This document provides an overview of designing basic campus and data center networks. It discusses key considerations for enterprise network design including network application characteristics, environmental characteristics, and infrastructure device characteristics. Specifically, it covers different network application types, campus network geography including intrabuilding and interbuilding structures, transmission media options, and the role of switches in campus network design. The goal is to enhance productivity by providing network services to users based on organizational requirements and application needs.
The document discusses client/server architecture and related concepts. It defines key terms like client, server, middleware and describes how client/server is different from other distributed computing models by emphasizing user-friendly applications, centralized databases, and open/modular design. It also discusses different types of client/server applications, middleware, message passing, remote procedure calls, object-oriented mechanisms, intranets, extranets, and service-oriented architecture.
This document provides an overview of different types of local area networks (LANs) and their characteristics. It discusses personal computer LANs, backend and storage area networks, high-speed office networks, backbone local networks, factory networks, tiered LAN strategies and components, transmission mediums such as twisted pair wires and fiber optic cables, structured cabling systems, LAN protocol architectures, and the IEEE 802 reference model.
This document provides an overview of key topics related to technology infrastructure for e-commerce and business data communication and networking, including:
1. An introduction to various network applications, programming concepts, data communications fundamentals, packet switching technologies, and internetworking protocols like TCP/IP.
2. A brief history of networking including developments by Samuel Morse, Alexander Graham Bell, and Thomas Edison that led to modern voice and data communication networks.
3. An outline of course topics, assignments including quizzes, group works and finals, and career opportunities in data communications.
This document provides an overview of networks and telecommunications for an information systems course. It discusses the key components of telecommunications networks, including terminals, processors, channels, computers and software. It describes different network topologies like star, ring and bus configurations. The document also covers telecommunications protocols like OSI and TCP/IP, trends in telecommunications, and popular business uses of the internet like email, e-commerce and overcoming barriers.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
The core of the vision IRJES is to disseminate new knowledge and technology for the benefit of all, ranging from academic research and professional communities to industry professionals in a range of topics in computer science and engineering. It also provides a place for high-caliber researchers, practitioners and PhD students to present ongoing research and development in these areas.
In the last academic year, 2012-13, we have trained more than 8000 project students. So far we have trained more than 35000 project students. We have been conducting seminars on the recent trends of technology in various colleges. Our research projects had participated in various National and International Conferences. Most of our projects were identified by the industries as suitable for their needs. Our number of projects were focused by media and awarded by various industrial & Government bodies. We have offered Projects to students of various Engineering Colleges in India as well as abroad.
This document discusses concepts related to technology infrastructure for e-commerce including networking, protocols, client-server architecture, and starting a web development business. It covers:
1. Networking devices like switches that connect nodes and allow data transfer, and routers that forward data across networks.
2. Internetworking protocols like TCP/IP that specify data formats for communication between different machines on a network.
3. The client-server model evolved from single-user to multi-user applications to enable resource and data sharing between businesses.
The document provides an introduction to data communications, covering topics such as definitions of data communication and telecommunication, the history of telecommunications and data communication technologies, frameworks for data communication including the OSI model and TCP/IP protocol suite, network applications, and careers in data communications.
The document discusses client/server architecture and related concepts. It defines key terms like client, server, middleware and describes how client/server is different from other distributed computing models by emphasizing user-friendly applications, centralized databases, and open/modular design. It also discusses different types of client/server applications, middleware, message passing, remote procedure calls, object-oriented mechanisms, intranets, extranets, and service-oriented architecture.
This document provides an overview of different types of local area networks (LANs) and their characteristics. It discusses personal computer LANs, backend and storage area networks, high-speed office networks, backbone local networks, factory networks, tiered LAN strategies and components, transmission mediums such as twisted pair wires and fiber optic cables, structured cabling systems, LAN protocol architectures, and the IEEE 802 reference model.
This document provides an overview of key topics related to technology infrastructure for e-commerce and business data communication and networking, including:
1. An introduction to various network applications, programming concepts, data communications fundamentals, packet switching technologies, and internetworking protocols like TCP/IP.
2. A brief history of networking including developments by Samuel Morse, Alexander Graham Bell, and Thomas Edison that led to modern voice and data communication networks.
3. An outline of course topics, assignments including quizzes, group works and finals, and career opportunities in data communications.
This document provides an overview of networks and telecommunications for an information systems course. It discusses the key components of telecommunications networks, including terminals, processors, channels, computers and software. It describes different network topologies like star, ring and bus configurations. The document also covers telecommunications protocols like OSI and TCP/IP, trends in telecommunications, and popular business uses of the internet like email, e-commerce and overcoming barriers.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
The core of the vision IRJES is to disseminate new knowledge and technology for the benefit of all, ranging from academic research and professional communities to industry professionals in a range of topics in computer science and engineering. It also provides a place for high-caliber researchers, practitioners and PhD students to present ongoing research and development in these areas.
In the last academic year, 2012-13, we have trained more than 8000 project students. So far we have trained more than 35000 project students. We have been conducting seminars on the recent trends of technology in various colleges. Our research projects had participated in various National and International Conferences. Most of our projects were identified by the industries as suitable for their needs. Our number of projects were focused by media and awarded by various industrial & Government bodies. We have offered Projects to students of various Engineering Colleges in India as well as abroad.
This document discusses concepts related to technology infrastructure for e-commerce including networking, protocols, client-server architecture, and starting a web development business. It covers:
1. Networking devices like switches that connect nodes and allow data transfer, and routers that forward data across networks.
2. Internetworking protocols like TCP/IP that specify data formats for communication between different machines on a network.
3. The client-server model evolved from single-user to multi-user applications to enable resource and data sharing between businesses.
The document provides an introduction to data communications, covering topics such as definitions of data communication and telecommunication, the history of telecommunications and data communication technologies, frameworks for data communication including the OSI model and TCP/IP protocol suite, network applications, and careers in data communications.
This document provides an overview of data communications and computer networks. It discusses key topics such as the difference between data communications and telecommunications, trends toward pervasive networking and integration of different communication types. It also covers implications for network management, such as how networks change business operations and the need for standards. The document then discusses different layers of the OSI model and their responsibilities. It provides examples of network standards bodies and implications for managing projects with different uncertainty levels. Finally, it summarizes several chapters that cover physical layer transmission methods, data link layer protocols, local area networks, and the network and transport layers of the OSI model.
This document discusses the challenges of managing a shared mobile network between multiple operators. It outlines different levels of network sharing and focuses on active sharing where radio access network equipment is shared but frequencies are not. It emphasizes the importance of data governance, management, integrity and content in ensuring appropriate visibility for each operator to monitor key performance indicators. Effective management of fault, performance and customer experience metrics is necessary while delegating day to day operations to the joint venture managing the shared network.
The document provides an overview of fundamentals of enterprise networks including types of communication networks, communication layers and protocols, network design and management, and future trends. It defines communication networks and describes layering concepts and standard organizations. It also discusses personal area networks (PANs), local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), and wide area networks (WANs).
