Climatology is the science of studying the average atmospheric conditions of a region in long-term perspective. The primary goal of Climatology is to study the unique characteristics of atmosphere in controlling the global climate, origin, types of climates, causes and processes influencing the climatic variations, elements of weather and the impact of climate on humans or vice-versa.
Earth's early atmosphere contained hydrogen and helium. After the Moon formed, volcanic activity produced CO, CO2, and water vapor. Once cyanobacteria evolved and performed photosynthesis, they consumed CO2 and produced oxygen. Currently, Earth's atmosphere is 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and 1% trace gases. Burning fossil fuels adds excess CO2 and pollutants, warming the climate. CFCs have also depleted the ozone layer.
The earth is the only known planet, on which life exists. The present condition and properties of earth’s atmosphere are one of the main reasons for earth to support life. The atmosphere is the blanket of gases or vapours that surrounds the earth, and held together by the force of gravity.
This document provides an introduction to climatology, including definitions of key terms and branches of the field. It discusses how climatology studies the atmosphere and spatial patterns of climate. Climatology is related to both meteorology, which deals with day-to-day weather, and geography, which studies spatial climate distributions. The document also outlines the major layers of the atmosphere and characteristics of atmospheric gases like carbon dioxide and ozone.
The solar radiation that reaches Earth is the primary energy source that drives atmospheric and oceanic circulation systems and the hydrologic cycle. Most of the radiation emitted from the sun is in the visible spectrum. While some solar radiation is reflected or scattered by gases, particles, and surfaces like clouds, ice, and snow, most is absorbed by Earth and its atmosphere. This absorbed solar energy is then re-radiated as terrestrial radiation and helps maintain the planet's heat balance.
This document outlines key concepts related to climate and climate modelling. It discusses global climate models (GCMs) which are 3D models of the atmosphere and oceans used to simulate the climate system. It also discusses regional climate models (RCMs) which provide higher resolution outputs than GCMs to better represent regional features. The document then summarizes projected climate changes from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change including increased global temperatures, precipitation changes, and sea level rise under different emissions scenarios through 2100.
This document provides an overview of physical geography, including its definition, scope, and development. It discusses the key components studied in physical geography - geomorphology, pedology, biogeography, hydrology, oceanography, climatology, and biogeography. For each component, it outlines some of the main topics examined, such as landforms, soils, plant and animal distributions, water systems, ocean features, climate patterns, and interactions between living organisms and the environment. The document also traces the historical evolution of physical geography and how its methodologies and approaches have changed over time to study earth's natural processes and features.
Certain atmospheric gases like carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide trap heat from the sun in the lower atmosphere, causing the greenhouse effect. Without this effect, the average temperature on Earth would be much colder and unsuitable for life. The greenhouse effect is enhanced by human activities that release more of these gases such as burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and agriculture. Global warming occurs when too much greenhouse gas builds up in the atmosphere and causes the average temperature to increase, leading to changes in climate patterns and sea levels that threaten ecosystems and societies.
Climatology is the science of studying the average atmospheric conditions of a region in long-term perspective. The primary goal of Climatology is to study the unique characteristics of atmosphere in controlling the global climate, origin, types of climates, causes and processes influencing the climatic variations, elements of weather and the impact of climate on humans or vice-versa.
Earth's early atmosphere contained hydrogen and helium. After the Moon formed, volcanic activity produced CO, CO2, and water vapor. Once cyanobacteria evolved and performed photosynthesis, they consumed CO2 and produced oxygen. Currently, Earth's atmosphere is 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and 1% trace gases. Burning fossil fuels adds excess CO2 and pollutants, warming the climate. CFCs have also depleted the ozone layer.
The earth is the only known planet, on which life exists. The present condition and properties of earth’s atmosphere are one of the main reasons for earth to support life. The atmosphere is the blanket of gases or vapours that surrounds the earth, and held together by the force of gravity.
This document provides an introduction to climatology, including definitions of key terms and branches of the field. It discusses how climatology studies the atmosphere and spatial patterns of climate. Climatology is related to both meteorology, which deals with day-to-day weather, and geography, which studies spatial climate distributions. The document also outlines the major layers of the atmosphere and characteristics of atmospheric gases like carbon dioxide and ozone.
