The model simulates foxes preying on rabbits, with faster rabbits being more likely to escape and reproduce. The simulation shows rabbit populations increasing over years as the "speed bias" favoring faster rabbits is increased. Simulations allow students to make predictions and explore concepts like natural selection in an interactive way. They can help students better understand topics that may be difficult to demonstrate directly.
1. The document discusses the use of Stella simulation software for educational purposes. Stella allows students to dynamically model complex systems and explore how changing variables affects outcomes.
2. Using simulations like Stella is beneficial for student learning as it motivates students and helps them better understand concepts that would be difficult or impossible to demonstrate in real life. Students can observe systems over time and predict how changing parameters impacts results.
3. Stella provides opportunities for active, self-directed learning as students can freely experiment with models and receive immediate feedback on their changes. This supports different learning styles and helps students transfer knowledge to new situations.
This document discusses the use of computer simulations in education. It provides examples of how simulations can be used to model predator-prey relationships and increase student motivation. Simulations allow students to explore concepts and see the effects of changes. They also guide learning and reflection. While simulations have advantages like interactivity, some disadvantages are a lack of emotional awareness and inability to adapt to different students. Overall, computer simulations are seen as a useful tool to help teach difficult concepts when used alongside teacher guidance.
This document discusses simulation and modelling software called STELLA. It provides an overview of STELLA's features and how it can be used to simulate systems over time. It also describes the benefits and limitations of using simulations for education. Simulations can increase understanding, provide hands-on learning, and test designs without physical implementation. However, they may oversimplify details and require significant computing resources for complex simulations. Overall, simulations are a useful tool that can enhance the teaching and learning process.
This document discusses the use of STELLA simulation software to model various systems over time. It provides examples of using STELLA to model predator-prey relationships in an oil palm plantation and to predict climate change scenarios. The document also discusses how simulations like STELLA can encourage student interest and engagement in science learning by making experiments interactive, allowing hypothesis testing, and helping students understand real-world systems.
1) The document describes a computer simulation experiment conducted to investigate the mystery of how the inhabitants of Easter Island were able to create and move enormous stone statues.
2) The simulation uses the STELLA software to model the relationships between population, coconut palms, and statues on the island over time based on different birth rates.
3) By adjusting the birth rate parameter and observing the effects on population, coconut palms, and statues in the graphs generated, students can gain insights into what may have caused the downfall of the Easter Island civilization.
This document discusses modelling and simulation using the STELLA software. It provides an example of modelling predator-prey dynamics between snowshoe hares and lynx. The document defines modelling and simulation, discusses their uses in education, and outlines the Lotka-Volterra predator-prey model. It then applies this model in STELLA to simulate snowshoe hare and lynx populations over time under different levels of lynx predation.
This document describes a simulation project using STELLA software to model the prey-predator relationship between mice and owls in a palm oil plantation. The document includes the student names and details, an introduction to computer simulation and STELLA software, advantages and disadvantages of simulation, a discussion of three graphs from the STELLA model showing different mice and owl population levels and the resulting impact on palm tree production, and advantages of using STELLA simulations in education.
This document provides information about a simulation project done using STELLA software. It includes the names and student IDs of three students, the title and lecturer's name. It then outlines the contents of the project report, which includes an introduction to computer simulation, advantages and disadvantages of simulation, an overview of the STELLA software, a discussion of three graphs generated from the STELLA simulation of a prey-predator relationship between mice and owls, and advantages of using STELLA simulations in education. The document concludes by listing references used in the project report.
This document discusses a STELLA simulation of a population model. It begins with an introduction to computer simulation and population models. The objectives are to understand population using simulation and explore different outcome scenarios. Advantages of simulation include experimenting without impacting the real system, while disadvantages are lack of realism and potential errors. The STELLA population model analyzes the relationship between lifespan and birth rate under different parameter changes. It found that higher birth rates correspond to longer lifespans. In conclusion, population simulation is useful for analyzing concepts and predicting outcomes, though errors and credibility issues remain challenges.
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population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
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land.
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to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
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centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
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providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
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and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
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these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
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This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
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Community pharmacy- Social and preventive pharmacy UNIT 5
Modelling and simulation using stella
1. 1.0 Introduction
1.1 Simulation Theory
Model is a representation of an object, a system or an idea in some form other than that of the
entity itself (Shannon). Types of model are divided into two, which are physical and
mathematical. Physical model is like scale models and prototype plants while mathematical
model is like analytical queuing models, linear programs and simulation.