This study focuses on designing and implementing a local area network (LAN) using wireless bridges at Caragsacan Elementary School. A LAN connects computers within a limited area like a school, while bridges connect separate network segments wirelessly. The network will use a star topology with a wireless access point to seamlessly connect wired and wireless devices. The purpose is to effectively transfer data between school agencies using an existing wireless connection and database. The objectives are to create a wireless network between school offices using bridge devices, utilize an existing database to store and transmit documents, and access data across school offices and classrooms. The scope is limited to implementing the new network architecture in school offices during the 2021-2022 school year.
Client server computing in mobile environmentsPraveen Joshi
Client server computing in mobile environments. Versatile, Message based, Modular Infrastructure intended to improve usability, flexibility, interoperability and scalability as compared to Centralized, Mainframe, time sharing computing.
Intended to reduce Network Traffic.
Communication is using RPC or SQL
Fundamentals of Computer Networking - Shift Education of TechnologyRaphaff
Power Point Presentation on Computer Networking - Assignment on Networking Module of QA - Software Tester Course - Provided by Shift Education of Technology
Fundamentals of Computer Networking - Rafael SA
This presentation incorporates subjects such as TCP/IP, Networks Classification, OSI Model, DHCP, DNS Protocols and IPv4 and IPv6 Addressing schemes and more.
This document provides an overview of computer network technology concepts. It discusses what computer networks are used for, including data sharing, program sharing, and resource sharing. It also reviews key aspects of network components and topology. Specifically, it covers network types (LANs, MANs, WANs), transmission media, and multiplexing techniques. It explains the differences between circuit switching and packet switching, and surveys current network services. The overall purpose is to discuss the basic concepts of computer network technology and emphasize those required to stay informed of new developments in the field.
This document discusses distance evaluation using mobile agent technology. It begins by explaining client-server technology and some of its limitations for distance evaluation, including lack of support for subjective questions, delivery of dynamic content, and offline examinations. It then introduces mobile agent technology as an alternative that can address these limitations. Mobile agents are software processes that can migrate between machines to access resources and services. The document proposes using a mobile agent approach to design and implement a computer assisted testing and evaluation system for distance education that considers the full examination process from paper setting to evaluation. Key advantages of mobile agents for this application include reduced network traffic, asynchronous autonomous interaction, and support for heterogeneous environments.
The document discusses communication over networks and introduces several key concepts:
1. It describes the basic elements of communication including a source, destination, and channel. It notes devices communicate in the same way with senders, receivers, and a pathway.
2. It discusses how segmenting data into smaller packets allows for multiplexing of different transmissions and increases reliability over the network by allowing alternate paths if one fails.
3. It introduces the different components that make up a network including end devices, intermediary devices, and different types of media that provide the channel for communication.
The document introduces computer networks and their key concepts. It explains the need for networks, their history starting from ARPANET, and types including LAN, MAN, WAN. It also covers client/server configuration, the 7-layer OSI model, and factors for selecting networks. Standards organizations that develop technical and non-technical standards are also mentioned, including ISO, ANSI, ITU, IEEE and W3C.
The common challenges of mobile internet for up coming generationeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
The document discusses structured cabling and networking concepts. It defines structured cabling as a complete cabling system that provides telecommunications infrastructure for services like data and phone. It discusses key components of structured cabling systems like cable pathways, backbone cabling, connectors, and standards. The document also defines networking terms like Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet, hubs, switches, routers and differences between them.
Ahmad Arbaz is a computer and networks engineer seeking an opportunity to utilize his engineering skills and experience. He has a B.Sc. in Computer Engineering from the University of Engineering and Technology with a CGPA of 2.42. His professional experience includes an internship at Mobilink GSM where he worked on RF optimization and drive testing. He has technical skills in Microsoft Office, networking, databases, and programming languages. His areas of interest include networking, telecommunications, and databases.
This document discusses the testing and evaluation of a video transmission system using a wireless local area network (WLAN) access point for instructional video broadcasting at a university. The system was built using a computer server to store and transmit instructional videos to clients via a WLAN access point. Tests were conducted to analyze network performance parameters like throughput, packet loss, and delay. Results showed the system could successfully broadcast videos from the server to clients in different quality settings over the university's 100 Mbps local network via the access point. This research aims to understand how to implement a wireless network using an access point for instructional video broadcasting in a university setting.
IRJET- Internet Video Streaming Service for Social NetworkIRJET Journal
This document presents a system for internet video streaming service for social networks. It aims to improve quality of service for video streaming on mobile devices by developing an adaptive streaming method using a Markov Decision Process. The system uses Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (DASH) to store multiple compressed video versions at different resolutions and qualities in segments. It formulates the multi-link video streaming as a reinforcement learning task and models it as a finite state Markov Decision Process. An algorithm is proposed to find near-optimal solutions in real-time to select the best video quality based on factors like bandwidth, buffer occupancy, and device resolution to improve streaming performance metrics while saving network bandwidth and costs. The system was tested using an Android emulator and Scalable Video
Chapter 1 introduction to scaling networksJosue Wuezo
This document discusses strategies for designing a scalable enterprise network. It introduces the hierarchical network design model with access, distribution, and core layers to organize network traffic. This model, along with using modular and expandable equipment, hierarchical addressing, and redundant links between devices allows the network to scale effectively over time as business needs change and grow. The goals are to limit the impact of failures, provide a path for network expansion, and create a reliable infrastructure.
This document provides an overview of basic computer networking concepts. It defines what a computer network is and describes the typical components that make up a network, including servers, clients, networking cards, connection media, and network operating systems. It also discusses different types of networks like LANs, WANs, MANs, and VPNs. The document explains common network architectures like Ethernet, Fast Ethernet, Token Ring, and FDDI. It also covers important networking protocols, network cables, and the OSI model layers. The summary aims to concisely convey the key topics and concepts covered in the document.
Fernando Loureiro Presentation / CloudViews.Org - Cloud Computing Conference ...EuroCloud
The document discusses how cloud computing and network virtualization are adding pressure to communication networks to be more reliable, fast, and available from anywhere. It summarizes how network equipment has entered the 100G era due to data growth. It also discusses the benefits of multi-area, multi-layer network designs including good security, scalability, and availability. The document promotes 3Com and its solutions for data centers, virtualization, and intelligent resilient frameworks (IRF).
Quality of service refers to a network's ability to provide reliable communication through factors like error rates, bandwidth, throughput, transmission delay, availability, and jitter. These factors influence a network's capability to deliver secure and reliable service. Measuring these QoS factors allows efficient use of network resources and comparison of different networks' overall performance.
This document provides an overview of key concepts for designing network topologies, including:
- Hierarchical network design with access, distribution, and core layers is recommended to divide the problem and improve performance, availability, and scalability. Spanning tree protocol and VLANs are also discussed.
- Network design documents should include requirements, logical and physical designs, implementation plans, budgets, and testing results. Response to an RFP must follow the specified format.
- Common topologies like hierarchical, collapsed core, and flat are compared. Hierarchical models are generally best to reduce workload, constrain broadcasts, and facilitate scaling and changes.