The solar radiation that reaches Earth is the primary energy source that drives atmospheric and oceanic circulation systems and the hydrologic cycle. Most of the radiation emitted from the sun is in the visible spectrum. While some solar radiation is reflected or scattered by gases, particles, and surfaces like clouds, ice, and snow, most is absorbed by Earth and its atmosphere. This absorbed solar energy is then re-radiated as terrestrial radiation and helps maintain the planet's heat balance.
This document outlines key concepts related to climate and climate modelling. It discusses global climate models (GCMs) which are 3D models of the atmosphere and oceans used to simulate the climate system. It also discusses regional climate models (RCMs) which provide higher resolution outputs than GCMs to better represent regional features. The document then summarizes projected climate changes from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change including increased global temperatures, precipitation changes, and sea level rise under different emissions scenarios through 2100.
This document provides an overview of physical geography, including its definition, scope, and development. It discusses the key components studied in physical geography - geomorphology, pedology, biogeography, hydrology, oceanography, climatology, and biogeography. For each component, it outlines some of the main topics examined, such as landforms, soils, plant and animal distributions, water systems, ocean features, climate patterns, and interactions between living organisms and the environment. The document also traces the historical evolution of physical geography and how its methodologies and approaches have changed over time to study earth's natural processes and features.
Certain atmospheric gases like carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide trap heat from the sun in the lower atmosphere, causing the greenhouse effect. Without this effect, the average temperature on Earth would be much colder and unsuitable for life. The greenhouse effect is enhanced by human activities that release more of these gases such as burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and agriculture. Global warming occurs when too much greenhouse gas builds up in the atmosphere and causes the average temperature to increase, leading to changes in climate patterns and sea levels that threaten ecosystems and societies.
This is the third lesson of the course ' Climate Change and Global Environment' conducted at the Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka
This document discusses the Environmental Deterministic Approach to understanding the relationship between humans and their environment. The key points of the Environmental Deterministic Approach are: 1) It is based on the premise that "the earth made man" and that the environment is the creator of human beings. 2) All humans are dependent on nature and the environment. 3) From a deterministic perspective, man is subordinate to nature and the environment dominates man. 4) This approach was first proposed by E.C. Semple in 1910 and was further discussed by Grossman in 1977 based on Darwin's concepts of natural selection and adaptation to environmental factors.
The document summarizes the composition and structure of the atmosphere. It is composed of several layers:
1) The troposphere, closest to Earth's surface and containing 75% of the atmosphere's mass. Temperature decreases with altitude.
2) The stratosphere above the troposphere, containing the ozone layer which absorbs UV radiation. Temperature increases with altitude here.
3) The mesosphere where temperature decreases with altitude again.
4) The thermosphere, growing very hot due to solar activity.
5) The exosphere, the uppermost layer where molecules can escape into space.
The atmosphere is composed of several distinct layers. The innermost layer is the troposphere, which extends from the Earth's surface to around 17 km high at the equator. It contains around 75% of the atmosphere's mass. Above the troposphere is the stratosphere, which extends from 17-48 km high. It contains higher levels of ozone which absorbs over 99% of the sun's harmful UV radiation. The stratosphere is followed by the mesosphere and thermosphere, with temperatures decreasing and then increasing with altitude.
Horizontal Distribution & Differences of Temperature discusses how several factors influence the horizontal and latitudinal distribution of temperatures around the Earth. Some of the key factors discussed include:
1. Latitudinal variations in solar radiation, which causes temperatures to decrease with increasing latitude away from the equator.
2. The mosaic of land and ocean surfaces, which disrupts the strict latitudinal zonation of temperatures. Proximity to oceans moderates temperatures.
3. Altitude, with temperatures decreasing about 6.5°C for every 1000m increase in elevation due to thinner air.
4. Cloud cover, which influences the difference between day and night temperatures through absorption and reflection of radiation.
This document provides information about the Environmental Remote Sensing course GEOG 2021. It introduces the structure and content of the course, including lectures, practical sessions, assessment, and reading materials. The course is split into two halves, with the first introducing remote sensing concepts and the second focusing on a practical example. Lectures are on Mondays and practical sessions on Thursdays. Assessment consists of an exam and a coursework write-up. Relevant reading materials and online resources are also listed.
