GSM-architecture-Location tracking and call setup- Mobility management- Handover-
Security-GSM SMS –International roaming for GSM- call recording functions-subscriber and
service data mgt –-Mobile Number portability -VoIP service for Mobile Networks – GPRS –
Architecture-GPRS procedures-attach and detach procedures-PDP context procedure-
combined RA/LA update procedures-Billing
GSM-architecture-Location tracking and call setup- Mobility management- Handover-
Security-GSM SMS –International roaming for GSM- call recording functions-subscriber and
service data mgt –-Mobile Number portability -VoIP service for Mobile Networks – GPRS –
Architecture-GPRS procedures-attach and detach procedures-PDP context procedure-
combined RA/LA update procedures-Billing
Wireless communications is a type of data communication that is performed and delivered wirelessly. This is a broad term that incorporates all procedures and forms of connecting and communicating between two or more devices using a wireless signal through wireless communication technologies and devices.
↓↓↓↓ Read More:
Watch my videos on snack here: --> --> http://sck.io/x-B1f0Iy
@ Kindly Follow my Instagram Page to discuss about your mental health problems-
-----> https://instagram.com/mentality_streak?utm_medium=copy_link
@ Appreciate my work:
-----> behance.net/burhanahmed1
Thank-you !
Global system for mobile communication(GSM)Jay Nagar
~Introduction
~GSM Architecture
~GSM Entities
~SMS Service In GSM
~Call Routing In GSM
~PLMN Interfaces
~GSM Addresses and Identifiers
~Network aspects in GSM
~Handover
~Mobility Management
~GSM Frequency Allocation
~Authentication and Security In GSM
These slides cover a topic on ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) in Data Communication. All the slides are explained in a very simple manner. It is useful for engineering students & also for the candidates who want to master data communication & computer networking.
Agile is a very popular project management method. It is especially useful in managing rapid deployment of new product features in measured cycles. SharePoint 2013 can be leveraged as a platform for managing Agile
Wireless communications is a type of data communication that is performed and delivered wirelessly. This is a broad term that incorporates all procedures and forms of connecting and communicating between two or more devices using a wireless signal through wireless communication technologies and devices.
↓↓↓↓ Read More:
Watch my videos on snack here: --> --> http://sck.io/x-B1f0Iy
@ Kindly Follow my Instagram Page to discuss about your mental health problems-
-----> https://instagram.com/mentality_streak?utm_medium=copy_link
@ Appreciate my work:
-----> behance.net/burhanahmed1
Thank-you !
Global system for mobile communication(GSM)Jay Nagar
~Introduction
~GSM Architecture
~GSM Entities
~SMS Service In GSM
~Call Routing In GSM
~PLMN Interfaces
~GSM Addresses and Identifiers
~Network aspects in GSM
~Handover
~Mobility Management
~GSM Frequency Allocation
~Authentication and Security In GSM
These slides cover a topic on ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) in Data Communication. All the slides are explained in a very simple manner. It is useful for engineering students & also for the candidates who want to master data communication & computer networking.
Agile is a very popular project management method. It is especially useful in managing rapid deployment of new product features in measured cycles. SharePoint 2013 can be leveraged as a platform for managing Agile
Empowering MSMEs - Policies of Financial Regulator - Part - 5Resurgent India
To ensure formal finance to priority sectors such as agriculture and MSME, Priority Sector Lending guidelines have been in place for commercial banks since 1972. Under these guidelines, domestic commercial banks are required to allocate 40 percent of the net bank credit for priority sectors (32 percent norm for foreign banks.
A Balanced Scorecard approach of step-wise refinement
from Vision to Implementation of projects can be achieved
by integrating the Balanced Scorecard approach with
Project Selection Process. This will increase the quality of
the project portfolio and improve the confidence of
business sponsors that their Investment in projects will
return benefits that they perceive to be of value.
Workshop
[Delivered at joint 8th International Conference on ESP in Asia and 3rd International Symposium on Innovative Teaching and Research in ESP, UEC, Tokyo. August 21, 2016]
In presentations, particularly during conference presentation Q&A, sci-tech EAP learners often prove unable to distil the underlying intentions of their research design or to identify the argument(s) surrounding their claim and the generalizability of their results.
These EAP learners usually have little training in rhetorical orchestration, especially since their research papers are built on the IMRAD structure, a rather poor metaphor for argument. As a result, these learners find spontaneous oral explanation and argument summarization difficult.
This workshop introduces the operation of a structured, low-text approach which has produced consistent, rapid development of the foundation target skills (argument analysis, argument construction) in classroom application (masters and PhD level). The key tool in this approach is the cross-platform freeware CmapTools, now widely adopted in science education. CmapTools automatically generates Novakian maps (maps in which each link is articulated by a relation phrase). Learners find these maps easy to evaluate in terms of correctness of relations and shockingly accessible in terms of structure of information.