A mathematical model is an abstract model that uses mathematical language to
describe the behaviour of a system. Mathematical models are widely used in the natural
sciences and engineering such as biology, physics and electrical engineering. These models
are also used in the social sciences such as sociology, political sciences and economy. The
frequent users of these models are physicist, engineers, computer scientists and economists.
A simulation of a system is the operation of a model, which is a representation of that
system. The model is amenable to manipulate which would be impossible, too expensive, or
too impractical to perform on the system and attempts to simulate an abstract model of a
particular system. The operation of the model can be studied by the user. From this, the
properties related to the behaviour of the actual system can be concluded.
One of the main advantages of using simulation in teaching and learning is the
process of teaching and learning becomes more interesting and exciting as the learners can
explore everything in various types of experiments. If they have the software of simulation,
they can explore it early when they are not in the class. These can make them more inspiring
to study and discover a new thing. Besides, simulation also can help the teachers to teach the
abstract content to the students. It is meant that, the simulation can make the student easy to
understand as they can use the simulation and not just imagine on what have been taught by
the teacher. Other advantages of using simulation are very quick development of complex
models, short learning cycles and no programming is needed. So, only minimal errors will
occur.
However, this simulation also can give disadvantages to the students that do not have
computer or limited availability of computers. They will not have the opportunity to explore
after they have learnt in the class. Their learning process will happen only in the class. In
addition, this simulation also can give a big problem to the users that do not know how to use
1
2. computer. The users need to do two things in one time, which are learning about the
computer and also learning about the simulation. So, may be the user will be lag behind the
others. Besides, many simulations require intensive pre simulation lesson preparation. So, it
takes time if we want to use the simulation in a short period. High cost of software also
include as the disadvantage of the simulation. Only the trial one can be used by the users.
But, after 30 days, it cannot be use anymore. In addition, limited scope of applicability and
also limited flexibility. This is because the variation of the topics is not too many. Some of
them may not fix with the users specific.
1.2 STELLA Software
STELLA is a new software program that has been developed to enable very broad,
non technical audiences to conceptualize, construct and analyze system dynamic models. One
of the goals of the development of STELLA is to enhance the learning process. This software
offers a practical way to visualize and communicate how complex and ideas really work. It
consists of endless questions, which make the users more attracted to use it. As this software
is easy to use, it has been used widely in education from economics to physics, chemistry to
public policy and literature to calculus. This model allows the user to communicate how a
system works. Generally, STELLA software is really useful for the visual learners because
the animation, diagram and charts in that software can help them discover the relationship
between variables in an equation. While for verbal learners, visual models with words are
more suitable for them.
STELLA is being used to stimulate a system over time, jump the gap between the
theory and the real world as the simulation is closely like the real one, enable students to
creatively change the systems by changing the value or variables, teach the students to look
for the relationships by seeing a big picture and clearly communicate system inputs and
outputs and demonstrate outcomes.
1.3 Experiment Theory
STELLA has been used in the experiment of Predator-Prey Dynamics. Predator-prey
theory is traced from its origin in the Malthus-Verhulst logistic equation, through the Lotka-
Volterra equations, logistic modification to prey and predator equations, incorporation of the
Michaelis-Menten-Holling functional response into the predator and prey equations and the
2
3. recent development of ratio-dependent functional responses and per capita rate of change
functions.
In the study of the dynamics of a single population, we always take into consideration
such as factors of natural growth rate and the carrying capacity of the environment. In this
experiment, we study an interaction between two species, which are prey and predators. Prey
is the species that has been eaten while predator is the species that eats the others.
Predation is only one of several agents that cause population cycles. Other factors that
contributed in the population cycles are mass emigration, genetic changes in the population
and physiological stress due to overcrowding. Population cycles are difficult to achieve in the
laboratory. Usually, the predators search out every one of the prey and then they go to
extinction due to lack of food.
The predator-prey model may be stabilized by making two assumptions about the
growth rates of the prey and also about the growth rates of the predator. If the preys or
predators are destroyed at the same rate by some outside agent, the prey will proportionally
increase and the predators will proportionally decrease. This is because the birth rate of the
prey is not affected, the death rate of the prey is reduced and the birth rate of the predator is
reduced.
2.0 Content
This STELLA software provides three parts for the users, which are background and
content of the experiment in details, explore the model and experiment. So, as we want to
conduct an experiment about predator and prey, we can choose the last part, which is
experiment. Before we choose that part, we can read the background first in order to know
what is the experiment tells about.
