Aristotle classified governments based on two criteria: quantitatively by the number of rulers and qualitatively by whether the rulers aimed to benefit the community or themselves. He identified three forms of government: monarchy/tyranny ruled by one, aristocracy/oligarchy ruled by a few, and polity/democracy ruled by many. Plato also classified governments based on knowledge, identifying a perfect philosopher king state, imperfect law-based states, and ignorant states without rule of law.
State is a political society with its four elements - population, fixed territory, government, and sovereignty. It acts through law & it has certain powers by which it performs its functions. Society. • Society is both an organization as well as a system of social relationships
According to the Oxford Dictionary of Sociology (1994), ‘The state is a distinct set of institutions that has the authority to make rules which govern society.’ These institutions, according to Miliband (1969), are the government, the administration (the civil service), the judiciary and parliamentary assemblies. State power lies in these institutions.
Max Weber defined it as ‘the social insti¬tution that holds a monopoly over the use of force’. It has a ‘monopoly’ of legitimate violence ‘within a specific territory”. Hence, the state includes such institutions as the armed forces, civil service or bureaucracy, police, judiciary and local and national councils of elected representatives, such as parliament.
Consequently, the state is not a unified entity. It is rather a set of institutions which describe the terrain and parameters for political conflicts between various interests over the use of resources and the direction of public policy.
Sociologists have been particularly concerned with the state, but they have examined it in relation to society as a whole, rather than in isolation. Their main concern is the description analysis, and explanation of the state as an institution which claims a monopoly of the legitimate use of force within a given territory.
What are the state’s interests or the boundaries of the state? It is very difficult to identify them clearly, since different parts of the state apparatus can have different interests and conflicting preferences. Because of this diffi¬culty, there are frequently conflicts between elected politicians and non-elected civil servants or the judiciary over policy and resources.
Moreover, its boundaries have not been clearly defined and are constantly changing. It is here useful to bear in mind Althusser’s concept of state apparatuses. The capacity of the state to control the armed forces and police (repressive state apparatus) as well as the major means of communication, notably the media (the ideological state apparatus) is crucial to its power.
Defining state, Anthony Giddens (1997) writes: ‘A state exists where there is a political apparatus of government (institutions like a parliament, civil services officials, etc.) ruling over a given territory, whose authority is backed by a legal system and by the capacity to use military force to implement its policies.’
Dunleavy and O’Leary (1967) have suggested the following five characteristics of the modern state:
1. The state is a recognizably separate institution or set of institutions, so differentiated from the rest of its society as to create identifiable public and private spheres.
2. The State is sovereign, or the supreme power, within its territory, and by definition the ultimate authority for all law.
3. The state’s sovereignty extends to all the individuals within a given territory, irrespective of formal positions held in the government or rule-making institutions.
4. The modern state’s personnel are mostly recruited and trained for manag
State is a political society with its four elements - population, fixed territory, government, and sovereignty. It acts through law & it has certain powers by which it performs its functions. Society. • Society is both an organization as well as a system of social relationships
According to the Oxford Dictionary of Sociology (1994), ‘The state is a distinct set of institutions that has the authority to make rules which govern society.’ These institutions, according to Miliband (1969), are the government, the administration (the civil service), the judiciary and parliamentary assemblies. State power lies in these institutions.
Max Weber defined it as ‘the social insti¬tution that holds a monopoly over the use of force’. It has a ‘monopoly’ of legitimate violence ‘within a specific territory”. Hence, the state includes such institutions as the armed forces, civil service or bureaucracy, police, judiciary and local and national councils of elected representatives, such as parliament.
Consequently, the state is not a unified entity. It is rather a set of institutions which describe the terrain and parameters for political conflicts between various interests over the use of resources and the direction of public policy.
Sociologists have been particularly concerned with the state, but they have examined it in relation to society as a whole, rather than in isolation. Their main concern is the description analysis, and explanation of the state as an institution which claims a monopoly of the legitimate use of force within a given territory.
What are the state’s interests or the boundaries of the state? It is very difficult to identify them clearly, since different parts of the state apparatus can have different interests and conflicting preferences. Because of this diffi¬culty, there are frequently conflicts between elected politicians and non-elected civil servants or the judiciary over policy and resources.