This workshop begins with an overview of current styles of concept visualization (and their attendant syntax and information structures) so as to give participants a broad practical overview of mapping practice today. Participants will then be introduced to the use of CmapTools, and will take part in guided model task performance.
The workshop activities will be low-tech (post-its and marker pens) to maximize accessibility.
However, participants who would like to 'lean in' on this skill set are encouraged to download Cmap Tools to their laptops (Mac, Win or Linux) or iPads, familiarize themselves with the basic functions of the software (takes about 15 minutes), and show up equipped for bigger-curve learning.
DOES16 London - Margo Cronin - DevOps for Enterprises; ("Respect the Monolit...Gene Kim
Ms. Margo Cronin, Head of Technology Architecture, Zurich Insurance
DevOps for Enterprises; ("Respect the Monolith!")
There is a lot of information about DevOps, the technology, the culture, the behaviour. There is not, to be honest, a lot of information about tackling DevOps in large enterprises and there is certainly very little about tackling DevOps in large financial organizations.
This presentation will talk about lessons learnt rolling out DevOps in a large insurance organization. What are the characteristics of these organizations? They are very different to Facebook, Twitter, IT product companies and start ups. They are large, they typically have an "old brand" and maybe resistant to change, they outsource sometimes both Dev and Ops and sometimes to many different providers, they are global and built on a matrix structure of many business units and segments, they often are running application consolidation programs, they frequently are resistant to cloud based technologies, they are project rather than product driven with large project portfolios, they have stringent but maybe ineffective governance models. When approaching DevOps in this style of organisation I like to use the mantra "Respect the Monolith" - where the Monolith is not just the legacy IT systems but also some of the above challenges. Underestimating these challenges will be the downfall of a DevOps initiative.
I will cover a "successful" DevOps initiative that I set up for the organization and show how it "failed". I will cover how security, suppliers and regulation impacted us. This will be a great presentation for anyone about to embark on a DevOps journey in a large disparate organization.
Nshama Hayat Boulevard - Studio, Apartments at Town Square Dubai +971 4553 8725Sandeepnextgen
Nshama Hayat Boulevard is a stunning project launched at the world-class city of Dubai in the community of Nshama Town Square. This is the perfect place to enjoy a new way of living in the selective homes of Hayat Boulevard.
5G Technology stands for the 5th Generation Mobile technology. 5G is a next major phase of mobile telecommunications standards beyond the 4G standards. 5G is expected to provide speed upto 10Gbit/s, wider frequency band,
high increased peak bit rate, high system spectral efficiency, ubiquitous connectivity and a significant increase in QoS as
compared to current 4G technology. Evolution of mobile communication technology to 5G is discussed in this review, followed by protocol stack and 5G architecture. A wide comparison is given between the various generations so as to compare why 5G technology is better and needed.
NB-IoT WiKi
NB-IoT (Narrowband IoT) is a low-power technology designed for Internet of Things (IoT) applications and other low-data rate communication requirements.
It uses narrowband radio spectrum and advanced power management techniques to efficiently utilize the available spectrum and extend the battery life of IoT devices.
NB-IoT is based on LTE cellular wireless technology and has been standardized by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) as the global wireless communication standard for IoT applications.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Search and Society: Reimagining Information Access for Radical FuturesBhaskar Mitra
The field of Information retrieval (IR) is currently undergoing a transformative shift, at least partly due to the emerging applications of generative AI to information access. In this talk, we will deliberate on the sociotechnical implications of generative AI for information access. We will argue that there is both a critical necessity and an exciting opportunity for the IR community to re-center our research agendas on societal needs while dismantling the artificial separation between the work on fairness, accountability, transparency, and ethics in IR and the rest of IR research. Instead of adopting a reactionary strategy of trying to mitigate potential social harms from emerging technologies, the community should aim to proactively set the research agenda for the kinds of systems we should build inspired by diverse explicitly stated sociotechnical imaginaries. The sociotechnical imaginaries that underpin the design and development of information access technologies needs to be explicitly articulated, and we need to develop theories of change in context of these diverse perspectives. Our guiding future imaginaries must be informed by other academic fields, such as democratic theory and critical theory, and should be co-developed with social science scholars, legal scholars, civil rights and social justice activists, and artists, among others.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
Let's dive deeper into the world of ODC! Ricardo Alves (OutSystems) will join us to tell all about the new Data Fabric. After that, Sezen de Bruijn (OutSystems) will get into the details on how to best design a sturdy architecture within ODC.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
2. * Mobile technology is exactly what the name
implies - technology that is portable. Examples
of mobile IT devices include:
* laptop and netbook computers
* palmtop computers or personal digital
assistants
* mobile phones and 'smart phones'
* global positioning system (GPS) devices
* wireless debit/credit card payment terminals
*
3. * Traditionally, access to the Web has been
via fixed-line services. However, the Web is
becoming more accessible by portable and
wireless devices and in 2008 mobile access to
the Internet exceeded desktop computer-based
access for the first time.