Background of this experiment tells that predator-prey oscillations are common in
many simple ecosystems. According to Odum’s classic ecology textbook, interesting and
only partly understood density variations are those which are not related to seasonal or
obvious annual changes, but which involve regular oscillations or cycles of abundance with
peaks and depressions every few years, often occurring with such regularity that the
population size may be predicted in advance. The best known cases concern mammals, birds,
insects, fish, and seed production in plants in northern environments. Among the mammals,
3
4. the best-studied examples exhibit either a 9- to 10- year or 2- to 4- year periodicity. A classic
example of a 9- to 10- year oscillation is that of the snowshoe hare and the lynx.
The background also tells us about the purpose of this experiment despite of the
predator and prey. After we have read the background, we can conduct the experiment. The
interface of this simulation will show all of the variables involved. For this experiment, the
size of one time lynx harvest is the manipulated variable while, years is the responding
variable.
There are few buttons that we can click in order to see how the simulation is
functioning. The buttons are ‘run’, ‘pause’, ‘stop’ and ‘reset’. All of the button can be click to
see what will happen to the simulation software. Exploring is important before we start to
conduct the experiment. In order to start the experiment, ‘run’ button should be click. But, if
we want to cancel it, we can click the ‘reset’ button.
4
5. For the beginning, we click the ‘run’ button without changing any value in order to
know what graph will be produce. Then, we can see that only straight lines are produced for
both hares and lynx. We need to note that the lynx birth rate depends upon the food supply
available, which is the hares and the death rate of the lynx is not dependent on the hares’
density.
This graph shows that the amount of the prey and predator are constant along the
years. This does not mean that no interaction is occurred, but this is meant that the condition
for this interaction is stable. The amount of hares is the same as the amount of lynx dead. As
the lynx dead, so the amount of hares will not be reduced because they are not being eaten.
This step is to demonstrate to the student on how to use this simulation and see the
relationship among the variables on the graph. This simulation enables them to know the way
scientists do their work. This simulation can make the students more interested to conduct an
5
6. experiment because they are able to change the values to any value that they want and see
what the result is.
Students should predict and explain the outcomes that they expect the simulation to
generate. From that, the students will not stay passively in the class experiment. Every effort
should be make it difficult for them to become passive. Each student must submit timely
input and not rely on classmates to play for them. So, everyone will have the experience of
using the simulation.
After changing the value of size of one time lynx harvest to 160, the graph has shown
fluctuation. Here, it shows that the amount of the lynx is depending on the amount of the
hares. If the amount of hares is increase, the amount of the lynx will also increase. If the
hares decrease, the lynx also decrease. But, the graph shows straight line at the beginning. At
this point, there is no interaction yet.
6
7. This simulation has the potential to engage students in deep learning that empowers
understanding compared to the surface learning that requires only memorization. From this
simulation, students will more understand as they conduct the experiment by themselves and
find the relationship between the variables in order to get the conclusion of the interaction. If
they did not use this simulation, they maybe not understand, but they only memorize what the
teacher has taught them.
According to the pattern of the graph, the students are able to predict what will
happen on the next years as they know already what the pattern is. If the rate of prey is
decreasing, the rate of predator is also decreasing. And if the rate of prey is increasing, the
rate of predator is also increase.
Then, we change the value of the size of one time lynx harvest to 380. This amount is
doubled to the value for the first trial, which is 160. So, the fluctuation of this graph also
shows doubled height of the first trial. Here, the students can see how the graph changes
when the value is changed. The students can understand and predict the graph along the years
as the pattern of the fluctuation is just the same from the beginning to the end.
7
8. By using this simulation, the students can think more about what will happen next and
what are the factors that can cause the pattern of the graph. The students also can develop a
feel for what variables are important and the significance of magnitude changes in
parameters. If the magnitude is change, the graph will also change. There is no such thing
that the value is change, but the graph still the same.
This simulation also can help the students to understand the probability and sampling
theory. The teachers not have to worry the validity of this simulation theory because
instructional simulations have proven their worth many times in the statistics based fields. So,
it can be said that simulation is one of the best method for the teachers to give their student
more understanding in the abstract topics.
When we change the value of the size of one time lynx harvest to the maximum value,
which is 750, this graph is shown. Specifically, increasing in the prey population will cause
the predator birth rate to rise and thus increase their population. Then, the prey death rate will
rise. This graph shows a typical plot produced from that situation. Here we can see the
characteristics of cyclical fluctuations between the hares and the lynx.
