Solar Distillation Project Report

Solar Distillation
Department of chemical engineering
A
PROJECT REPORT ON
“ SOLAR DISTILLATION”
PRESENTED BY
STUDENTS OF CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT
OF
L. D. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,AHMEDABAD
GUIDED BY:-
MRS.VANDANA GOJIYA
SUBMITTED BY:--
AYUSH SINGH
RITESH SHUDRA
VIRAJ SOLANKI
SAHIL SOJITRA
YASH BHATIYA

Solar Distillation
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We take this momentousoppurtunity to expressour heartliest
gratitude to vurnerable and highly esteemed guide MRS
VANDANA GOJIYA ,professor of chemicaldepartment for
providing us oppurtunity to presentour projecton “SOLARSTILL”
and providing us invaluable guide and wholeheartly cooperation
wheneverwe needed.
AYUSH SINGH(180280105050)
RITESH SHUDRA(180280105049)
SAHIL SOJITRA(180280105051)
VIRAJ SOLANKI(180280105052)

Solar Distillation
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Ayush singh,Ritesh shudra,Yash
bhatiya,Viraj solanki,Sahil sojitra ,students of third
semester of chemical department ,during the academic
session 2019-2020 is working for their project under my
guidance entitled “SOLAR DISTILLATION”.Their project is
upto the mark.
Project Guide:-
Miss Vandana Gojiya
Professor
Chemical department
Signature:-

Solar Distillation
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. INTRODUCTION 01
II. HISTORY 02
III. SOLAR STILL 03
IV.ACTIVE SOLAR STILL 04
V. THEORY OF SOLAR STILL 05
VI.CONSTRUCTION 06
VII. SOLAR STILL IN PURIFICATION 06
VIII. WHY SOLAR STILL? 07
IX.WORKING 08
X. ADVANTAGES 09
XI.DISADVANTAGES 09

Solar Distillation
XII. CONCLUSION 10
XIII. REFERENCES & PLAGIRISM REPORT 11
XIV. DAILY REPORT WITH
UPDATION OF CANVAS SHEETS
AND MIND MAP 12-20

Solar Distillation
INTRO:
Solar distillation is the technique to use solar energy to evaporate water and
collect its condensate within the same system. Unlike other forms of water
purification it can turn salt or brackish water into fresh drinking water (i.e.
desalination). The structure at houses the process is known as a solar still and
although the size, dimensions, materials, and configuration are varied, all
depends on the simple procedure wherein a solution enters the system and
the more volatile solvents leave in the wastage leaving behind the salty solute
behind.
Solar distillation is different from other forms of desalination of liquids that are
more energy-required, such as methods of reverse osmosis, or simply boiling
water due to its use of free energy.A common and the largest example of solar
distillation is the natural water cycle that the Earth experiences in its whole
life.

Solar Distillation
HISTORY OF SOLAR DISTILLATION:
The earliest use of solar energy to desalinate water is widely credited to
Aristotle during the fourth century. The first documented account of solar
distillation use for desalination was by Giovani Batista Della Porta in
1958.However, no solar distillation publication of any repute leaves out the
Father of solar distillation, Carlos Wilson, the creator of the first modern
sun-powered desalination plant, built in Las Salinas Chile in 1872.
World War was a great catalyst for the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
to develop appropriate solar stills for use in more remote areas of the world
during emergencies. These small solar stills were made to float on and collect
saltwater to desalt alongside life-boats and rafts. More studies into solar
distillation were carried out by the Office of Saline Water, a sector the US
government. Many experiments were performed on different
conceptualizations of the solar still, including multiple-effect basins and the
application of condensers. This trend ended in early 70's with the advent of
more lucrative desalination techniques like the aforementioned reverse
osmosis , a technique that involves a series of stages where evaporation
relies on lowering the pressure of each stage to lower the boiling .Today,
renewed enthusiasm for solar distillation comes from individuals, communities,
and organizations seeking an appropriate technology that is cheap, simple,
and conceivable in rural settings
A NOTE ON SOLAR STILL:
Solar still are small devices containing salty water which simultaneously
collect solar energy, evaporate the water, and condensate the generated
vapor. Conventional solar still is a simple device . It is termed “greenhouse
type” as its operation is based on the greenhouse effect

Solar Distillation
Conventional, multiple effect solar stills are types of stills having more than
one effects into the still’s chamber. Evaporation surface is increased thus
increasing the productivity.
Solar stills with wick. In these stills a black porous hydrophilic fabric,
presenting large surface area to water flow is used. The wicks are made of
high porosity that sucks water by capillary action.
Solar stills of geometric forms are solar stills having metric and technical
shapes and/or additional external or internal parts . There is a big variety of
solar still configurations having all possible geometric forms.
According to operation mode, they are divided into:
•
Passive solar stills which are simple stills that accomplish their operation
without circulation of feed water. The basin is refilled early, every morning,
about sunrise time
•
Active solar stills are solar stills where the water in the basin circulates, in very
low flow rate, by the use of a pump, running by height difference from a
storage tank which increases as well the salt water feed temperature.
ACTIVE SOLAR STILLS:
Due to the problems such as low operating temperature and water production,
inconvenient night operation, and utilization of surplus heat of the passive
solar distillation system, active solar still was originated by Soliman. The
initiative solar still can be divided into some categories.