This document discusses cloud formation and types of clouds. It presents that clouds are formed through convection as warmer air rises and cools, causing water vapor to condense into liquid droplets or ice crystals. Clouds are classified into high, middle, and low-level clouds based on their height and composition. Factors like surface heating, topography, fronts, convergence, and turbulence can influence cloud formation. Clouds impact the environment by regulating temperature through reflection and absorption of heat and enabling precipitation through the water cycle.
This document summarizes key concepts about Earth's atmosphere and weather. It describes the four main layers of the atmosphere, how temperature and pressure vary with altitude. It also explains atmospheric phenomena like humidity, dew point, condensation, cloud types, global wind patterns, air masses, fronts, and severe weather events like thunderstorms, tornadoes and hurricanes.
The document discusses the impacts of climate change on fruit production of the Rosaceae family. It begins with introducing climate change and its causes. It then examines how various climatic factors like temperature, rainfall, humidity, wind and frost affect fruit production. Increased temperatures can inhibit growth and development or promote pest and disease incidence. Changes in rainfall patterns also impact fruit crops. The document analyzes specific impacts like shifts in suitable cropping areas and changes in apple production and diversity in the Kullu valley of India. It provides evidence that temperature and rainfall trends have negatively impacted apple crops in the region. Finally, it discusses results of a study on fruit set and yield of apricot cultivars in Turkey's changing subtropical climate.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help alleviate symptoms of mental illness and boost overall mental well-being.
The document summarizes the mechanism of the Indian monsoon. It describes how seasonal winds blow from the sea to land for months each year in tropical regions. Meteorologists have found a seesaw relationship between pressure changes in the Pacific and Indian Oceans, which causes shifting winds across the equator between seasons. Specifically, lower pressure over the Indian Ocean in the Northern Hemisphere summer draws winds from the Pacific toward India, bringing the southwest monsoon. Coriolis forces cause the winds to change direction as they cross the equator.
This document defines climate change and its causes and consequences. It begins by defining climate and weather, and explaining that climate change refers to major changes in temperature, rainfall, or wind patterns lasting decades or longer. The main causes of current climate change are human activities like burning fossil fuels which increase greenhouse gas emissions. Consequences of climate change include increased global warming, melting glaciers and ice sheets, rising sea levels causing flooding, more extreme weather, and effects on human health, wildlife, and the economy. The document provides details on these causes and consequences of climate change.
This document discusses condensation and the formation of fog and clouds. It begins by defining condensation as the process where a gas transforms into a liquid due to changes in pressure and temperature. It then discusses the necessary and sufficient conditions for condensation to occur, including cooling air to below its dew point until saturated and the presence of condensation nuclei. The document proceeds to describe different types of fog like radiation fog, advection fog, and freezing fog that form through various cooling mechanisms. It also covers cloud condensation nuclei and the classification system used to identify different types of clouds.
This document defines climatology and describes its nature and scope. Climatology is the study of atmospheric components and characteristics. It has three main branches: physical climatology examines factors influencing climate variations over time and space. Regional climatology studies different world climate types, distributions, and features. Applied climatology applies climate knowledge to solve problems faced by human society, such as global warming. Climatology seeks to explain causes of different climate types, their variations, and effects on natural vegetation. It discusses climatic elements and factors controlling climate distribution on Earth.
This document discusses weather, climate, and how they are measured. It defines weather as the day-to-day conditions of a place, driven by differences in air pressure, temperature and moisture. Climate is defined as the average weather conditions over many years, usually 30, and is influenced by location. The key elements that make up weather and climate are discussed as temperature, pressure, wind, humidity and precipitation. Weather stations use instruments like hygrometers, rain gauges, barometers and maximum/minimum thermometers to measure these elements.
Meteorology is the science that studies atmospheric phenomena like weather. Meteorologists use weather stations around the world to collect data on elements like clouds, rain, wind, humidity, and instruments are used to measure these elements. The history of meteorology dates back to ancient times and key developments over centuries included the invention of the barometer, thermometer, and satellites that now allow global weather monitoring.
The document discusses altitude and ocean currents. It contains a graphic showing altitude levels from 2000 meters above sea level to sea level, indicating the document relates to elevation and ocean water movement. The graphic suggests the document may examine how altitude and ocean currents interact or relate to each other.
