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![Effect of Multipath
23
exp,][, n
njnECPE
23
1
,, exp][
n
nnC jEPE
Non-Coherent Vector Sum
Coherent Vector Sum
Delay (s)
Real
0
Coherent Vector sum
1
2
3
2
3
I II III
Delay
Resolution
1 2
3
Imaginary
Real
0
(Fading)
Delay ( λ)
27 Mobile Broadband in Tz – 13 Jan 2014](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/mobilebroadbanddevelopmentintz-13jan2015-150222053154-conversion-gate01/85/Mobile-broadband-development-in-tz-13-jan-2015-27-320.jpg)
![Multipath Fades
x1(t) + x2(t)
x t t
x t t
where
C
C
1
1
0 180
( ) sin( )
( ) sin( )
0 45 90 135 180
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
Phase Difference [ degrees ]
Effect of phase difference
CDMA handles this situation better than other mobile networks
Using RAKE receiver and other techniques
28 Mobile Broadband in Tz – 13 Jan 2014](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/mobilebroadbanddevelopmentintz-13jan2015-150222053154-conversion-gate01/85/Mobile-broadband-development-in-tz-13-jan-2015-28-320.jpg)
![61
Impact of Operating Frequency
0.0 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0
80.0
85.0
90.0
95.0
100.0
105.0
110.0
115.0
120.0
125.0
130.0
Distance [ 1 -30 km ]
900 MHz
400 MHz
1800 MHz
About 8 km gained
61 Mobile Broadband in Tz – 13 Jan 2014](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/mobilebroadbanddevelopmentintz-13jan2015-150222053154-conversion-gate01/85/Mobile-broadband-development-in-tz-13-jan-2015-61-320.jpg)
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Mobile broadband development in tz 13 jan 2015
- 1. Development of MobileBroadband Communication in Tanzania Peter Chitamu (PhD, PrEng, MIEEE, MSAIEE) Founder, Chairman & Director - Sasatel Tuesday 13th Jan 2015
- 2. Outline • Tanzania Demographics& Tele-Statistics behind broadband Communications • Mobile Broadband Services & Connectivity – Channel – Tanzania Operating Environments • Operational Considerations – Different Standards – Legacy Infrastructure – New Initiatives • Summary 2 Mobile Broadband in Tz – 13 Jan 2014
- 3. Tanzania Demographics 3 Mobile Broadbandin Tz – 13 Jan 2014
- 4. Tanzania population hastripled between 1967 and 2012 4 Mobile Broadband in Tz – 13 Jan 2014
- 5. % Population distributionper Region – 2012 Census 5 Mobile Broadband in Tz – 13 Jan 2014
- 6. Urbanization Trend –About 4% Urbanization every 10 Years Some 40 Years before 50% of Tanzania will be Urban 6 Mobile Broadband in Tz – 13 Jan 2014
- 7. Population Density accordingto 2012 Census 7 Mobile Broadband in Tz – 13 Jan 2014
- 8. Tanzania Populn Density From2012 Census Only Dar es Salaam and a few Urban areas have similarities to European Markets 8 Mobile Broadband in Tz – 13 Jan 2014
- 9. 9 Tz Voice & Datasubs 9 Mobile Broadband in Tz – 13 Jan 2014
- 10. Voice Trends 0 5,000,000 10,000,000 15,000,000 20,000,000 25,000,000 30,000,000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Fixed Mobile 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Teledensity Teledensity Source: TCRA 10 •The Converged Licensing Framework created growth between 2005 and 2010 • Inter-connection regulation had further impact on off-net tariffs • Further growth need new innovative initiatives Mobile Broadband in Tz – 13 Jan 2014