This document provides an overview of data communications and computer networks. It discusses key topics such as the difference between data communications and telecommunications, trends toward pervasive networking and integration of different communication types. It also covers implications for network management, such as how networks change business operations and the need for standards. The document then discusses different layers of the OSI model and their responsibilities. It provides examples of network standards bodies and implications for managing projects with different uncertainty levels. Finally, it summarizes several chapters that cover physical layer transmission methods, data link layer protocols, local area networks, and the network and transport layers of the OSI model.
This document discusses the challenges of managing a shared mobile network between multiple operators. It outlines different levels of network sharing and focuses on active sharing where radio access network equipment is shared but frequencies are not. It emphasizes the importance of data governance, management, integrity and content in ensuring appropriate visibility for each operator to monitor key performance indicators. Effective management of fault, performance and customer experience metrics is necessary while delegating day to day operations to the joint venture managing the shared network.
The document provides an overview of fundamentals of enterprise networks including types of communication networks, communication layers and protocols, network design and management, and future trends. It defines communication networks and describes layering concepts and standard organizations. It also discusses personal area networks (PANs), local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), and wide area networks (WANs).
This study focuses on designing and implementing a local area network (LAN) using wireless bridges at Caragsacan Elementary School. A LAN connects computers within a limited area like a school, while bridges connect separate network segments wirelessly. The network will use a star topology with a wireless access point to seamlessly connect wired and wireless devices. The purpose is to effectively transfer data between school agencies using an existing wireless connection and database. The objectives are to create a wireless network between school offices using bridge devices, utilize an existing database to store and transmit documents, and access data across school offices and classrooms. The scope is limited to implementing the new network architecture in school offices during the 2021-2022 school year.
Client server computing in mobile environmentsPraveen Joshi
Client server computing in mobile environments. Versatile, Message based, Modular Infrastructure intended to improve usability, flexibility, interoperability and scalability as compared to Centralized, Mainframe, time sharing computing.
Intended to reduce Network Traffic.
Communication is using RPC or SQL
Fundamentals of Computer Networking - Shift Education of TechnologyRaphaff
Power Point Presentation on Computer Networking - Assignment on Networking Module of QA - Software Tester Course - Provided by Shift Education of Technology
Fundamentals of Computer Networking - Rafael SA
This presentation incorporates subjects such as TCP/IP, Networks Classification, OSI Model, DHCP, DNS Protocols and IPv4 and IPv6 Addressing schemes and more.
This document provides an overview of computer network technology concepts. It discusses what computer networks are used for, including data sharing, program sharing, and resource sharing. It also reviews key aspects of network components and topology. Specifically, it covers network types (LANs, MANs, WANs), transmission media, and multiplexing techniques. It explains the differences between circuit switching and packet switching, and surveys current network services. The overall purpose is to discuss the basic concepts of computer network technology and emphasize those required to stay informed of new developments in the field.
This document discusses distance evaluation using mobile agent technology. It begins by explaining client-server technology and some of its limitations for distance evaluation, including lack of support for subjective questions, delivery of dynamic content, and offline examinations. It then introduces mobile agent technology as an alternative that can address these limitations. Mobile agents are software processes that can migrate between machines to access resources and services. The document proposes using a mobile agent approach to design and implement a computer assisted testing and evaluation system for distance education that considers the full examination process from paper setting to evaluation. Key advantages of mobile agents for this application include reduced network traffic, asynchronous autonomous interaction, and support for heterogeneous environments.
The document discusses communication over networks and introduces several key concepts:
1. It describes the basic elements of communication including a source, destination, and channel. It notes devices communicate in the same way with senders, receivers, and a pathway.
2. It discusses how segmenting data into smaller packets allows for multiplexing of different transmissions and increases reliability over the network by allowing alternate paths if one fails.
3. It introduces the different components that make up a network including end devices, intermediary devices, and different types of media that provide the channel for communication.
The document introduces computer networks and their key concepts. It explains the need for networks, their history starting from ARPANET, and types including LAN, MAN, WAN. It also covers client/server configuration, the 7-layer OSI model, and factors for selecting networks. Standards organizations that develop technical and non-technical standards are also mentioned, including ISO, ANSI, ITU, IEEE and W3C.
The common challenges of mobile internet for up coming generationeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
The document discusses structured cabling and networking concepts. It defines structured cabling as a complete cabling system that provides telecommunications infrastructure for services like data and phone. It discusses key components of structured cabling systems like cable pathways, backbone cabling, connectors, and standards. The document also defines networking terms like Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet, hubs, switches, routers and differences between them.
Ahmad Arbaz is a computer and networks engineer seeking an opportunity to utilize his engineering skills and experience. He has a B.Sc. in Computer Engineering from the University of Engineering and Technology with a CGPA of 2.42. His professional experience includes an internship at Mobilink GSM where he worked on RF optimization and drive testing. He has technical skills in Microsoft Office, networking, databases, and programming languages. His areas of interest include networking, telecommunications, and databases.
This document discusses the testing and evaluation of a video transmission system using a wireless local area network (WLAN) access point for instructional video broadcasting at a university. The system was built using a computer server to store and transmit instructional videos to clients via a WLAN access point. Tests were conducted to analyze network performance parameters like throughput, packet loss, and delay. Results showed the system could successfully broadcast videos from the server to clients in different quality settings over the university's 100 Mbps local network via the access point. This research aims to understand how to implement a wireless network using an access point for instructional video broadcasting in a university setting.
IRJET- Internet Video Streaming Service for Social NetworkIRJET Journal
This document presents a system for internet video streaming service for social networks. It aims to improve quality of service for video streaming on mobile devices by developing an adaptive streaming method using a Markov Decision Process. The system uses Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (DASH) to store multiple compressed video versions at different resolutions and qualities in segments. It formulates the multi-link video streaming as a reinforcement learning task and models it as a finite state Markov Decision Process. An algorithm is proposed to find near-optimal solutions in real-time to select the best video quality based on factors like bandwidth, buffer occupancy, and device resolution to improve streaming performance metrics while saving network bandwidth and costs. The system was tested using an Android emulator and Scalable Video
Chapter 1 introduction to scaling networksJosue Wuezo
This document discusses strategies for designing a scalable enterprise network. It introduces the hierarchical network design model with access, distribution, and core layers to organize network traffic. This model, along with using modular and expandable equipment, hierarchical addressing, and redundant links between devices allows the network to scale effectively over time as business needs change and grow. The goals are to limit the impact of failures, provide a path for network expansion, and create a reliable infrastructure.
This document provides an overview of basic computer networking concepts. It defines what a computer network is and describes the typical components that make up a network, including servers, clients, networking cards, connection media, and network operating systems. It also discusses different types of networks like LANs, WANs, MANs, and VPNs. The document explains common network architectures like Ethernet, Fast Ethernet, Token Ring, and FDDI. It also covers important networking protocols, network cables, and the OSI model layers. The summary aims to concisely convey the key topics and concepts covered in the document.