The document describes the temperature changes that occur when air rises up the windward side of a 3000m mountain located on the coast in mid-latitudes. As the air rises and cools at the dry adiabatic lapse rate of 10°C per 1000m, it reaches the lifting condensation level of 2000m where condensation begins and the rate of cooling decreases to the saturated adiabatic lapse rate of 5°C per 1000m. At the top of the mountain, the air temperature is 1°C. As the air subsides on the leeward side, its temperature increases according to the dry adiabatic lapse rate, making that side warmer and drier than the windward side
This is the third lesson of the course ' Climate Change and Global Environment' conducted at the Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka
This document discusses the Environmental Deterministic Approach to understanding the relationship between humans and their environment. The key points of the Environmental Deterministic Approach are: 1) It is based on the premise that "the earth made man" and that the environment is the creator of human beings. 2) All humans are dependent on nature and the environment. 3) From a deterministic perspective, man is subordinate to nature and the environment dominates man. 4) This approach was first proposed by E.C. Semple in 1910 and was further discussed by Grossman in 1977 based on Darwin's concepts of natural selection and adaptation to environmental factors.
The document summarizes the composition and structure of the atmosphere. It is composed of several layers:
1) The troposphere, closest to Earth's surface and containing 75% of the atmosphere's mass. Temperature decreases with altitude.
2) The stratosphere above the troposphere, containing the ozone layer which absorbs UV radiation. Temperature increases with altitude here.
3) The mesosphere where temperature decreases with altitude again.
4) The thermosphere, growing very hot due to solar activity.
5) The exosphere, the uppermost layer where molecules can escape into space.
The atmosphere is composed of several distinct layers. The innermost layer is the troposphere, which extends from the Earth's surface to around 17 km high at the equator. It contains around 75% of the atmosphere's mass. Above the troposphere is the stratosphere, which extends from 17-48 km high. It contains higher levels of ozone which absorbs over 99% of the sun's harmful UV radiation. The stratosphere is followed by the mesosphere and thermosphere, with temperatures decreasing and then increasing with altitude.
Horizontal Distribution & Differences of Temperature discusses how several factors influence the horizontal and latitudinal distribution of temperatures around the Earth. Some of the key factors discussed include:
1. Latitudinal variations in solar radiation, which causes temperatures to decrease with increasing latitude away from the equator.
2. The mosaic of land and ocean surfaces, which disrupts the strict latitudinal zonation of temperatures. Proximity to oceans moderates temperatures.
3. Altitude, with temperatures decreasing about 6.5°C for every 1000m increase in elevation due to thinner air.
4. Cloud cover, which influences the difference between day and night temperatures through absorption and reflection of radiation.
This document provides information about the Environmental Remote Sensing course GEOG 2021. It introduces the structure and content of the course, including lectures, practical sessions, assessment, and reading materials. The course is split into two halves, with the first introducing remote sensing concepts and the second focusing on a practical example. Lectures are on Mondays and practical sessions on Thursdays. Assessment consists of an exam and a coursework write-up. Relevant reading materials and online resources are also listed.
This document discusses cloud formation and types of clouds. It presents that clouds are formed through convection as warmer air rises and cools, causing water vapor to condense into liquid droplets or ice crystals. Clouds are classified into high, middle, and low-level clouds based on their height and composition. Factors like surface heating, topography, fronts, convergence, and turbulence can influence cloud formation. Clouds impact the environment by regulating temperature through reflection and absorption of heat and enabling precipitation through the water cycle.
This document summarizes key concepts about Earth's atmosphere and weather. It describes the four main layers of the atmosphere, how temperature and pressure vary with altitude. It also explains atmospheric phenomena like humidity, dew point, condensation, cloud types, global wind patterns, air masses, fronts, and severe weather events like thunderstorms, tornadoes and hurricanes.
The document discusses the impacts of climate change on fruit production of the Rosaceae family. It begins with introducing climate change and its causes. It then examines how various climatic factors like temperature, rainfall, humidity, wind and frost affect fruit production. Increased temperatures can inhibit growth and development or promote pest and disease incidence. Changes in rainfall patterns also impact fruit crops. The document analyzes specific impacts like shifts in suitable cropping areas and changes in apple production and diversity in the Kullu valley of India. It provides evidence that temperature and rainfall trends have negatively impacted apple crops in the region. Finally, it discusses results of a study on fruit set and yield of apricot cultivars in Turkey's changing subtropical climate.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help alleviate symptoms of mental illness and boost overall mental well-being.