- 11. Voice vs DataGrowth Patterns • Voice growth much faster than data because data requires new infrastructure end- to-end • Data growth relies on 3G/HSDPA/LTE and accompanying new IP backhaul • Faster growth for data as mass market product will depend on new business models 0 5,000,000 10,000,000 15,000,000 20,000,000 25,000,000 200520062007200820092010 Telephone Subs Internet Subs 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50% 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Teledensity Internet Density 11 Mobile Broadband in Tz – 13 Jan 2014
- 12. Mobile Broadband ispreferred Platform 0 500,000 1,000,000 1,500,000 2,000,000 2,500,000 2008 2009 2010 Cable Fixed Wireless Mobile Wireless VSAT Other Broadband Source: Report on Internet and Data Services Supply Side Survey by TCRA, Sept 2010 12 Mobile Broadband in Tz – 13 Jan 2014
- 13. The Dilemma /Challenge: Scalability 13 Capex & Opex per Sub User Density (Affordability) GSM, HSDPA, Mobile WiMax LTE, Fiber and Cable All-IP CDMA 2000 1x EV-DO Rev. A ViableNot -Viable Viable MOQ MinimumOrderQuantity Affordability level Mobile Broadband in Tz – 13 Jan 2014
- 14. Networks: Capacity VsCoverage Vs Throughput 14 Capex & Opex User Density Mobile Broadband in Tz – 13 Jan 2014
- 15. Broadband 15 Mobile Broadbandin Tz – 13 Jan 2014
- 16. Broadband Services Data (Internet)Voice Mobile Fixed Individualsand businesses Phone driven market Coverage and roaming (Dual CDMA/GSM) (GSM Operators) Fixed Wireless Phones, PABX for organizations and large corporate (PSTN) Smartphones & Modems to individuals for private and business usage. Speed, coverage and price (3G, 4G and Wi-Fi) PTP Microwave, EVDO Routers, 1x Data, VPN- connections, (Reliability, predictability and speed), High prices (ISPs) 16 Mobile Broadband in Tz – 13 Jan 2014
- 17. 17 Provided Service FDD especially Suited for Symmetrical Services and Widearea coverage TDD especially Suited for Asymmetrical Services and small area coverage FDD / TDD 10 kbps 100 kbps 1 Mbps 10 Mbps Voice E-mail Data Base Access Information Services Tele-banking Financial Services Video Conferencing Electronic Newspaper Images / Soundfiles Tele-shopping Video Telephony Question: Why Broadband? 17 Mobile Broadband in Tz – 13 Jan 2014
- 18. 18 The Future withuncertainty in User Behavior Telematics Telematics, Info Services, Point of Sale Email W W W File transfer, Multimedia 0.1 1 10 100 1000 kbytes 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 Data volume per subscriber / busy hour Subscriberspercell Combination of Circuit and Packet switching requirements 18 Mobile Broadband in Tz – 13 Jan 2014
- 19. 19 As Dec 2002AsDec 2002 M El-Sayed and J Jaffe, ”A View of Telecomms. Network Evolution”, IEEE Comms. Mag., Dec 2002, pp. 74-81 Quality of Service (QoS) is an Issue, Requires flexible Network Design 19
- 20. Broadband services requireend-to-end broadband Connectivity Radio Access Network 2G, 3G, 4G, Wi-Fi Transport Network (TDM or IP) CSN PSN PSTN & Other Operator s Internet Core Network Range, Rate & Capacity Efficiency in Multiplexing Provisioning & AAA 20 Microwave Cable Satellite Optical Fiber Mobile Broadband in Tz – 13 Jan 2014
- 21. 21 Mobile Broadbandin Tz – 13 Jan 2014 Radio Access Network Limitation
- 22. 22 Shannon-Hartley Theorem • Upperlimit that can be reached –Reliable transmission rate over AWGN channels • Exchange of signal-to-noise ratio for bandwidth • Noiseless channel has infinite capacity • Power P = EbRb sec/1log1log 22 bits BN P B N SBC O 12 )/( BC O bb BN RE N S 22 Mobile Broadband in Tz – 13 Jan 2014