Fernando Loureiro Presentation / CloudViews.Org - Cloud Computing Conference ...EuroCloud
The document discusses how cloud computing and network virtualization are adding pressure to communication networks to be more reliable, fast, and available from anywhere. It summarizes how network equipment has entered the 100G era due to data growth. It also discusses the benefits of multi-area, multi-layer network designs including good security, scalability, and availability. The document promotes 3Com and its solutions for data centers, virtualization, and intelligent resilient frameworks (IRF).
Quality of service refers to a network's ability to provide reliable communication through factors like error rates, bandwidth, throughput, transmission delay, availability, and jitter. These factors influence a network's capability to deliver secure and reliable service. Measuring these QoS factors allows efficient use of network resources and comparison of different networks' overall performance.
This document provides an overview of key concepts for designing network topologies, including:
- Hierarchical network design with access, distribution, and core layers is recommended to divide the problem and improve performance, availability, and scalability. Spanning tree protocol and VLANs are also discussed.
- Network design documents should include requirements, logical and physical designs, implementation plans, budgets, and testing results. Response to an RFP must follow the specified format.
- Common topologies like hierarchical, collapsed core, and flat are compared. Hierarchical models are generally best to reduce workload, constrain broadcasts, and facilitate scaling and changes.
This document discusses application requirements for computer networks. It defines application requirements as requirements determined from application information, experience, or testing that represent what is needed by applications. It provides examples of different types of application requirements like web page requests, database transactions, messaging protocols, and API calls. It also discusses how to classify applications based on service and performance requirements into categories like mission-critical, rate-critical, and real-time/interactive applications. Finally, it describes the different tiers in an application system including the web, application, and database tiers.
This document provides an overview of the evolution of the internet and key technologies enabling it, including internet of things (IoT), 5G, cloud computing, data centers, and network virtualization. It discusses how IoT and cloud computing produce big data stored in data centers, and how 5G, data centers, and network virtualization technologies will act as the backbone for cloud services and IoT applications. It also outlines some of the applications, requirements, and trends related to these technologies.
This document outlines the course DCN 330 which covers data communication and network interconnectivity, including distinguishing network devices, analyzing network designs, quality of service, cloud computing, and gaining hands-on experience through lectures, labs, and a course project using tools like Cisco Packet Tracer and lab equipment. Students will be evaluated through exams, quizzes, lab assignments, and a course project presentation and report.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document provides an introduction to basic computer network concepts. It defines what a computer network is and describes different types of networks including LAN, MAN, WAN, PAN and CAN. It explains the differences between these networks in terms of geographical area covered, ownership, design/maintenance and communication medium used. The document also discusses network topologies like bus, star, ring and mesh. It describes common network devices, applications of networks for resource and information sharing, and different types of servers in a client-server network model.
The document discusses MPLS VPN and Reliance Communications' MPLS VPN solution. It provides an overview of MPLS VPN and its benefits, including flexibility, scalability, security, and quality of service. It then describes Reliance's MPLS network and data centers, and how their solution addresses challenges around performance, security and flexibility for corporate networks.
DNIS is a middleware that dynamically schedules network interfaces on mobile devices to aggregate bandwidth. It intercepts socket connections and assigns them to interfaces based on estimated throughput to maximize total bandwidth. This is done transparently at the socket level without needing changes to servers, applications, or hardware. Compared to related work, DNIS has advantages of simplicity and low overhead since it does not require packet manipulation or splitting connections across interfaces.
The document provides an overview of networking technologies and concepts covered during a summer training program. It discusses network topologies including physical, logical and different types of networks. It also covers networking devices like routers, switches and cables. Concepts like IP addressing, classes, subnetting, VLANs and routing are explained. The training took place at HCL Career Development Centre and involved projects on addressing schemes, internet connections and configuration of switches and routers.
IRJET- Virtual Network Recognition and Optimization in SDN-Enabled Cloud Env...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper on virtual network recognition and optimization in an SDN-enabled cloud environment. The paper proposes using SDN and cloud computing technologies to increase the functionality and capacity of wireless networks. It formulates an online routing problem to maximize traffic flow over time while meeting constraints. A fast approximation algorithm is developed based on time-dependent duals. Extensive simulations show the algorithm outperforms heuristics by enabling end-to-end optimization and awareness of congestion and budgets. The paper concludes SDN is still emerging but highlights areas of expanding its scope and applications.
West Consulting Modular Design ProposalMichael BoddieNetwork.docxphilipnelson29183
West Consulting Modular Design Proposal
Michael Boddie
Network Design Associate
NTC/320
January 29, 2018
-Welcome-
1
Introduction
West Consulting Firm is a large company with 1000+ devices
The best Network design for West Consulting Firm is Hierarchical structure as proposed in the network summary document
Hierarchical network design is a three layer model.
West Consulting is a large organization as it currently have 1000 users and it intends to increase the number of users to 1500
The reason as to why the organization should opt for a hierarchical network design due to:
Better scalability
Better redundancy
Better performance
Batter management and troubleshooting
Better policy creating and scalability
2
Hierarchical Network Design
In each layer in the hierarchy provides specific functions which helps the network designer to select and optimize the right network hardware , features and software
The access layer provides user access to the organization network
The distribution layer provides policy-based connectivity
Core layer provides fast transport between the distribution switches
Access layer is where the switches are located which are then connected to the end users or computers
The distribution layer separates the access and the core layer. It in this layer where the policy of the network is defined
The core layer consists of the layer with the fastest, biggest, and the most expensive routers. This layer is considered to be the backbone of the organizational network. It is in this layer that routers are used to merge geographically separated network of the organization
3
Cisco Design Principles of a Hierarchical Structure
When designing hierarchical network structure there four design principles to consider which are:
Network diameter: This term is used to measure the number of devices
Bandwidth aggregation: This is the art of considering the specific bandwidth requirements
Redundancy: This is the practice of duplicating critical elements so as to achieve reliability (Thomadsen, 2005).
Network diameter is the first thing to consider when designing a hierarchical network structure. Network diameter is the number of gadgets or devices that a certain packet have to cross before it reaches its destination. This means that when designing west consulting network structure, the network designer must keep network diameter low.
Bandwidth aggregation: The designers of West Consulting firm network structure they must consider the bandwidth requirement for every party of the hierarchy. Link aggregation is said to allow multiple switch ports links to be combined. This in turn achieves a high throughput between the organizational switches
To ensure redundancy the network designer can double the network links
4
How Design a Hierarchical Network .
Practical active network services within content-aware gatewaysTal Lavian Ph.D.
The Internet has seen an increase in complexity due to the introduction of new types of networking devices and services, particularly at points of discontinuity known as network edges. As the networking industry continues to add revenue generating services at network edges, there is an increasing need to provide a systematic method for dynamically introducing and providing these new services in lieu of the ad-hoc approach that is in use today. To this end we support a phased approach to "activating" the Internet and suggest that there exists an immediate need for realizing Active Networks concepts at the network edges. In this context, we present our efforts towards the development of a Content-aware Active Gateway (CAG) architecture. With the help of two practical services running on our initial prototype, built from commercial networking devices, we give a qualitative and quantitative view of the CAG potential.