The document summarizes the mechanism of the Indian monsoon. It describes how seasonal winds blow from the sea to land for months each year in tropical regions. Meteorologists have found a seesaw relationship between pressure changes in the Pacific and Indian Oceans, which causes shifting winds across the equator between seasons. Specifically, lower pressure over the Indian Ocean in the Northern Hemisphere summer draws winds from the Pacific toward India, bringing the southwest monsoon. Coriolis forces cause the winds to change direction as they cross the equator.
This document defines climate change and its causes and consequences. It begins by defining climate and weather, and explaining that climate change refers to major changes in temperature, rainfall, or wind patterns lasting decades or longer. The main causes of current climate change are human activities like burning fossil fuels which increase greenhouse gas emissions. Consequences of climate change include increased global warming, melting glaciers and ice sheets, rising sea levels causing flooding, more extreme weather, and effects on human health, wildlife, and the economy. The document provides details on these causes and consequences of climate change.
This document discusses condensation and the formation of fog and clouds. It begins by defining condensation as the process where a gas transforms into a liquid due to changes in pressure and temperature. It then discusses the necessary and sufficient conditions for condensation to occur, including cooling air to below its dew point until saturated and the presence of condensation nuclei. The document proceeds to describe different types of fog like radiation fog, advection fog, and freezing fog that form through various cooling mechanisms. It also covers cloud condensation nuclei and the classification system used to identify different types of clouds.
This document defines climatology and describes its nature and scope. Climatology is the study of atmospheric components and characteristics. It has three main branches: physical climatology examines factors influencing climate variations over time and space. Regional climatology studies different world climate types, distributions, and features. Applied climatology applies climate knowledge to solve problems faced by human society, such as global warming. Climatology seeks to explain causes of different climate types, their variations, and effects on natural vegetation. It discusses climatic elements and factors controlling climate distribution on Earth.
This document discusses weather, climate, and how they are measured. It defines weather as the day-to-day conditions of a place, driven by differences in air pressure, temperature and moisture. Climate is defined as the average weather conditions over many years, usually 30, and is influenced by location. The key elements that make up weather and climate are discussed as temperature, pressure, wind, humidity and precipitation. Weather stations use instruments like hygrometers, rain gauges, barometers and maximum/minimum thermometers to measure these elements.
Meteorology is the science that studies atmospheric phenomena like weather. Meteorologists use weather stations around the world to collect data on elements like clouds, rain, wind, humidity, and instruments are used to measure these elements. The history of meteorology dates back to ancient times and key developments over centuries included the invention of the barometer, thermometer, and satellites that now allow global weather monitoring.
The document discusses altitude and ocean currents. It contains a graphic showing altitude levels from 2000 meters above sea level to sea level, indicating the document relates to elevation and ocean water movement. The graphic suggests the document may examine how altitude and ocean currents interact or relate to each other.
The document describes the temperature changes that occur when air rises up the windward side of a 3000m mountain located on the coast in mid-latitudes. As the air rises and cools at the dry adiabatic lapse rate of 10°C per 1000m, it reaches the lifting condensation level of 2000m where condensation begins and the rate of cooling decreases to the saturated adiabatic lapse rate of 5°C per 1000m. At the top of the mountain, the air temperature is 1°C. As the air subsides on the leeward side, its temperature increases according to the dry adiabatic lapse rate, making that side warmer and drier than the windward side
Ocean currents exist to help balance the Earth's uneven heating by the Sun. The Sun deposits most of its energy at the equator, so atmospheric circulation and ocean currents transfer heat from the equator toward the poles. Winds drive 80% of this redistribution, while ocean currents account for 20%. Surface ocean currents form circular gyre patterns in ocean basins, driven by subtropical high pressure systems, and affect the locations of deserts on western continents in the Southern Hemisphere. Deep ocean currents also circulate heat but over much longer timescales of around 1,000 years.