- 23. Last Mile Channelcharacteristics is Key to deliver Mobile Broadband Services Data input Data output MODULA- TOR 2. Multiple Access ENCODER DECODER DEMODU- LATOR 1. Noise & Interference Channel 1. Satellite 2. Mobile Radio 3. Coaxial Cable 4. Fibre Optic 5. Twisted pair 6. Wireless S/N for Analogue Eb/No for Digital systems Shapping, channel & BER performance Application, & data rate BER performance 23 Mobile Broadband in Tz – 13 Jan 2014
- 24. Data Encoding forMobile Broadband Source Coding Channel Coding Representation of Source data in a Specific format e.g. ADPCM, MPEG, JPEG, SB C, etc Prepare info to Match Channel Characteristics e.g. Line, Codes, FEC, Adaptive Modulation, etc Noise & Interference Media (Mobile Channel) 24 Mobile Broadband in Tz – 13 Jan 2014
- 25. Mobile Broadband Channel 25 MobileBroadband in Tz – 13 Jan 2014
- 26. Multipath is thesingle biggest problem for Mobile Broadband • Operating frequency – Lower frequency better coverage • Diffraction – Receiving behind obstacle • Reflections (Multipath) – Receiving multiple copies of same signal • Scattering 26 Mobile Broadband in Tz – 13 Jan 2014
- 27. Effect of Multipath 23 exp,][, n njnECPE 23 1 ,, exp][ n nnC jEPE Non-Coherent Vector Sum Coherent Vector Sum Delay (s) Real 0 Coherent Vector sum 1 2 3 2 3 I II III Delay Resolution 1 2 3 Imaginary Real 0 (Fading) Delay ( λ) 27 Mobile Broadband in Tz – 13 Jan 2014
- 28. Multipath Fades x1(t) +x2(t) x t t x t t where C C 1 1 0 180 ( ) sin( ) ( ) sin( ) 0 45 90 135 180 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 Phase Difference [ degrees ] Effect of phase difference CDMA handles this situation better than other mobile networks Using RAKE receiver and other techniques 28 Mobile Broadband in Tz – 13 Jan 2014
- 29. 29 Receiver & Transmittest bed 29 Mobile Broadband in Tz – 13 Jan 2014
- 30. Propagation Measurement Radio coverageand data rates degrade quickly (exponentially) due to impact of terrain hence important to carry out Techno-economic evaluations Pathloss exponent changes from 4.2 to 4.3 gives huge swings in profitability in Rural areas 30 Mobile Broadband in Tz – 13 Jan 2014
- 31. 31 Hilly & Flatareas 31 Mobile Broadband in Tz – 13 Jan 2014 Ngudu, MwanzaUSA River, Arusha
- 32. 32 Transmit & Receiversites (Lushoto) 32 Mobile Broadband in Tz – 13 Jan 2014
- 33. Different services areasBUT same expectations Mombo Soni Ngudu, Mwanza Njombe 33 Mobile Broadband in Tz – 13 Jan 2014
- 34. Multipath selected Results AR1082.LIN -3.02.0 7.0 12.0 17.0 22.0 27.0 32.0 37.0 42.0 47.0 52.0 MICROSECONDS -0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 V o l t s Arusha 34 Mobile Broadband in Tz – 13 Jan 2014
- 35. Multipath selected Results ar1082.imp -0.0000100.000010 0.000030 0.000050 0.000070 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 Arusha 35 Mobile Broadband in Tz – 13 Jan 2014
- 36. Multipath selected Results AR1092.IMP -0 . 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 7 0 - 0 . 2 0 . 0 0 . 2 0 . 4 0 . 6 0 . 8 1 . 0 1 . 2 Time in seconds Pre-Cursors and Post-cursors Nearby echos and a group from far 36 Mobile Broadband in Tz – 13 Jan 2014
- 37. Multipath selected Results TA1153.IM P - 0 . 0 0 0 0 1 5 - 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 . 0 0 0 0 1 5 - 0 . 2 0 . 0 0 . 2 0 . 4 0 . 6 0 . 8 1 . 0 1 . 2 Time in seconds A real strange profile Pre-Cursors Post-Cursors Tanga 37 Mobile Broadband in Tz – 13 Jan 2014
- 38. Source: M. Taferner& E. Bonek, Wireless Internet Access over GSM and UMTS, Springer Europe’s typical radio environment Typical Urban Bad Urban Rural Area Hilly Terrain 38 Mobile Broadband in Tz – 13 Jan 2014