A Brief Study on Wireless Communication Network Architectureand Sensor NetworksM. A. Nakib Juris
This document provides an overview of wireless communication network architectures and sensor networks. It discusses several key points:
- Hybrid network architectures that combine high-speed core networks (e.g. internet VPNs) with various last-mile connectivity options like power line communication, satellite communication, and wireless communication are well-suited for electric utility automation applications.
- Internet-based VPNs can provide a cost-effective high-speed core network while ensuring security, quality of service, reliability and other requirements of electric utility automation if properly implemented.
- Various last-mile connectivity options like power line communication, satellite communication and wireless communication each have their own advantages and disadvantages for connecting substations to the core network. A
This document provides an overview of wireless communication network architectures and sensor networks. It discusses the need for reliable communication networks to support electric utility automation applications. A hybrid communication network architecture is proposed that combines a high-speed core network (e.g. internet VPN) with various last mile connectivity options like power line communication, satellite communication, optical fiber communication and wireless communication. Each connectivity option has advantages and disadvantages for use in electric utility automation. The document also discusses design considerations and challenges for implementing effective wireless communication networks to support various automation applications in the electric system.
This document provides an overview of networking concepts. It begins with an introduction explaining how networks connect people globally and describes typical network components like servers, clients, and intermediary devices. Several types of common networks are also compared such as home, SOHO, large enterprise, and worldwide networks. Network diagrams and topologies are explained along with internet access technologies for homes, small offices, and businesses. Requirements for reliable networks such as fault tolerance, scalability, quality of service, and security are outlined. The document provides a high-level tour of fundamental networking topics.
1) Client-server networks have dedicated servers that store data and resources while clients access these servers.
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1. Enterprise Network Design
Module 3
Lecture 1
Designing Basic Campus and Data Center
Networks
St. Francis Institute of Technology
Department of Information Technology 1
Enterprise Network Design
Dr. Minal Lopes9th September 2020
The material in this presentation belongs to St. Francis Institute of Technology and is solely for educational purposes. Distribution and modifications of the content is prohibited.
Ref: Authorized Self-Study Guide, Designing for Cisco Internetwork Solutions (DESGN), Second Edition, Cisco
Press-Diane Teare, Chapter 4 Designing Basic Campus and Data Center Networks
3. Designing an Enterprise Campus
Enterprise Campus network is the foundation for
businesses - enhancing productivity, and providing a
multitude of services to end users.
The following characteristics are considered when
designing the campus network:
Network application characteristics
Environmental characteristics
Infrastructure device characteristics
4. Designing an Enterprise Campus
Network application characteristics:
The organizational requirements, services and
applications place stringent requirements on a campus
network solution
For example, bandwidth and delay can be different for
different services and applications
5. Designing an Enterprise Campus
Environmental characteristics: The network’s
environment includes its geography and the transmission
media used
The physical environment of the building
the number of network nodes (end users, hosts, network
devices)
distribution of network nodes
distance between the network nodes
Other factors include space, power, heating, ventilation, air
conditioning support for the network devices
Cabling is one of the biggest long-term investments in network
deployment
transmission media selection should depend on the emerging
technologies that might be deployed over the same
infrastructure in the future
6. Designing an Enterprise Campus
Infrastructure device characteristics:
The characteristics of the network devices influence the
design (ex: they determine the network’s flexibility) and
contribute to the overall delay
Trade-offs between data link layer switching and multilayer
switching , based on network layer addresses, transport
layer and application awareness needs to be considered
High availability and high throughput are requirements that
might require consideration throughout the infrastructure
Most Enterprise Campus designs use a combination of data
link layer switching in the access layer and multilayer
switching in the distribution and core layers
7. Network Application Characteristics and
Considerations
The network application’s characteristics and
requirements influence the design in many ways
The network demands of applications that are critical to
the organization, determine traffic patterns inside the
Enterprise Campus network
This influences bandwidth usage, response times and the
selection of the transmission medium
Different types of application communication that can
generate different traffic patterns are
Peer-Peer
Client–local server
Client–Server Farm
Client–Enterprise Edge server
8. Network Application Characteristics and
Considerations
Peer-Peer Applications
From the network designer’s perspective, peer-peer
applications include applications in which the majority of
network traffic passes from one network device to another
through the organization’s network
Typical peer-peer applications:
Instant messaging
IP phone calling
File sharing
videoconferencing
9. Network Application Characteristics and
Considerations
Client–Local Server Applications
clients and servers are attached to
a network device on the same LAN
segment and follow the 80/20
workgroup rule for client/server
applications
This rule indicates that 80
percent of the traffic is local to
the LAN segment and 20 percent
leaves the segment
With increased traffic on the
corporate network an organization
might split the network into
several isolated segments
10. Network Application Characteristics and
Considerations
Client–Server Farm Applications
In a large organization, application
traffic might have to pass across
more than one LAN or VLAN to
reach servers in a Server Farm.
Client–Server Farm applications
apply the 20/80 rule, where only
20 percent of the traffic remains
on the local LAN segment and 80
percent leaves the segment to
reach centralized servers, the
Internet and so on.
11. Network Application Characteristics and
Considerations
Client–Enterprise Edge
Applications
Typical Enterprise Edge
applications are based on
web technologies.
Examples: external mail,
DNS servers, public web
servers
13. Network Application Characteristics and
Considerations
Client–Enterprise Edge
Applications
Typical Enterprise Edge
applications are based on web
technologies.
Examples: external mail, DNS
servers, public web servers
14. Network Application Characteristics and
Considerations
Application Requirements comparison w.r.t. network
parameters
Parameter Peer-to-Peer
Client-
Local
Servers
Client-
Server
Farm
Client-
Enterprise
Edge Servers
Connectivity type Switched Switched Switched Switched
Total required
throughput
Medium to
high
Medium High Medium
High availability Low to high Medium High High
Total network costs
Low to
medium
Medium High Medium
16. Network Application Characteristics and
Considerations
Connectivity
The wide use of Layer 2 switching has revolutionized local-
area networking
It provides increased performance and more bandwidth for
satisfying the requirements of new organizational
applications
LAN switches provide this performance benefit by increasing
bandwidth and throughput for workgroups and local servers
17. Network Application Characteristics and
Considerations
Throughput
The required throughput varies from application to
application
An application that exchanges data between users in the
workgroup usually does not require a high throughput
network infrastructure
However, organizational-level applications usually require a
high-capacity link to the servers, which are usually located in
the Server Farm
18. Network Application Characteristics and
Considerations
High availability
The high availability of an application is a function of the
application and the entire network between a client
workstation and a server located in the network.
the network design primarily determines the network’s
availability
Redundancy in the Building Distribution and Campus Core
layers is recommended
19. Network Application Characteristics and
Considerations
Total network cost
Depending on the application and the resulting network
infrastructure, the cost varies from low in a peer-peer
environment to high in a network with redundancy in the
Building Distribution, Campus Core and Server Farm
In addition to the cost of duplicate components for
redundancy, costs include the cables, routers, switches,
software and so forth
20. Enterprise Network Design
Module 3
Lecture 2
Designing Basic Campus and Data Center
Networks
St. Francis Institute of Technology
Department of Information Technology 20
Enterprise Network Design
Dr. Minal Lopes10th(beitb), 12th (beita) September 2020
The material in this presentation belongs to St. Francis Institute of Technology and is solely for educational purposes. Distribution and modifications of the content is prohibited.
