Recommended
More Related Content
What's hot
What's hot (20)
Similar to Modeling a nipa based biofuel industry
Similar to Modeling a nipa based biofuel industry (20)
Recently uploaded
Recently uploaded (20)
Modeling a nipa based biofuel industry
- 1. Modeling a Nipa-based Bioethanol Industry Fiorello B. Abenes, Ph.D. STRIDE Faculty and Institutional Development Manager Professor Emeritus, CalPoly University Pomona
- 2. Primary Ethanol Feedstocks corn starch – US sugarcane juice – Brazil 83.4% 2
- 3. 3 Rank Country Total Sq Km Per capita Sq Km 4 USA 9,161,966.0 28,731 6 Brazil 8,459,417.0 41,743 73 Philippines 298,170 2,769
- 4. 4
- 5. 5 Coconut (Cocos nucifera) Palmyra (Borassus flabellifer) Sugar palm (Arenga pinnata) Nipa (Nypa fruticans)
- 6. 6
- 7. 7
- 8. 8 Nypa fruticans Sap contains 10-‐20% sugar Can be tapped 100 days for 50 years Very efficient converter of solar energy to sugar
- 9. 9 17-‐21 Sept, 1770, Captain James Cook arrived in Savu, Indonesia, and recorded use of nipa palm sugar: – “I have already observed, that it is given with the husks of rice to the hogs, and that they grow enormously fat without taking any other food: we were told also, that this syrup is used to fatten their dogs and their fowls…” Voyages, by Captain James Cook
- 10. Natural Nipa Stands Indonesia – 700,000 ha Papua New Guinea – 500,000 ha Malaysia – 20,000 ha Philippines – 8,000 ha (20,000 total Mangrove areas) 10
- 11. 11 8,000 ha of Philippine Nipa can potentially supply 96,000,000 L of bioethanol.
- 12. 12 Nipa can supply up to 25% of the 2015 bioethanol demand
- 13. How can a distributive Nipa bioethanol production system fit under the mainstream centralized bioethanol production system 13
- 14. T or F Ethanol up to 190 proof (95% strength) can be produced using simple reflux distillation. Removal of the last 5% water from an ethanol solution requires more complex methods. Hydrous (water containing) ethanol can be used neat (at 100% rate) in a modified gasoline engine. If the ethanol is to be blended with gasoline at any rate, the ethanol must be completely anhydrous (dry) - 200 proof. Otherwise, separation of the fuels will occur. https://www.doe.gov.ph/energy-resources-alternative-fuels/biofuels/bioethanol 14
- 15. 15 Azeotropic ethanol –gasoline blend
- 16. 16
- 17. 17
- 18. Green Futures Innovation, Inc. Bioethanol and cogeneration plant in San Mariano, Isabela Total cost = Php 6,000,000,000 Utilizes sugarcane sources from 11,000 ha = 180,822 L/day Capacity to produce 200,000 liters of anhydrous alcohol per day Excess capacity = 19,178 L per day 18
- 19. Nipa Biorefineries in Cagayan Nipa Stand = 1000 ha Potential Ethanol Production 1 ha = 12,000 L of ETOH/yr 100 distributive biorefineries Cost per biorefinery = Php 200,000 Total Php 20,000,000 19
- 20. 20 Freakonomic Modeling a Nipa-based Biofuels Industry (rational utility maximization model)
- 22. 22 Nipa can supply more ethanol than traditional feedstocks per unit of land area
- 23. 23 Green Futures spent Php 6,000,000 to produce 200,000 liters per day of pure ethanol Nipa producer spends Php 200,000 to produce 60 L per day of 95% ethanol (equiv to 57pure) Capital cost per Liter: GF = 6,000,000/200,000 L = Php 30,000/L NP = 200,000/57 L = Php 3,508/L Nipa distributive biorefineries are 8.5X less expensive than GF centralized biorefinery Capital Cost
- 24. 24 Green Futures uses farm land produce 200,000 L/d Nipa producers use mangrove land to produce 12,000 L/d of 95% ethanol (equiv to 11,400 L/d) Land requirement per Liter: GF = 11,000/200,000 = 550 sq m/L of arable land NP = 1,000/11,400 = 877 sq m/L of mangrove land Nipa and Sugarcane are non-competitive in land use Land Utilization
- 25. 25 Sugar cane is seasonal; it takes 7 months to grow and harvest Nipa Sap is available year round Nipa and Sugarcane are complementary and enables GF to smooth out supply chain Feedstock Availability
- 26. Simple process improvements can more than double the yield of Nipa Sap Increased frequency of pre-treatment (i.e. beating) of stalks before tapping Longer stalks Younger palms Increased frequency of tapping (2X/day more than doubles the yield) 26
- 27. Simple process improvements can more than double the yield of Ethanol Increase anaerobic fermentation time Reflux distillation process 27
- 28. The Model can be replicated in all areas where there are BOTH Nipa stands and a large-scale biorefinery. Biorefineries can sign supply contracts with Nipa ethanol producers in the same manner that they contract out sugar cane production 28
- 29. 29
- 30. 30
Editor's Notes
- There are several disadvantages to using these feedstocks. Growing these feedstocks rely heavily on non-renewable fossil fuels and exploitation of forest lands which has negative social and environmental impacts. Furthermore, the collection for the sugar source of ethanol is usually practiced after cutting down the plant which consequently produces large biomass waste such as straw, leafs and tops as well as bagasse as residue after juice extraction.
- Needless to say, growing these crops also require huge tracks of land, that are not available in our part of the world. The issue of using these lands for food vs fuel is ever present due to the population in these areas.
- Palms, too, have been a sugar sources from the ancient times. Main sugar-yielding palms like coconut palm (Cocos nucifera), palmyra palm (Borassus flabellifer), sugar palm (Arenga pinnata) and nipa (Nypa fruticans) have all been tapped for their sweet sap. With palms, only the infructerence is cut off and the stalk is tapped daily to obtain the saps. For tall trees, this could be a problem since a tapper has to climb high to obtain the saps
- Unless it is Nipa. Nipa lacks an upright stem: leaves and inflorescences simply arise from a branched rootstock. The palm develops a globose infructescence, at a height of about 1 m, which makes tapping for sap relatively easy. Saps are generally collected from stalks bearing young or mature infructescence. The cut infructescence is generally consumed as local dessert. Therefore, tapping results in no biomass wastes and does not have any deleterious effect on the palm growth. In terms of yield and management, tapping is easy, produces no waste and the environment protected, as it grows in brackish water environments where fresh and sea water mingle. Furthermore, Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO) has declared the nipa palm as a nonthreatened and underutilized palm in South Asia. Therefore, abundant nipa palms are available for sap collection purposes in this region.
- In microeconomics, the utility maximization problem is the problem consumers face: "how should I spend my money in order to maximize my utility?