* The shift to mobile Web access has been
accelerating with the rise since 2007 of
larger multitouch smartphones, and of
multitouch tablet computers since 2010.
*
4.
5.
6. * Currently Over 3 billion mobile phone users,
estimated to grow to 5 billion in 2010
* Growing dependence on mobile connectivity
* Demand for Data mobility
* Significant increase in Data, video and application
development
* Traffic growing exponentially due to consumer
demand for mobile data services for e-mail, text
messaging, web access etc
* Push for more bandwidth accelerated by new
handsets such as iPhones that combine digital media
entertainment with web based applications
*
7. * Mobile devices can be enabled to use a variety of communications
technologies such as:
* wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi) - a type of wireless local area network
technology
* Bluetooth - connects mobile devices wirelessly
* ‘Third generation' (3G), (now 4G)
* Global system for mobile communications (GSM)
* General packet radio service (GPRS)
* Data services - data networking services for mobile phones
* Dial-up services - data networking services using modems and
telephone lines
* Virtual private networks - secure access to a private network
*
8. *
* The GSMA’s industry-defining event, Mobile World Congress, again
shattered attendance records as more than 67,000 attendees
showcased how they are Redefining Mobile.
* This year’s exciting event, hosted in the Mobile World Capital
Barcelona, featured attendees from 205 countries were treated to a
wealth of learning and networking opportunities; product showcases
and announcements; inspiration and innovation
* Mobile World Congress 2011 was by all accounts a record-breaking
year:
* Highest-ever total attendance: more than 60,000
* Largest-ever senior-level audience: more than 58%
* Highest-ever number of CEOs in attendance: more than 3,000
* Largest-ever number of exhibitors: 1,400
* Largest-ever number of press: 2,900+ press
members representing 1,500 media outlets
* Largest-ever gathering of Mobile App Developers: more than 12,000
9.
10. *
* Franco Bernabè, Chairman & CEO, Telecom Italia Group
* Ben Verwaayen, CEO, Alcatel-Lucent
* Warren East, CEO, ARM
* Ralph de la Vega, President & CEO, AT&T Mobility
* Brian Dunn, CEO, Best Buy
* Sunil Mittal, Chairman and MD, Bharti Airtel
* Xi Guohua, Vice Chairman, China Mobile
* Dan Callahan, COO & CTO, Citigroup
* René Obermann, CEO, Deutsche Telekom
* John Donahoe, President and CEO, eBay
* Hans Vestberg, President and CEO, Ericsson
* William Clay Ford, Jr., Executive Chairman, Ford Motor Company
* Dennis Crowley, CEO, Foursquare
* Eric Schmidt, Executive Chairman, Google
* Peter Chou, CEO, HTC
* Michael Roth, Chairman & CEO, Interpublic Group
* Michael Abbott, CEO, ISIS
* Kevin Johnson, CEO, Juniper Networks
* Stephen Elop, President & CEO, Nokia
* Ryuji Yamada, President & CEO, NTT DOCOMO
* Dan Hesse, CEO, Sprint Nextel
* Santiago Fernandez Valbuena, Chairman & CEO, Telefonica Latin America
* Jon Fredrik Baksaas, President & CEO, Telenor Group
* Jo Lunder, CEO, VimpelCom
* John Partridge, President, Visa
* Vittorio Colao, Chief Executive, Vodafone
* Shi Lirong, President, ZTE
11. *
* Mobile broadband works on the same technology on which cell phones
work. It is all about the radio frequencies and waves.
* The cell phone radio towers and cell phones send packets of
information back and forth through radio waves. For cell phone
broadband, the information packets can be data like streaming video,
music files, web pages and e-mails.
* Basically, there are two technologies which are used to operate the
networks of cell phones- CDMA (Code division multiple access) and
GSM (Global System for mobile communications).
* GSM is quite popular in Asia and Europe while CDMA is popular in the
US.
* There are quite major differences between these systems and the way
that they operate. Both of these use different types of algorithms
which allow several cell phone users to share the same frequency
without interfering the usage of others.
* Mobile broadband is known as third generation mobile technology or
3G.
* CDMA and GSM both have their 3G technology solutions for allowing
users to deliver high speed access to the internet on mobile devices.
12. * The rise in data traffic carried over wireless networks has
taken many by surprise.
* Industry analysts anticipate that data volumes will grow at an
accelerating rate based on this broader range of broadband
data services.
* At the same time, revenue per megabyte continues to fall,
driven down by increasing competition and the introduction
of flatrate pricing.