- 39. Global Mobile Broadband Standards 39 MobileBroadband in Tz – 13 Jan 2014
- 40. 40 Roadmaps for CompetingStandards Mobile Broadband in Tz – 13 Jan 2014
- 41. Roadmap of theMajor Mobile Broadband Technologies 41 Humair Raza,”A Brief Survey of Radio Access Network Backhaul Evolution: Part 1”, IEEE Comms Mag., June 2011, Pg. 164 - 171
- 42. Multipath Resolving Capability NetworkChannel Bandwidth Data Rates Multipath Resolution (s) 1 GSM 200 kHz 270 kbps 3.703 2 CDMA 2000 1.25 MHz 1.23 Mbps 0.813 3 WCDMA/HSPA 5 MHz 384 Mbps 0.260 4 OFDMA 260 kHz Possible solutions: 1. Diversity (Multiple Inputs Multiple Outputs) 1. Time, Space, Frequency & Code 2. Interleaving, Equalization, Adaptive Modulation 3. Forward Error Correction, Adaptive Channel Coding 4. RAKE Combiner 5. Flow Control (ARQ), Hybrid Coding & ARQ, etc 42 Mobile Broadband in Tz – 13 Jan 2014
- 43. 37.35% 32.65% 22.86% 6.59% 0.56% 0.00% MarketShare Vodacom Airtel TIGO ZANTEL TTCL BENSON Tanzania Operators (Mobile Broadband introduce 2006) 1) GSM/EDGE/WCDMA/HSDPA/HSDPA+ (Vodacom, TIGO, Airtel) 2) EVDO (ZANTEL, TTCL) 43 Mobile Broadband in Tz – 13 Jan 2014
- 44. Operational Challenges 44 Mobile Broadbandin Tz – 13 Jan 2014
- 45. Urban vs Ruralin Tanzania • Urban (30% of Population) – High Density of Users – Capacity limited – Less impact from Terrain induced degradation – High ARPU • Rural (70% of Population) – Low Density of Users – Coverage Limited – More impact from terrain degradation – Low ARPU Mobile Broadband in Tz – 13 Jan 201445
- 46. Users Density determinesbest technology to deploy in a Specific Market Metro Category Subscriber Density Example Cities Low Density ~1,500 Pop/km2 Atlanta, Prague Medium Density ~5,000 Pop/km2 Copenhagen, Chicago, London High Density ~10,000 Pop/km2 New York, Moscow Closer to home High Density ~1,500 Pop/km2 Dar es Salaam Low Density < 500 Pop/km2 Outside Dar 46 Mobile Broadband in Tz – 13 Jan 2014
- 47. Dense Urban Environments DenseUrban Environment: Singapore About 4,000 people per sq.km 47 Mobile Broadband in Tz – 13 Jan 2014
- 48. Urban Environments, London,England 48 Dense Urban Environment: London About 6,000 people per sq.km
- 49. Dense Urban Environments DenseUrban Environment: Southampton, England About 2,000 people per sq.km 49 Mobile Broadband in Tz – 13 Jan 2014
- 50. Urban Environments: Shanghai,China Shanghai 50 Mobile Broadband in Tz – 13 Jan 2014
- 51. Dar es SalaamEnvironments – (1) Urban Environment: Dar es Salaam, Tanzania About 1,500 people per sq.km 51 Mobile Broadband in Tz – 13 Jan 2014
- 52. Dar es SalaamEnvironments - from PPF Tower (2) 52
- 53. Dar es SalaamEnvironments - From PPF Tower (3) 53 Mobile Broadband in Tz – 13 Jan 2014
- 54. Dar es SalaamEnvironments - (4) 54 Mobile Broadband in Tz – 13 Jan 2014
- 55. Outskirts of Dar(Airport) 55 Mobile Broadband in Tz – 13 Jan 2014
- 56. Legacy Backhaul –1 (Backhaul) • Backhaul uses TDM Technology (PDH & SDH) • Capacity per sector and per BTS assigned PTP dedicated links using E1 on end-to-end basis not shareable • The E1s can not be shared, migration very costly and takes time BSC MSC BSC 56 Mobile Broadband in Tz – 13 Jan 2014
- 57. 2G GSM NarrowbandNetwork – 15 Sites TDM (ATM) Core BTS Traffic Aggregation 57 BTS BTS BTS BTS BTS BTS BTS BTS BTS BTS BTS 3 E1s 3 E1s 9 E1s3 E1s 3 E1s 3 E1s 3 E1s 3 E1s 3 E1s 3 E1s 15 E1s 24 E1s 30 E1s 36 E1s 45 E1s (< STM 1) BTS To accommodate Broadband Change ADMs Change link Capacity Core Network Mobile Broadband in Tz – 13 Jan 2014