Moreover, its boundaries have not been clearly defined and are constantly changing. It is here useful to bear in mind Althusser’s concept of state apparatuses. The capacity of the state to control the armed forces and police (repressive state apparatus) as well as the major means of communication, notably the media (the ideological state apparatus) is crucial to its power.
Defining state, Anthony Giddens (1997) writes: ‘A state exists where there is a political apparatus of government (institutions like a parliament, civil services officials, etc.) ruling over a given territory, whose authority is backed by a legal system and by the capacity to use military force to implement its policies.’
Dunleavy and O’Leary (1967) have suggested the following five characteristics of the modern state:
1. The state is a recognizably separate institution or set of institutions, so differentiated from the rest of its society as to create identifiable public and private spheres.
2. The State is sovereign, or the supreme power, within its territory, and by definition the ultimate authority for all law.
3. The state’s sovereignty extends to all the individuals within a given territory, irrespective of formal positions held in the government or rule-making institutions.
4. The modern state’s personnel are mostly recruited and trained for manag
The intent of this lesson is to familiarize students with the similarities and differences in the views of classical philosophers and George Washington.
what is politics? what are the types? politics in global perceptive Power? Types of political parties theoretical perceptive of Power. Power and Economy Power and War Power beyond the lines Politics in Pakistan and in U.S.
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Have a look at this law and justice essay sample that we've prepared for you. If you want more information, go to https://www.lawessays.org/write-my-law-essay/law-and-justice-essays/
Sovereignty means the supreme, absolute, and uncontrollable power by which any independent state is governed; supreme political authority; the supreme will; paramount control of the constitution and frame of government and its administration; the self-sufficient source of political power, from which all specific political powers are derived; the international independence of a state, combined with the right and power of regulating its internal affairs without foreign dictation; also a political society, or state, which is sovereign and independent.
The power to do everything in a state without accountability, to other countries, to execute and to apply them, to impose and collect taxes and levy contributions, to make war or peace, to form treaties of alliance or of commerce with foreign nations.
The concept of ‘sovereignty’ is one of the most complex, with many definitions, some are totally contradictory. Usually, sovereignty is defined in one of two ways. The first definition applies to supreme public power, which has the right and, in theory, the capacity to impose its authority in the last instance. The second definition refers to the holder of legitimate power, who is recognized to have authority.
When national sovereignty is discussed, the first definition applies, and it refers in particular to independence, understood as the freedom of a collective entity to act. When popular sovereignty is discussed, the second definition applies, and sovereignty is associated with power and legitimacy.1
There are various definition of sovereignty which has been defined by academicians and philosophers they are as follows:
In political science, sovereignty is usually defined as the most essential attribute of the state in the form of its complete self-sufficiency in the frames of a certain territory that is its supremacy in the domestic policy and independence in the foreign one.
John Bodin defines sovereignty “The supreme power over citizens and subjects, unrestrained by law.”
Grotius defines sovereignty as “The supreme political power vested in him whose acts are not subject to any other and whose will cannot be overridden”.
Also definition of Sovereignty by Soltau is “Final legal coercive power by the state”.
The intent of this lesson is to familiarize students with the similarities and differences in the views of classical philosophers and George Washington.
what is politics? what are the types? politics in global perceptive Power? Types of political parties theoretical perceptive of Power. Power and Economy Power and War Power beyond the lines Politics in Pakistan and in U.S.
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Have a look at this law and justice essay sample that we've prepared for you. If you want more information, go to https://www.lawessays.org/write-my-law-essay/law-and-justice-essays/
Sovereignty means the supreme, absolute, and uncontrollable power by which any independent state is governed; supreme political authority; the supreme will; paramount control of the constitution and frame of government and its administration; the self-sufficient source of political power, from which all specific political powers are derived; the international independence of a state, combined with the right and power of regulating its internal affairs without foreign dictation; also a political society, or state, which is sovereign and independent.
The power to do everything in a state without accountability, to other countries, to execute and to apply them, to impose and collect taxes and levy contributions, to make war or peace, to form treaties of alliance or of commerce with foreign nations.
The concept of ‘sovereignty’ is one of the most complex, with many definitions, some are totally contradictory. Usually, sovereignty is defined in one of two ways. The first definition applies to supreme public power, which has the right and, in theory, the capacity to impose its authority in the last instance. The second definition refers to the holder of legitimate power, who is recognized to have authority.