* To remain competitive, mobile operators must be prepared to
provide a network that can not only meet bandwidth demand,
but also deliver a healthy profit margin. To achieve this goal,
new technology is required to translate this significant rise in
traffic into revenue opportunities.
*
13. Traffic
Gap between traffic
Gap between
Gap between traffic
traffic and revenue
and revenue
increases
Revenues
Voice Dominant Data Dominant
14. • The Mobile Backhaul network :
• Is the critical link between the mobile
subscriber and the network or the Internet
• Links the remote base stations and cell
towers to the mobile operators core
networks
• Provide access to both the voice network and
the internet
*
Copper
Fiber
Wireless handset Carrier Base Station
15. * New services provide additional capabilities
but require more bandwidth.
* T1/E1 TDM Backhaul Circuits traditionally used
are ideal for carrying high-value voice services
but are not optimized for high bandwidth data
services.
* Backhaul links are becoming congested
*
17. * With mesh networking, access points are
connected wirelessly and exchange data
frames with each other to forward to/from a
gateway point.
* Since a mesh requires no costly cable
constructions for its backhaul network, it
reduces total investment cost.
* Mesh technology’s capabilities can boost
extending coverage of service areas easily and
flexibly.
*
19. * In 2010, hundreds of wireless LAN access points
incorporating the technology were installed in the
commercial shopping and entertainment
complex, Canal City Hakata, resulting in the
successful operation of one of the world's largest
indoor wireless multi-hop backhauls.
* The wireless network deploying over 200 access
point devices built inside Canal City Hakata realizes
a wireless multi-hop relay of up to 11 access points
while delivering high bandwidth to end users. Actual
throughput is double that of standard mesh network
systems using conventional packet forwarding.
*
20. * Ethernet is a family of computer
networking technologies for local area
networks (LANs) commercially introduced in 1980.
* Systems communicating over Ethernet divide a
stream of data into individual packets
called frames. Each frame contains source and
destination addresses and error-checking data so
that damaged data can be detected and re-
transmitted.
*
21. PDSN or
SGSN
BTS
BSC ATM
nxT1/E1 FR
E1 FR
SDH IP/MPLS
IMA ATM ATM MSC Core
Node B STM1
BSC
RNC
RNC
*
23. * WDM – Wavelength Division Multiplexing
* DWDM – Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing
* WDM is a technology which multiplexes a number
of optical carrier signals onto a single optical fiber by
using different wavelengths (i.e colours) of laserlight.
This technique enables bidirectional communications
over one strand of fiber, as well as multiplication of
capacity.
* DWDM increases the WDM signal within the 1550 nm
band so as to leverage the capabilities (and cost)
of existing networks.
*
In telecommunications and computer networks, multiplexing (also known as muxing) is a method by which
multiple analog message signals or digital data streams are combined into one signal over a shared medium.
The aim is to share an expensive resource.
24. * WDM systems are popular
with telecommunications companies because
they allow them to expand the capacity of the
network without laying more fiber. By using
WDM and optical amplifiers, they can
accommodate several generations of
technology development in their optical
infrastructure without having to overhaul the
backbone network.
*
25. •Economic advantages of Ethernet and WDM will lead
to its widespread use for mobile backhaul networks
•Introduction of Ethernet and IP interfaces in mobile
base stations and radio controller equipment
•Migration of legacy TDM and SONET/SDH circuits to
Carrier Ethernet Solutions and DWDM Solutions
•There is Global acceptance of these new standards
evidenced by their support and use by major
hardware / software companies such as CISCO
*
26. Worldwide M obile 1st M ile Backhaul Service Charges per
Connection: • PDH (T1/E1 etc.) costs
PDH and ATM over PDH vs New Wireline climb directly with
bandwidth
$40,000
$37,044 • Ethernet wire-line
costs grow gently with
$30,000
large bandwidth
increases (Eth, DSL,
Revenue
PDH and ATM over PDH
$20,000
PON, cable)
New wireline
$10,000
$6,887
$0
CY05 CY06 CY07 CY08 CY09 CY10
Calendar Year
*
27. * Backhaul network implementation must be designed
to support multiple mobile operators sharing the
same cell tower.
* Because cell tower sharing is a common practice in
most countries today, it has become a business
imperative that the fixed network operator must
plan to serve multiple mobile operators from the
same backhaul network.
* According to industry estimates, more than 60
percent of all cell towers worldwide are shared by
multiple mobile operators.
*
28. * TSTT / B-Mobile
* Digicel
* Flow
* Supported by Hardware experts such as LISA
and T&TEC.
*
29. * Increase in ability to use more apps, features,
mobile systems.
* Enabling of VoIP systems such as SKYPE, FB
Conference, Google + Hangout etc.
* Additional security and more ability to conduct
business online.
* All these are closer than we think!
*