Tropical Storm Nargis caused massive destruction in Burma, with estimates of at least 100,000 deaths and over a million people made homeless or without access to clean water and food. Local partners have started providing relief to 20,000 families in the worst-hit Irrawaddy delta region, distributing blankets, medicines, and water purification tablets from resources they had available, but many parts of the delta remain unreached and people are struggling to survive as diseases spread. The local partners are leading response efforts but have limited supplies that will run out unless the Burmese government allows more international aid into the country.
This document lists exam questions for rivers from June 2009 to June 2014. It includes the exam month and year for each set of questions, along with the candidates who received marks for their answers in some exams from January 2013 onward. The questions span a time period of over 5 years, with biannual exams occurring in June and January of each year listed.
The British Isles experiences variable weather brought about by air masses originating from different source regions. As the air masses move over land and sea, they are modified before reaching the British Isles and influencing local weather conditions. The document then provides a table summarizing the key characteristics of the six main air masses that affect the weather in the British Isles, including their typical temperature, humidity, stability, and impact on visibility and weather patterns.
The document discusses the structure and composition of Earth's atmosphere. It is divided into four layers: the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere. Each layer has distinct temperature and chemical characteristics. The troposphere contains around 80% of the atmosphere and is where weather occurs. Temperatures decrease with height in the troposphere. The stratosphere has temperatures that increase with height due to ozone absorbing UV radiation. The mesosphere has temperatures that decrease rapidly with no gases to absorb radiation.
This document appears to be a list of health-related data points organized by date ranging from January 2010 to June 2014. The data includes numbers from 3 to 15 for various dates between January and June of years 2010 through 2014.
The document provides information about the processes that shape rivers from their source to mouth, including erosion, transportation, and deposition of materials. Erosion can occur vertically downstream or laterally sideways as a river flows. Transportation involves four methods by which a river moves its load. Deposition happens when the river speed decreases causing it to drop larger materials first, such as when the gradient or velocity decreases or when it meets a lake.
The document provides guidance on creating and analyzing various types of graphs for a coursework project on surveys conducted during a trip. Key points include:
1) Graphs are needed for environmental, pedestrian, traffic, footpath, and tourist surveys from the trip. Scatter graphs require statistical analysis and trend lines.
2) Graphs must be titled, labeled on both axes, spell checked, and have titles and labels that are clearly legible.
3) An example is provided of analyzing a graph about environmental features at a visitors' center, noting values that support the graph's findings and potential ways to better manage tourism and the environment.
The Geography Department fieldtrip to Arran in June 2014 has three main aims: to conduct fieldwork to enhance understanding of physical and human geography; to gather and partially write up data for GCSE controlled assessments; and to foster interest in geography and the outdoors. The week-long itinerary includes days studying coastal and river landforms and processes, as well as coastal data collection and the location of industry. Students will stay at the Lochranza Field Studies Centre and participate in evening learning sessions. The trip is led by two qualified teachers and expedition leaders and will prioritize health and safety. The total cost is £300 which covers transportation, accommodation, meals, materials, and insurance. Payment plans are available and scholarships may
Case Study Examples Climate The Environment And Peoplegeog32
Hurricane Mitch formed over the Caribbean Sea in 1998 due to very low pressure and warm sea surface temperatures. It caused catastrophic flooding and landslides in Honduras and Nicaragua from over 1800 mm of rain, killing over 11,000 people. The hurricane destroyed 70% of Honduras' banana crop and over 30% of Nicaragua's coffee crop, causing major economic damage and unemployment. Over $280 million in international aid was provided to help rebuild homes, shelters, and infrastructure.
An anticyclone over the British Isles in winter results in very cold weather with clear skies. Daytime temperatures are below freezing but nighttime temperatures drop much lower as there is little insulation. Radiation fogs form in low-lying areas at night due to the rapid cooling of air in contact with the frozen ground and slowly burn off in the morning due to the sun's weak heating at that time of year.
Anticyclones are high pressure weather systems that form over the British Isles frequently. They are characterized by calm winds with widely spaced isobars, sinking air that warms and decreases humidity, causing clear skies. In winter, anticyclones bring cold days and frosts with the potential for pollution inversions, while summer anticyclones result in hot days with hazy sunshine and the risk of thunderstorms from moist air masses. Anticyclones can influence weather conditions for up to 10 days as they move slowly across the region.