- 58. 2G to 3GBroadband Network – 15 Sites IP Core BTS Traffic Aggregation 58 BTS BTS BTS BTS BTS BTS BTS BTS BTS BTS BTS 10 E1s 10 E1s 30 E1s10 E1s 10 E1s 10 E1s 10 E1s 10 E1s 10 E1s 10 E1s 50 E1s (STM 1) 80 E1s 120 E1s 150 E1s BTS HSDPA 14.7 Mbps - 3 Sectors per BTS - 15 E1s per BTS Mobile Broadband in Tz – 13 Jan 2014
- 59. Possible Migration fromTDM to IP (Swap?) TDM/ATM & IP CORE BTS Traffic Aggregation 59 BTS BTS BTS BTS BTS BTS BTS BTS BTS BTS BTS 3 E1s 3 E1s 9 E1s3 E1s 3 E1s 3 E1s 3 E1s 3 E1s 3 E1s 3 E1s 15 E1s 24 E1s 30 E1s 36 E1s 45 E1s IP Cloud (e.g. Fibre) Mobile Broadband in Tz – 13 Jan 2014
- 60. WAN MAN LAN GSM/GPRS/EDGE900 MHz CDMA / EV-DO 800 MHz 3G/WCDMA HSPA 2.1 GHz Wi-Fi 802.11 Challenge 2 Last Mile Reach for Broadband and fading Problems in 3G * 100 m5 – 7 km 500 m Distance 60 Mobile Broadband in Tz – 13 Jan 2014
- 61. 61 Impact of OperatingFrequency 0.0 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 80.0 85.0 90.0 95.0 100.0 105.0 110.0 115.0 120.0 125.0 130.0 Distance [ 1 -30 km ] 900 MHz 400 MHz 1800 MHz About 8 km gained 61 Mobile Broadband in Tz – 13 Jan 2014
- 62. NICTBB 62 Mobile Broadbandin Tz – 13 Jan 2014
- 63.
- 64. 64 • FE (100Mbps) – US$ 116,000 p.a – QRTLY US$ 29,000 – About US$97 per Mbps per month – Once off Connection fee US$ 22,500 • Capacity high although cheaper compared to other operators (US$150, US$500 per Mbps per Month • POPs not available at District level to hook up villages
- 65. Initiatives from New Companies 65Mobile Broadband in Tz – 13 Jan 2014
- 66. Packet (IP) Backbone Hotspot Kerege MGW MNO Core Network Internet PSTN MNOs BlueTown Services AAA, SIP Billing Self Service VoucherMngt 66 Bluetown Rural Broadband Solution Mobile Broadband in Tz – 13 Jan 2014
- 67. Kerege Site Model •15 m three leg tower with 5 m Pole • 0.3m MW dish (5 GHz) • 3 Sector Coverage antennas (Wi-Fi 2.4 GHz) • Bluetown BTS • Solar Panels • Battery inside box with Solar controller • Site area 4m x 3m 67
- 68.
- 69. MNO Voice & Data Net MNO Monitoring Station HotSpots AccessPoints POP Site Mapinga Inter- net Fixed Nets Mobile Networks Hotspot Jaribu Bluetown Rural Broadband Solution POP Site Jaribu Hotspot Kerege Mobile Broadband in Tz – 13 Jan 201469
- 70. Handsets Laptops Tablets Smartphones 70 Mobile Broadbandin Tz – 13 Jan 2014
- 71. Handsets Distributed –LG P875 F5 • Kerege Village 25 – Professional People 13 (Teachers, Nurses, Doctors, Farm Extension Officer, Village Executive Officer, Magistrate, etc) – Others 12 (Recommended by Village leadership) • Jaribu Village 15 – Professional People 9 – Others 6 71 Mobile Broadband in Tz – 13 Jan 2014
- 72.
- 73.
- 74. Trying to usethe phone 74
- 75. End of session,people going home 75
- 76. Summary • Mobile Broadbandis the main platform for users in Tanzania to access broadband services • The Tanzania demographics and operating environments have impact in the cost of service provision • It is proposed that new innovative solutions be supported to enable more cost-effective solutions especially for rural broadband service delivery – Overcome legacy implementations Mobile Broadband in Tz – 13 Jan 201476
- 77. Peter J. Chitamu(PhD, PrEng, MIEEE, MSAIEE) Founder, Chairman & Technical Director Dovetel (T) Ltd (Trading as Sasatel) P. O. Box 60483 Dar es Salaam Tanzania Tel: +255 755 307 441 Email: pc@bluetown.com or pjchitamu@yahoo.com Web: www.bluetown.com Prepared by: 77 Mobile Broadband in Tz – 13 Jan 2014
- 78. end 78 Mobile Broadbandin Tz – 13 Jan 2014