Ref: Authorized Self-Study Guide, Designing for Cisco Internetwork Solutions (DESGN), Second Edition, Cisco
Press-Diane Teare, Chapter 4 Designing Basic Campus and Data Center Networks
21. Campus Network Design Considerations
Designing an Enterprise Campus
Network application
characteristics
Peer-Peer
Client–local server
Client–Server Farm
Client–Enterprise
Edge server
Environmental
characteristics
Network Geography
Considerations
Intrabuilding
Interbuilding
Distant remote
building
Transmission Media
Considerations
Copper
Fiber
Wireless
Infrastructure device
characteristics
22. Environmental Characteristics and
Considerations
Network Geography Considerations
The location of Enterprise Campus nodes and the distances
between them determine the network’s geography
Nodes, including end-user workstations and servers, can be
located in one or multiple buildings
Based on the location of nodes and the distance between
them, the network designer decides which technology should
interconnect them based on the required maximum speed,
distance etc
Following structures are widely used in network geography:
Intrabuilding
Interbuilding
Distant remote building
23. Environmental Characteristics and
Considerations
Intrabuilding Structure
This network structure provides connectivity for all
end nodes located in the same building and gives
them access to the network resources
The Building Access and Building Distribution layers
are typically located in the same building
User workstations are usually attached to the
Building Access switches in the floor wiring closet
with twisted-pair copper cables
Wireless LANs can also be used to provide
intrabuilding connectivity without the limitations of
wires or cables
Access layer switches usually connect to the Building
Distribution switches over optical fiber, provide
better transmission performance and less sensitivity
to environmental disturbances than copper.
Depending on the connectivity requirements to
resources in other parts of the campus, the Building
Distribution switches may be connected to Campus
Core switches.
24. Environmental Characteristics and
Considerations
Interbuilding Structure
This network structure provides
connectivity between the
individual campus buildings’
central switches (in the Building
Distribution and/or Campus
Core layers)
These buildings are usually in
close proximity, typically only a
few hundred meters to a few
kilometers apart
Nodes in campus buildings,
share common devices such as
servers, thus demand for high-
speed connectivity between the
buildings is high.
25. Distant Remote Building Structure
Interbuilding Structure
Within a campus, companies
might deploy their own
physical transmission media.
To provide high throughput
without excessive
interference from
environmental conditions,
optical fiber is the medium of
choice between the buildings
The Building Distribution
switches might be connected
to Campus Core switches
27. Environmental Characteristics and
Considerations
Distant Remote Building Structure
For remote building connectivity (within a metropolitan area),
choice of physical media is most important factor
The speed and cost of the network infrastructure depend
heavily on the media selection
The network designer must identify the organization’s critical
applications and then select the intelligent network services
such as QoS for optimal use of bandwidth
Some companies might own their media (fiber, microwave,
copper lines).
If the organization does not own physical transmission media,
the Enterprise Campus must connect through the Enterprise
Edge using connectivity options from public service providers
(traditional WAN links or Metro Ethernet)
28. Transmission Media Considerations
The type of cable is an important consideration when deploying a
new network or upgrading an existing one
Cabling infrastructure represents a long-term investment—usually
installed to last for ten years or more
Factors to consider,
The cost of the medium (including installation costs)
the available budget
the technical characteristics - signal attenuation and
electromagnetic interference
Common mediums:
Twisted-pair cables (copper)
optical cables (fiber)
wireless (satellite, microwave and IEEE 802.11 LANs)
29. Transmission Media Considerations
Copper:
Twisted-pair cables consist of four pairs of
isolated wires that are wrapped together
in plastic cable.
With unshielded twisted-pair (UTP), no
additional foil or wire is wrapped around
the core wires. This makes these wires less
expensive, but also less immune to
external electromagnetic influences than
shielded twisted-pair cables.
Twisted-pair cabling is widely used to
interconnect workstations, servers, or
other devices from their network interface
card (NIC) to the network connector at a
wall outlet.
30. Transmission Media Considerations
Copper:
Category 5 or greater are used for speeds
of 100 Mbps or higher.
Category 6 is recommended for gigabit
Ethernet.
Because of the possibility of signal
attenuation in the wires, the maximum
cable length is usually limited to 100
meters.
Collision detection needs to be taken care
31. Transmission Media Considerations
Optical Fiber:
For transmission mediums with
distances longer than 100 meters and
immunity to electromagnetic
interference
Types of optical cable:
multimode (MM)
used for relatively short distances.
LEDs are used as source
single-mode (SM)
Lasers are used as source
limits dispersion and loss of light
more expensive than multimode fiber
32. Transmission Media Considerations
Wireless:
In-building WLAN equipment includes access
points (AP) that perform functions similar to
wired networking hubs and PC client adapters.
APs are distributed throughout a building to
expand range and functionality for wireless
clients
IEEE 802.11g allow speeds of up to 54 Mbps in
the 2.4-GHz band over a range of about 100 feet
IEEE 802.11b standard supports speeds of up to
11 Mbps in the 2.4- GHz band
The IEEE 802.11a standard supports speeds of
up to 54 Mbps in the 5-GHz band
36. Campus Network Design Considerations
Designing an Enterprise Campus
Network application
characteristics
Peer-Peer
Client–local server
Client–Server Farm
Client–Enterprise
Edge server
Environmental
characteristics
Network Geography
Considerations
Intrabuilding
Interbuilding
Distant remote
building
Transmission Media
Considerations
Copper
Fiber
Wireless
Infrastructure device
characteristics
37. Enterprise Network Design
Module 3
Lecture 3
Designing Basic Campus and Data Center
Networks
St. Francis Institute of Technology
Department of Information Technology 37
Enterprise Network Design
Dr. Minal Lopes12th (beitb), 18th (beita) September 2020
The material in this presentation belongs to St. Francis Institute of Technology and is solely for educational purposes. Distribution and modifications of the content is prohibited.
Ref: Authorized Self-Study Guide, Designing for Cisco Internetwork Solutions (DESGN), Second Edition, Cisco
Press-Diane Teare, Chapter 4 Designing Basic Campus and Data Center Networks
38. Campus Network Design Considerations
Designing an Enterprise Campus
Network application
characteristics
Peer-Peer
Client–local server
Client–Server Farm
Client–Enterprise
Edge server
Environmental
characteristics
Network Geography
Considerations
Intrabuilding
Interbuilding
Distant remote
building
Transmission Media
Considerations
Copper
Fiber
Wireless
Infrastructure device
characteristics
Convergence time
IP Multicasting
QoS
39. Infrastructure Device Considerations
Network end-user devices are commonly connected
using switched technology rather than using a shared
media segment.
Switched technology provides dedicated network
bandwidth for each device on the network. Switched
networks can support network infrastructure services,
such as QoS, security and management; a shared media
segment cannot support these features.