The document discusses weather conditions in various regions over several years, including tropical storms in June 2014, weather in the British Isles in June 2013 and January 2011, equatorial regions in January 2013, global warming in January 2012, climatic control in June 2011, and urban areas in June 2010.
Depressions and anticyclones are two types of air pressure systems.
[1] Depressions are areas of low pressure with close-together isobars that cause unstable weather like rain and strong winds. [2] Anticyclones are high pressure systems with far-apart isobars that bring stable weather over several days along with clear skies. [3] Depressions can cause flooding and damage from wind and rain, while anticyclones may lead to heat waves, drought, or cold weather and frost depending on the season.
Los viajes en tren más impactantes del mundo ChepeOficial
El documento describe varios trenes turísticos notables de diferentes partes del mundo, incluyendo El Chepe en México, el Darjeeling Himalayan Toy Train en India, el Orient Express de Venecia a París, y el Maharajas' Express que recorre varias ciudades de la India. También menciona otros trenes como el Transcantábrico de España, el Rovos Rail de África, el Tren del Vino en Chile, el Viejo Expreso Patagónico en Argentina, y el Hiram Bingham que va de Cuzco a Machu Picchu
This document outlines the methodology and risk assessment for a fieldwork investigation measuring the velocity of the River Derwent in the North York Moors. Three sites were chosen along a 12km stretch of the river to measure how velocity changes downstream. A risk assessment was conducted and control measures like appropriate clothing and footwear, first aid kits, and working in groups were implemented. Primary data on river velocity was collected using a hydroprop at set points across cross-sections of the river channels. The investigation aimed to understand how velocity is influenced by changes in factors like gradient, hydraulic radius, and roughness as the river flows downstream.
Mollusks are invertebrate animals that typically have a soft body and secrete a hard shell. They have a head with eyes, mouth and brain. Mollusks can be male, female or hermaphroditic. They reproduce either internally or externally. The three main types of mollusks are bivalves like clams, gastropods like snails, and cephalopods like squid and octopuses. Bivalves have two-part shells and use their muscular foot for burrowing. Gastropods have spiral shells and include sea slugs. Cephalopods are highly intelligent and can change their skin color and texture.
emergency oxygen provider dan europe and Middle EastAlex C G Cooper
This document provides an overview of a course on providing oxygen first aid for scuba diving injuries. It covers topics like the anatomy and physiology of respiration, common diving injuries like decompression illness, the benefits of oxygen treatment, oxygen equipment, and how to recognize signs and symptoms of potential injuries. The goal of the course is to train DAN Oxygen Providers to be able to recognize signs of issues, understand oxygen treatment benefits, demonstrate oxygen equipment use, and feel confident assisting injured divers.
This document contains titles related to climate change such as climate change questions, global warming in equatorial regions, and global warming from 2010 to 2013. It also references storm events and how they may be impacted by broader changes in global climate conditions.
Heavy monsoon rains caused widespread flooding across Pakistan in June 2004. Over 1,000 people were killed and over 1 million homes were destroyed by the flooding, which was described as the worst natural disaster in Pakistan's history. Vast areas of the country were submerged, including the provinces of Sindh, Punjab and Balochistan.
This document lists exam questions from past IGCSE and GCSE tourism exams from June 2013 back to June 2010, providing potential study questions for tourism exams from previous years.
This document lists the number of questions asked about ecosystems in various GCSE and IGCSE exams from 2010 to 2013, with the highest number of 8 questions asked in the GCSE exams from 2011 and the lowest number of 3 questions asked in the GCSE exams from 2010 and IGCSE exam from 2013.
This document lists the number of ecosystem questions that appeared on various GCSE and IGCSE exams from 2010 to 2014. The GCSE exams from 2010 to 2013 included 3 to 8 ecosystem questions each year. The IGCSE exams from 2013 and 2014 included 2 ecosystem questions in 2013 and none in 2014.
This document appears to list exam questions from past GCSE exams from June 2010 to June 2013 related to coastal topics. The document includes the exam years and mentions coastal questions, but does not provide any actual questions or details on content.
This document lists past exam questions from IGCSE and GCSE coastal exams from June 2014 to June 2010. It includes coastal exam questions from June 2014, June 2013, June 2012, June 2011, and June 2010 IGCSE and GCSE exams. The years and levels of exams containing coastal questions are listed.