Solar Distillation

Solar Distillation
THEORY OF SOLAR STILL:
In "Understanding Solar Stills" it is said,
"It takes a large amount of energy for water to vaporize.Also a
certain amount of energy is needed to raise the temperature of a
kilogram of water from 0 to 100 Celcius , it takes five and
one-half times that much to chnage it from water at 100°C to
water vapor at 100°C. Practically this energy is given back when
the water vapor condenses. This is the way we get fresh water in
the clouds from the oceans, by solar distillation.
The journey for a water molecule from the aqueous to gaseous phase is more
difficult to acquiesce. As we will see a tremendous factor will be the difference
in temperature between the surface water and that of the interface, be it glass
or plastic. Some equations include:

Solar Distillation
Eqn. (1) describes the instantaneous thermal efficiency in relation to the
evaporative heat transfer rate from the water surface to the glass cover the
solar radiation intensity. Eqn.(2) represents the heat transfer rate from Eqn. (1)
and its relationship to product of the convective heat transfer coefficient from
the water surface to glass difference between the partial vapor pressure of
water and gas. Eqn.(3) is the equation for determining the monthly output of
distillate. Eqn.(4) was developed to describe the pay back period, np as a
function of the Unacost.
HOW IT IS MADE:
Many different methods are there to build solar stills, the most common
involves digging a hole and more the more complex coming off of a
manufacturing line.
Most used Materials are:
 insulation

Solar Distillation
 sealants
 piping
 valves
 facilities for storage
 a reflector to concentrate sunlight
 structural components
 wicking fabrics
 blackened wood
 black polyethylene
NEED OF SOLAR DISTILLATION IN WATER
PURIFICATION:-
Water purification, process by which undesired compounds, organic and
inorganic materials, and biological contaminants are removed . This process
also includes distillation and deionization . One major purpose of water
purification is to provide clean drinking water. Water purification meets the
needs of medical, pharmacological, chemical, and industrial applications for
clean and potable water. The purification process reduces the concentration
of contaminants such as suspended particles, parasites, bacteria, algae,
viruses, and fungi. Water purification takes place on scales from the large to
the small.
WHY SOLAR DISTILLATION OVER OTHER METHODS:-
The importance of solar distillation is directly related with solar energy which
can be described as:
Less Dependence on FossilFuels. Solar energy production do not require
fossil fuels and is less dependent on this limited natural resource. Although
there is variability in the amount and timing of sunlight over the day, season
and year, a properly configured system can be designed to be highly reliable
while providing long-term, fixed price electricity supply.
Environmental Benefits. Solar power production generates electricity with a
limited impact on the environment as compared to other forms of electricity
production.

Solar Distillation
Peak Time Output with Peak Time Demand. Solar energy can effectively
supplement electricity supply from an electricity transmission grid, such as
when electricity demand peaks in the summer
Modularity . As the size and generating capacity of a solar system are a
function of the number of solar modules installed, applications of solar
technology are readily scalable and versatile.
Easy Locations. Solar power production facilities can be installed at the
customer site which reduces required investments in production and
transportation infrastructure.
Government Incentives. A growing number of countries have established
incentive programs for the development of solar and other renewable energy
sources, such as (i) net metering laws that allow on-grid end users to sell
electricity back to the grid at retail prices, (ii) direct subsidies to end users to
offset costs of photovoltaic equipment and installation charges, (iii) low
interest loans for financing solar power systems and tax incentives; and
(iv) government standards that mandate minimum usage levels of renewable
energy sources.

Solar Distillation
WORKING OF A SOLAR STILL:
A still works like that first the solar radiation strike with the water after some
time that water evaporates and condensate at the top of solar still which is
made of glass and after some time because of gravitational force these
droplets collect to a container and can be utilized for multi purposes.
the purification process involves two main processes including
 Evaporation
 Condensation
EVAPORATION
 Evaporation is the important process of still first the dirty water is
poured into a trough.
 It has a black bottom to absorbs solar radiation properly.
 When solar radiation strike with the water,it starts converting its
liquid state to a gas state.
.
 It evaporates towards the glass surface of solar still.
CONDENSATION
 The second important process is condensation the evaporation and
condensation of water to the top of solar still.
 glass and having a tilt angle toward the second trough of clean water.
 Evaporation of water makes droplet at the glass which is in a tilt
position.
 The collection is at second trough due to gravitational force.