Deciding whether to deploy pure data link layer
switches or multilayer switches in the enterprise
network requires a full understanding of the network
topology and user demands
41. Infrastructure Device Considerations
Factors that determine which switch to use:
Infrastructure service capabilities: The network services
that the organization requires (IP multicast, QoS, etc)
Size of the network segments: How the network is
segmented and how many end devices will be connected
Convergence time: The maximum amount of time the
network will be unavailable in the event of network outages.
Cost: The budget for the network infrastructure. (multilayer
switches are typically more expensive than their Layer 2
counterparts; however, multilayer functionality can be
obtained by adding cards and software to a modular Layer 2
switch)
42. Infrastructure Device Considerations
factors affecting choice of switch
Convergence Time
Networks can use layer 2 and/or layer 3 switches
If layer 2 switches are used, STP protocol is used to avoid loops
STP takes 30-50 sec to converge; its slow
Core connectivity: To avoid STP convergence problem, use routed
links instead of VLAN trunks
Core connectivity: use EIGRP, OSPF on routed links
convergence is within seconds because all the devices detect their
connected link failure immediately and send respective routing
updates
In a mixed Layer 2 and Layer 3 environment, the convergence time
depends not only on the Layer 3 factors (including routing
protocol timers such as hold-time and neighbour loss detection),
but also on the STP convergence.
43. Infrastructure Device Considerations
factors affecting choice of switch
IP Multicast
A traditional IP network is not efficient when sending the
same data to many locations
IP multicast technology enables networks to send data to a
group of destinations in the most efficient way
Multicast groups are identified by Class D IP addresses,
which are in the range from 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255
IP multicast involves new protocols for network devices,
IGMP: for informing network devices which hosts require
which multicast data stream
PIMRP: for determining the best way to route multicast traffic.
It is independent of EIGRP or OSPF
IGMP: Internet Group Management Protocol
PIMRP: Protocol Independent Multicast Routing Protocol
44. Infrastructure Device Considerations
factors affecting choice of switch
QoS:
A campus may contain bandwidth intensive or delay
sensitive network applications
Demands secure network, predictable delays, guaranteed
services
Such services need QoS implementation
QoS in Access, distribution and core layers
QoS Mechanisms:
Classification: the process of partitioning traffic into multiple
priority levels or classes of service. Information in the frame or
packet header is inspected and the frame’s priority is
determined
Marking: the process of changing the priority or class of
service setting within a frame or packet to indicate its
classification
45. Infrastructure Device Considerations
QoS Mechanisms:
Congestion management: Queuing
Queuing separates traffic into various queues or buffers
the marking in the frame or packet can be used to determine
which queue traffic goes in
When a network interface is often congested, queuing
techniques ensure that traffic from the critical applications is
forwarded appropriately
For example, real-time applications such as VoIP and stock
trading need to be forwarded with the least latency and jitter
Congestion Management: Scheduling
Scheduling is the process that determines the order in which
queues are serviced.
46. Infrastructure Device Considerations
QoS Mechanisms:
Policing and shaping: Policing and shaping tools identify
traffic that violates some threshold level and reduces a
stream of data to a predetermined rate or level
Traffic shaping buffers the frames for a short time.
Policing simply drops or lowers the priority of the frame
48. Campus Network Design Considerations
Designing an Enterprise Campus
Network application
characteristics
Peer-Peer
Client–local server
Client–Server Farm
Client–Enterprise
Edge server
Environmental
characteristics
Network Geography
Considerations
Intrabuilding
Interbuilding
Distant remote
building
Transmission Media
Considerations
Copper
Fiber
Wireless
Infrastructure device
characteristics
Convergence time
IP Multicasting
QoS
49. Enterprise Campus Design
Functional Modules:
Campus Infrastructure
The Building Access layer
The Building Distribution layer
The Campus Core layer
Server Farm
Edge Distribution (optional)
50. Enterprise Campus Requirements
Enterprise Campus module has different requirements
Technology High Availability Cost per port
Scalability Performance
51. Enterprise Network Design
Module 3
Lecture 4
Designing Basic Campus and Data Center
Networks
St. Francis Institute of Technology
Department of Information Technology 51
Enterprise Network Design
Dr. Minal Lopes17th (beitb), 21st (beita) September 2020
The material in this presentation belongs to St. Francis Institute of Technology and is solely for educational purposes. Distribution and modifications of the content is prohibited.
Ref: Authorized Self-Study Guide, Designing for Cisco Internetwork Solutions (DESGN), Second Edition, Cisco
Press-Diane Teare, Chapter 4 Designing Basic Campus and Data Center Networks
52. Campus Network Design Considerations
Designing an Enterprise Campus
Network application
characteristics
Peer-Peer
Client–local server
Client–Server Farm
Client–Enterprise
Edge server
Environmental
characteristics
Network Geography
Considerations
Intrabuilding
Interbuilding
Distant remote
building
Transmission Media
Considerations
Copper
Fiber
Wireless
Infrastructure device
characteristics
Convergence time
IP Multicasting
QoS
53. Enterprise Campus Design
Functional Modules:
Campus Infrastructure
The Building Access layer
The Building Distribution layer
The Campus Core layer
Edge Distribution (optional)
Server Farm
54. Building Access Layer Design Considerations
Requirements:
Current cabling and cabling options
Link capacity of building distribution layer switches
Multicast traffic management
Number of end users at present and in future
No. of ports available
No. of VLANs per access switch
QoS
Redundancy level
Security
55. Building Access Layer Design Considerations
Some best practices:
VLAN and spanning tree protocol Management
VLAN should be limited to a single wiring closet
For highly reliable, predictable network, avoid using STP
If STP is unavoidable, use layer 3 routing to isolate different
STP domains
Trunks Management
To support DTP encapsulation, set DTP to ‘desirable’ and ‘desirable
with negotiate option’ on one side each.
To avoid broadcast propagation, manually prune the VLANs that
are not used from trunked interfaces
To decrease the potential for operational error, use the VTP
transparent mode.
To prevent VLAN hopping, identify the ports on which hosts will be
attached and disable trunking on such ports
56. Building Distribution Layer Design Considerations
An intermediate layer between, access and core layers
It aggregates data from access layer and provides it to the high
speed campus core layer
Uses multilayer switches
Incorporates services such as, security, high availability, traffic
filtering, QoS etc.
Requirements:
Current cabling and cabling options
No. of building distribution switches
Number of devices per distribution switch
Redundancy type and level
No. of redundant switches
No. of redundant links, no. of uplinks, speed of uplinks
57. Building Distribution Layer Design Considerations
Some best practices:
First-Hop Redundancy Protocols
Layer 2 or layer 3 switching is used between access and
distribution layer
If layer 2 is used, convergence time on node or link failure
depends on default gateway redundancy and failover time
Default gateway redundancy is provided by building
distribution switches by using first hop redundancy protocols
First hop redundancy protocols:
Gateway load balancing protocol (GLBP)
Hot standby router protocol (HSRP)
Virtual router redundancy protocol (VRRP)
58. Building Distribution Layer Design Considerations
Some best practices:
Layer 3 routing protocols between distribution & core
For fast convergence on the failure of links, deployment of
routing protocols is advised between distribution and core
switches
This helps in rerouting network traffic to alternate equal cost
path
For predictable convergence, prefer building triangles instead
of rectangles for alternate equal cost paths.
