The document discusses different modal auxiliary verbs in English including can, could, will, would, shall, should, have to, and must. It provides examples of how each modal verb is used to express abilities, permissions, requests, suggestions, offers and invitations. Key functions of modal verbs include expressing ability, permission, requests, advice, and offers. Examples are given for each modal verb along with an exercise and sources for further information.

1. Modal auxiliaries
FATIHA ROYAN
XI TKJ 2

2. The modal auxiliary can is used :
• to express ability (in the sense of being able to do
1. CAN..
something or knowing how to do something).
• to expression permission (in the sense of being
allowed or permitted to do something).
• to express theoretical possibility.

3. (+) I can speak English very well.
EXAMPLE..
(−) They can’t come to her party
tonight.
(?) Can I meet you at the bus stop this
morning?

4. The modal auxiliary could is used :
• to express an ability in the past.
2. COULD..
• to express past or future permission.
• to express present possibility.
• to express possibility or ability in contingent
circumstances:

5. (+) I could always play “congklak”
EXAMPLE..
when I was child.
(−) I couldn’t play soccer well.
(?) Could I see your new doll?

6. Will can be used :
• to express willingness:
3. WILL..
• to express intention (especially in the first person):
• to express prediction : specific, timeless, and
habitual

7. (+) I will sweep the floor.
EXAMPLE..
(−) I won’t come to your office
tomorrow.
(?) Will you join us to go to the
movies?

8. Would can be used :
• to express willingness.
4. WOULD..
• to express insistence (rather rare, and with a
strong stress on the word "would").
• to express characteristic activity : customary,
typical.
• to express a hypothetical meaning
• to express a sense of probability.

9. (+) We would go to Pulau Seribu on
EXAMPLE..
next holiday.
(−) I think I wouldn’t meet them
tonight.
(?) Would you like some coffee?

10. • Mainly used in American English to ask questions
politely (it has more usages in British English). For
5. SHALL..
the future tense, will is more frequently used in
American English than shall.
• Often used in formal settings to deliver obligation
or requirement:

11. (+) I shall go to abroad to continue my
EXAMPLE..
study.
(−) The guest shall not enter this
room.
(?) Shall we go to the party now?

12. Should can be used :
• in auxiliary functions to express an opinion,
6. SHOULD
suggestion, preference, or idea.
• to express that you wish something had
happened but it didn’t or couldn’t (should + have +
past participle).
• to ask for someone’s opinion.
• to say something expected or correct.

13. (+) You have toothache, you should
EXAMPLE..
go to a dentist.
(−) You shouldn’t wear expensive
jewelry.
(?) Should I teke a lots of money for
travel?

14. 7. HAVE TO.. Have to can be used :
• to express a strong obligation. I have to arrive at
work at 9 sharp. My boss is very strict.
• In British English, we often use 'have got to' to
mean the same as 'have to'.
• We can also use ' will have to' to talk about strong
obligations.

15. (+) I have to take this book back to the
library.
EXAMPLE..
(−) You have not to listen this music.
(?) Have I to pay attention to you?

16. Must is most commonly used :
• to express certainty.
8. MUST..
• to express necessity or strong recommendation,
although native speakers prefer the more flexible
form "have to."
• "Must not" can be used to prohibit actions.

17. (+) You must to obey the rules in the
EXAMPLE..
class.
(−) You must not chat in the class.
(?) Must I listen the teacher?

18. 1. I .... go to London tomorrow. (shall, can,
could)
EXERCISE..
2. You .... take an aspirin. (would, should, could)
3. .... you please help me? (can, should, would)
4. .... you mind clean the whiteboard? (would,
will, can)
5. I .... do my homework soon. (must, will,
should)

19. The modals are used to do things like
FUNCTION..
talking about :
1. Ability
2. Permission
3. Request
4. Suggestion and advice
5. Offers and invitation

20. • I can swim like a fish.
• I couldn’t dance very well.
ABILITY..
• She can speak several languages.

21. • Can we go home now?
PERMISSION..
• Can I ask a question, please?
• You can go home now if you like.

22. • Could you take a message, please?
REQUEST..
• Will you carry this for me, please?
• Coul I have my bill, please?

23. • You shouldn’t take a taxi for travel.
• You should take a warm coat.
ADVICE..
• You should use credit card to buy
something.

24. • Can I help you?
• Can I do that for you?
OFFERS..
• Would you like some water?

25. • http://www.talkenglish.com/Grammar/auxiliary
-verbs-will-would-shall-should.aspx
SOURCE..
• http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/au
xiliary.htm
• http://ismailmidi.com/english-130-auxiliary-
verbs.html
• http://www.englishgrammarsecrets.com/must
haveto/menu.php

26. THE END..
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION ^^