Solar Distillation
ADVANTAGES:
 Gives a maintained pH level which is close to natural water as
compared to other water purifiers.
 very cheap and there is no cost of extra energy once you’re solar still is
manufactured you will get benefits .
 Less harmful because there is no any mechanical equipment.
 Works on free energy which we get from the sun hence there is a
redusce in Co2 emission.
 Water taste is very good if we compare it with other purifiers
DISADVANTAGES:
 It doesn’t break down the bacteria’s.
 Here boiling process does not occur.
 It produces a low quantity of water.
 It required more time to produce less quantity of water.
 The top glass may attract the bugs and insects at nights.

Solar Distillation
CONCLUSION
Today, seawater and brackish water desalination is a subject of concern of
many researchers all over the world. The recourse to the desalination by
distillation using solar energy represents an appreciable element of the water
resource and constitutes a realizable, simple, profitable, operational solution
technically. The present study, which is essentially experimental, is interested
in the effect of the internal parameters on a double slope plane solar still. In
this work, the solar still was conceived and realized by our team of research.
The experiments were carried out at different conditions. The variation of the
different operating parameters of the solar still has been studied. It is found
that the distillate production rate increases when the difference between the
temperature of water and glass decreases. Distillated water was also,
influenced by the presence of wind and the climatic changes which decrease
the amount of diffuse solar energy received by the brackish water. The
average yield of distilled water was 4 L/m2 /day.

Solar Distillation
REFERENCES
 www.sciencedirect.com
 www.slideshare.net.
 www.thesuntrackers.com
 www.appropedia.org
 www.wikipidea.org
 www.britannica.com
 www.energyinformative.org
 www.safewater.org
plagrism report.pdf

Solar Distillation
SOLAR DISTILLATION
PROJECT
DATE:- 9 to 14 september ,2019
VENUE:- LDCE Library,LD college of
engineering,Ahmedabad-15
TEAM: Chemical engineering
Ayush singh(180280105050)
Ritesh shudra(180280105049)
Viraj solanki(180280105052)
Sahil sojitra(180280105051)
Yash bhatiya(180284105001)

Solar Distillation
DAY 1:- ACQUIRING BASIC
KNOWLEDGE OF OUR PROJECT AND
DE
We were introduced to the topic in the laboratory.I
and my teammates searched on our topic
completely through various sources such as internet
and textbooks.after gaining the information of the
topic we went to our guidance faculty.She guided us
how to prepare notes of daily work of respective DE
laboratory.There after we prepared notes on some
basic points related to solar distillation.We also
visited the gtu portal to see sample design
engineering projects so that we could get an idea
regarding to our topic.
DAY 2:- LEARNING TO MAKE CANVAS
SHEET AND COMPLETED THE
IDEATION CANVAS
On this day we were introduced by our faculty how to
make canvas sheets also we have gone to some of
the sample sheets on the gtu portal so that we can
get an idea of how to start our project.After this we

Solar Distillation
went to the library and started to work on sheet 1
“THE IDEANAUT”.
We acquired revelant points regarding the topic from
various sources and collected them and there after
pasted the points in the sticky notes in the canvas
sheet and completed the sheet.
DAY 3:-HAND ON PROJECT
DEVELOPMENT CANVAS AND AEIOU
SUMMARY
We understood the purpose of our solar distillation
plant,how it works,what are its features how it is
operated.Aslo we came to know what are the
reasons of the rejection of solar stills.we understood
the components of which the solar still is made up
of,what are its functions and how to deal with
customers accordingly.

Solar Distillation
DAY 4:- UNDERSTANDING
ACTIVITIES AND PREPARED STORY
BOARDING
On this day we understood the various activities
involve in a solar distillation plant.Also the
phenomenas which are taking place during solar
distillation process.we also gone to some of the
stories that were based on use of distillation process
and there by prepared stories based on both positve
and negative effects of solar distillation.

Solar Distillation
DAY 5:-PREPARING MINDMAP AND
UNDERSTANDING VARIOUS
APPLICATIONS

Solar Distillation
Today we have a prepared a very effective and
short mindmap which helps one to understand the
details and purpose of our project in very lucid and
easy way.we aslo undergone through the wide
application and uses which solar distillation plant
have in various sectors and completed our project
thereby finally.

Solar Distillation Project Report

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