60. Building Distribution Layer Design Considerations
Some best practices:
Layer 3 routing protocols between distribution & core
In triangle redundancy, alternate paths are of equal cost
Entries for these paths are stored in a routing table
On any link failure, no recalculation for routing path is required
An alternate route is instantly chosen from the routing table
In rectangle redundancy, on link failure, recalculation of an
alternate route is required, increasing convergence time
61. Building Core Layer Design Considerations
For small or medium campus, core layer is merged with
distribution layer
Separate core layer design is used only for larger campus
networks
Core layer gets traffic from distribution layer
Integrate with server farm and enterprise edge
It uses multilayer switches
62. Building Core Layer Design Considerations
Requirements:
Enterprise Edge and WAN connectivity
LAN, WAN, MAN convergence
High availability, redundancy and scalability requirements
Performance requirements
No. of high capacity ports
No. of intelligent multilayer switches
63. Building Core Layer Design Considerations
Large campus Design
Core layer should have more than
one multi layer switch
This ensures, high availability,
scalability and redundancy
Figure shows, multilayer switches
in core and distribution
Triangle redundancy is used
64. Building Core Layer Design Considerations
Advantages:
The network can be scaled to large size
Supports load sharing
No STP required
Provides multicast and broadcast control
Supports network infrastructure services
Fast recovery from link failure
High throughput
65. Building Core Layer Design Considerations
Small Campus Design
No of workstations, network
devices, servers are less (app.200)
Uses single wiring closet
Scaling, high speed switching is not
required
Therefore, core layer can be
combined with distribution layer
66. Building Core Layer Design Considerations
Medium Campus Design
No of workstations, network
devices, servers are appr. 200-
1000
Servers are connected to
distribution switches
Redundancy is added for high
performance and availability
core layer can still be combined
with distribution layer
67. Enterprise Campus Design
Functional Modules:
Campus Infrastructure
The Building Access layer
The Building Distribution layer
The Campus Core layer
Edge Distribution (optional)
Server Farm
69. Edge Distribution Design
Edge Distribution is used
to connect Enterprise
Edge module to Campus
Core
Additional filtering,
security mechanisms are
required
Provide last line of defense
by protecting against,
Unauthorized access
IP spoofing
Packet sniffing
70. Edge Distribution Design
Functionalities of Edge distribution switches:
Aggregate Enterprise Edge connectivity
Filter and route traffic to the campus core layer
Provide security to devices in Edge Module
Restrict unauthorized access
Avoid packet sniffing
Filter traffic
71. Server Placement
Servers in a network can be located at various places:
Building access layer
Building distribution layer
Campus core layer
Server farm
Data center
72. Server Placement
Servers in Building access Layer
Its mostly used in small campuses
Servers are directly connected to building access switches
they mostly get traffic local to a workgroup that corresponds
to a VLAN
73. Server Placement
Servers in Building Distribution Layer
Its mostly used in medium campus networks
Servers are directly connected to building distribution
switches
they can get traffic local to a workgroup as well as from clients
placed at different VLANs.
74. Server Placement
Servers in Campus Core
Campus core may have
separate core switches, in
large campus networks
In medium sized
networks, servers are
directly connected to
distribution switches
Due to limited ports,
security and QoS services
are added in distribution
layer
75. Server Placement
Servers in Server Farm
It contains multilayer and
layer 2 switches
High speed connectivity
(Gigabit Ethernet) is used to
connect servers to server farm
ACLs are implemented at
distribution layer
Redundancy and redundancy
protocols are implemented at
distribution layer
Communication amongst the
servers is handled by server
farm
76. Enterprise Network Design
Module 3
Lecture 4
Designing Basic Campus and Data Center
Networks
St. Francis Institute of Technology
Department of Information Technology 76
Enterprise Network Design
Dr. Minal Lopes21st (beitb), 22nd (beita) September 2020
The material in this presentation belongs to St. Francis Institute of Technology and is solely for educational purposes. Distribution and modifications of the content is prohibited.
Ref: Authorized Self-Study Guide, Designing for Cisco Internetwork Solutions (DESGN), Second Edition, Cisco
Press-Diane Teare, Chapter 4 Designing Basic Campus and Data Center Networks
77. Enterprise Data Center Design Considerations
What is a Data Center?
It’s a centralized repository of a large group of networked
servers used for storage, processing, management and
dissemination of business data.
An Enterprise data center is a custom shelf of enterprise
applications.
It facilitates load sharing, high availability, redundancy and
reliability for business critical applications.
It is supported by proper heating, ventilation, air conditioning
(HVAC), power supply, security system and surveillance
system.
Modern data center designs offer flexibility, scalability and
reduced maintenance
78. Enterprise Data Center Design Considerations
Data Center Evolution
Historically, most Enterprise Data Centers grew rapidly as
organizational requirements expanded.
Applications were implemented as needed, often resulting in
underutilized, isolated infrastructure silos.
Each silo was designed based on the specific application being
deployed
So a typical data center supported a broad assortment of
operating systems, computing platforms, and storage systems.
This resulted in various application “islands” that were
difficult to change or expand and expensive to manage,
integrate, secure and back up.
80. Enterprise Data Center Design Considerations
Data Center Evolution
This server-centric data center model is now evolving to a
service-centric model
Deployed with virtual machine software: Vmware, Xen
This broke the one-to-one relationship between applications
and the server hardware and operating system on which they
run.
Virtual machine software allows multiple applications to run
on a single server, independent of each other and of the
underlying operating system.
81. Enterprise Data Center Design Considerations
Data Center Evolution
Removal of storage from the server:
consolidating storage in pools
Networked storage (storage area networks [SAN]) allows
easier management, provisioning, improved utilization, and
consistent recovery practices
82. Enterprise Data Center Design Considerations
Data Center Evolution
The creation of pools of one-way, two-way or four-way servers
that can be pooled and provisioned on demand.
One-way servers have a single processor, two-way servers
have two processors, and four-way servers have four
processors.
The consolidation of I/O resources so that the I/O can be pooled
and provisioned on demand for connectivity to other servers,
storage and LAN pools.
83. Enterprise Data Center Infrastructure
Three layers:
Core
Aggregation(Distribution)
Access
Access Layer
Provide connectivity for
layer 2, layer 3 and main
frame
Use high performance,
low latency layer 2
switches
Servers can be single or
dual attached
86. Enterprise Data Center Infrastructure
Aggregation(Distribution) Layer
Layer 3 connectivity is used to avoid STP
Incorporates security services such as Firewalls, IDS
This makes easy sharing of security services across all the
servers
This also reduces total cost of ownership and complexity and
manage security services
Core Layer
Switch pair should support campus core and DC aggregation
Provision of 10 Gigabit Ethernet ports for connectivity
Provision of campus distribution/core layer isolation from DC
core