When national sovereignty is discussed, the first definition applies, and it refers in particular to independence, understood as the freedom of a collective entity to act. When popular sovereignty is discussed, the second definition applies, and sovereignty is associated with power and legitimacy.1
There are various definition of sovereignty which has been defined by academicians and philosophers they are as follows:
In political science, sovereignty is usually defined as the most essential attribute of the state in the form of its complete self-sufficiency in the frames of a certain territory that is its supremacy in the domestic policy and independence in the foreign one.
John Bodin defines sovereignty “The supreme power over citizens and subjects, unrestrained by law.”
Grotius defines sovereignty as “The supreme political power vested in him whose acts are not subject to any other and whose will cannot be overridden”.
Also definition of Sovereignty by Soltau is “Final legal coercive power by the state”.
You could be a professional graphic designer and still make mistakes. There is always the possibility of human error. On the other hand if you’re not a designer, the chances of making some common graphic design mistakes are even higher. Because you don’t know what you don’t know. That’s where this blog comes in. To make your job easier and help you create better designs, we have put together a list of common graphic design mistakes that you need to avoid.
Can AI do good? at 'offtheCanvas' India HCI preludeAlan Dix
Invited talk at 'offtheCanvas' IndiaHCI prelude, 29th June 2024.
https://www.alandix.com/academic/talks/offtheCanvas-IndiaHCI2024/
The world is being changed fundamentally by AI and we are constantly faced with newspaper headlines about its harmful effects. However, there is also the potential to both ameliorate theses harms and use the new abilities of AI to transform society for the good. Can you make the difference?
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Unleash Your Inner Demon with the "Let's Summon Demons" T-Shirt. Calling all fans of dark humor and edgy fashion! The "Let's Summon Demons" t-shirt is a unique way to express yourself and turn heads.
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2. Introduction
• Political thinkers generally do not consider
any difference between the terms 'state' and
'government'. They use both the terms in the
same sense while classification. But, modern
authors have the different opinion on this
type of classification. According to them,
there cannot be any classification of states,
as all the states are equal in so much as the
four attributes- population, territory,
sovereignty, and government - are essential
for all the states.
3. Criteria/Basis Of Classification:
• Aristotle classified the governments on
following two bases:
• 1. Quantitative: the number of (people)
those in whom the sovereign power was
vested:
• 2. Qualitative: the end or purpose towards
which the power was directed (self benefits).
4. • Aristotle was of the view that when the
head of the state aimed at the good of
the community, the state would be a
pure form of state, but when the rulers
in that state became selfish and use
the power for his own benefits, the
state would be called a perverted
number.
5. The number of
Rulers
Pure Govt. (seeks
the common
welfare)
Perverted Govt.
(ignores the
common welfare)
One Monarchy Tyranny
Two Aristocracy Oligarchy
Three Polity Democracy
6. • According to Aristotle, pure monarchy or royalty
is government by the One in the interest of all.
When it degenerates into a selfish rule of One, it
becomes a tyranny. When a few rule for the
common good of all, it is aristocracy, but when
they start ruling in their own self-interest, it is
perverted into the oligarchy. The rule by many
for the sake of everyone, Aristotle calls it as
polity or mild democracy but when they rule
with a view to promote their own class interest,
it becomes democracy or Ochlocracy (mob rule).
7. • Aristotle uses the term 'Polity' where the
modern world prefers 'Democracy'. His
'democracy' is today's mob rule. An equivalent
to Aristotle's Polity would be 'Constitutional
Democracy', which may be defined as the
unselfish rule of many for the common
welfare.
8. Comparison with Platonic Classification:
• There are three version in his first classification
1. This is the state of perfect knowledge, where the real
sovereign is knowledge, governed by a philosopher
king. There is no place for law in this type of
government as the king is endowed with all types of
knowledge and he rules with wisdom and justice. It
was just an imaginary ideal state which never existed
anywhere.
9. 2. State of imperfect knowledge, where
people respected laws because there was
lack of a philosopher king and imperfection
led to the requirement of the direction of
laws.
3. States where is lack of knowledge.
These are the state of ignorance. Laws
existed there but were never followed. It
was a kind of the state of fools.
10. 2nd classification is a step forward of his previous
classification:
• Gilchrist represents that as follows:
No. of rulers States in which law is
obeyed
State in which law is
not obeyed
Rule by One Monarchy Tyranny
Rule by Few Aristocracy Oligarchy