This document lists past exam questions from June exams for IGCSE and GCSE qualifications related to tourism from the years 2010 to 2014. It includes tourism exam questions from June 2014, 2013, 2012, 2011, and 2010 for the GCSE qualification as well as questions from June 2014 and 2013 for the IGCSE exams.
The document discusses mass tourism, providing characteristics and examples of its development. It describes how formerly small fishing villages in Spain were transformed into large resorts catering solely to tourists. A card sorting activity identifies both economic and environmental gains and losses from mass tourism. Gains include job creation and infrastructure development, while losses include damage to environments and local cultures.
Heavy monsoon rains caused widespread flooding across Pakistan in 2010, affecting over 20 million people. The floods were considered the worst in Pakistan's history, destroying infrastructure and displacing many residents from their homes. Relief efforts struggled for months to help those impacted by the massive flooding and damage across the country.
The document lists different types of graphs and charts such as radial graphs, bar charts, line graphs, kite diagrams, and pie charts. It also mentions logarithmic scales, triangular graphs, and general graphical skills. Various testing dates are listed from June 2014 back to January 2010, with the most recent tests listed at the top. The document provides guidance on assessing and evaluating different features or issues by requiring an overall statement of quality or value.
This document summarizes key concepts about climate and weather including:
1. It describes the structure of the atmosphere and how temperature decreases with altitude due to lapse rate. It also discusses atmospheric composition and heat transfer.
2. The climate of the British Isles is summarized as having clearly defined seasons with warm, mild summers and cool, wet winters due to maritime influences.
3. General atmospheric circulation is governed by convection cells and the deflection of winds by the Coriolis effect, which drives surface weather systems.
This document outlines the key stages and considerations for planning and conducting a fieldwork investigation into succession in sand dune ecosystems. It discusses establishing aims, hypotheses, appropriate data collection methods, health and safety risks, data presentation and analysis techniques. Specific topics covered include transect methods, quadrat sampling, soil moisture and pH testing. The document also provides background context on sand dune succession theory, including pioneer species, seral stages, and climax communities.
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5. BBaassiicc CCiirrccuullaattiioonn
Cold polar air
moves towards
the warm
equator.
Hot tropical air
moves towards
the cold poles.
Remember the differences in the heat supply.
Remember air moves both horizontally and
vertically within the confines of the
atmosphere.
6. TTrrii CCeellll
This model shows what we expect to
happen when air moves. It flows from
High to Low in each cell, transferring
heat energy as it moves.
Bring your diagram
alive by adding
these annotations at
the appropriate
latitudes.
7. MMoovveemmeennttss……
aatt tthhee eeqquuaattoorr
Once air starts moving
from hot and cold
places, a more
complicated circulation
pattern is revealed.
The effects of pressure
play an important part
in pushing or pulling
air, not to mention the
spin of the earth.
At the equator due to intense heating, the air lifts up freely (convection).
This results in buoyant air spreading out so there is less air at the surface –
ie LOW PRESSURE.
This movement vertically encourages cloud growth – rain – hence tropical
rainforests are found under areas of low pressure.
8. MMoovveemmeennttss……
aatt tthhee ppoolleess
At the polar regions the
air is very stable – dry
and cold. This
encourages the air to
sink, creating HIGHER
pressure at the surface.
High pressure at the surface is found at regular locations across the globe.
Under these conditions, different biomes are found – typically deserts.
The North & South pole are both under high pressure – Cold deserts
The Sahara and Kalahari deserts are both under high pressure – Hot deserts
(Desert = Less than 250mm rain per annum)
12. Its all mixed up!
So far then, we know
that air moves from
high to low pressure
areas (Fig A).
Polar Cell
Ferrell Cell
Hadley
Cell
A
Source areas of high and
low pressure follow a known
pattern.
B
•Air doesn’t simply move from the equator to the poles and vice versa (Fig A).
•The spin of the Earth (Coriolis Force) affects direction of winds.
•There are three large cells that act to transfer heat in the Northern &
Southern Hemispheres – Polar, Ferrell and Hadley (Fig B.)
13. TTrrii CCeellll
This model shows what we expect to
happen when air moves. It flows from
High to Low in each cell, transferring
heat energy as it moves.