8
9. When we look at the pattern of the graph, we noticed that the lynx’s pattern is closely
follows the hares’ pattern but the lynx’s peaks and valleys happen a bit after the hares’ peaks
and valley. This interaction is complex. Disease, food supply and other predators are
variables in this complex interaction. The flux in this cyclic relationship is what allows for
the ecosystem dynamic to work.
Every ten years or so, the hares’ reproduction rate increases. As more hares are born,
they eat more of their food supply. The lynx population size also begins to increase because
hares are their food.
As this graph is more complex to be interpreted by the students, it can cause actively
engaging in student. They are actively participating to formulate new questions to be asked
and also anticipating the outcomes. Social processes and social interactions in action are also
occurred. They are also able to transfer knowledge to new problems and situations. A well
done simulation should be constructed to include an extension to a new problem or new set
parameters that requires student to extend what they have learned in an earlier content.
3.0 Conclusion
Post simulation discussion with the students leads to deeper learning. So, the
instructor should:
1. Provide sufficient time for students to reflect on and discuss what they learned
from the simulation.
2. Integrate the course goals into the post simulation discussion.
3. Ask the students explicitly such as ask how the simulation helped them to
understand the course goals or how it may have made the goals more confusing.
Simulation is suitable to be used in the school because it can motivate students in
learning. Simulation motivate students by keeping them actively engaged in the learning
process through requiring that problem solving and decision making skills be used to make
the simulation run. As the simulation runs, it is modelling a dynamic system in which the
learner is involved. Thus, participation in simulations enables students to engage in systems
thinking and enhances their understanding of systems as well as of science concepts.
9
10. Simulation can be considered as a powerful tool in active learning experiences. It can
provide a kind of lab-like experiences. So, the students will become more exciting and
inspiring in study because most of the students like to do something rather than just hearing
to something. Finding a good simulation in teaching is a challenge for the teachers in order to
integrate them into the content and objectives of the course chosen. However, if the teachers
know what their students need, it is easier for them to choose a suitable simulation.
STELLA is suitable to be launched in Malaysia as it is one of the simulations which
give benefits to the users whether the user is a student or a teacher. Some of STELLA
benefits are:
1. The language increases the accuracy and clarity of verbal descriptions,
ambiguities diminish and communication becomes much more efficient and
efficient.
2. The software provides a check on intuition.
3. This software provides a vehicle for building an understanding of why.
4. The tools enable an easier operation and demonstration
10
11. References
A. A. Berryman (1992). The Origins and Evolution of Predator-Prey Theory. Ecology. 73 (5).
Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/1940005?uid=373867
2&uid=21 29& uid=2&uid=70&uid=4&sid=21101509219257
Peter Chesson (1978). Predator-prey Theory and Variability. Annual Revolution Ecology
System. 9:323 (47). Retrieved from http://eebweb.arizona.edu/faculty/
chesson/Pete/ Reprints/ 1978_Predator-Prey%20Theory%20and%20Variability.pdf
Anonymous (2002). Lynx-Hares Cycles. Retrieved November 25, 2012 from
http://pzweb.harvard.edu/ucp/curriculum/ecosystems/s6_res_lynxhare.pdf
Anonymous (1996). Effective Use of Simulations In The Classroom. Retrieved November 25,
2012 from http://www.clexchange.org/ftp/documents/Implementation/IM1996-
01EffectiveUseOfSims.pdf
Barbara L. Peckarsky (2006). Predator-Prey Interaction. Retrieved November 25, 2012 from
http://www.zoology.wisc.edu/faculty/peckarsky/pdf/CH24predprey.pdf
Marshall W. Johnson (2000). Prey / Predator Interaction Models. Retrieved November 27,
2012 from http://nature.berkeley.edu/biocon/BC%20Class%20Notes/73-77%20
Predator%20Models.pdf
Mike Scott (2004). Data Modelling. Retrieved November 27, 2012 from
http://www.liberty.edu/media/1414/[6330]ERDDataModeling.pdf
Isee system (2012). STELLA System Thinking for Education and Research. Retrieved
November 20, 2012 from http://www.iseesystems.com/softwares/Education/
StellaSoftware.aspx
Peter Vescuso (2008). Using STELLA to Create Learning Laboratories: An Example From
Physics. Retrieved November 26, 2012 from http://www.systemdynamics.org
/conferences/1985/proceed/vescu964.pdf
William W. Murdoch (1971). The Developmental Response of Predators to Changes in Prey
Density. Ecology. 52 (1) Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/1
934744?uid=3738672&uid=2129&uid=2& ui d=70&uid=4&sid=21101509437847
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