toxicology of Botulinum toxin and Botulismabdullahali204
this presentation introduces an assay on botulism and botulinum toxin.
It was used for a practical class project for toxicology.
I hope it is useful and inform you
toxicology of Botulinum toxin and Botulismabdullahali204
this presentation introduces an assay on botulism and botulinum toxin.
It was used for a practical class project for toxicology.
I hope it is useful and inform you
Introduction
▪ A severe neuroparalytic bacterial disease
▪ Affects humans, all warm-blooded animals, and fishes
▪ Is caused by exposure to botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs)
▪ Latin word “BOTULUS”: “SAUSAGE”
▪ Botulism refers to the poisoning caused due to consumption of sausages
Etiology
▪ BoNT-producing Clostridia
▪ Clostridium botulinum
▪ Ubiquitously found in soil & aquatic sediments
▪ Found in GIT fish, birds & mammals, and the gills & viscera of
shellfish
▪ In presence of warmth and moisture, multiplies fast & produce
toxin.
Botulinum Neuro Toxin (BoNT)
▪ Produces seven immunologically distinct toxins (A-G)
▪ Most strains produce only one toxin type
▪ All produce a clinically similar syndrome
Botulinum Neuro Toxin (BoNT)
▪ Are zinc endopeptidases
▪ Produced as single-chain proteins
of 150 kDa polypeptides
▪ Released after bacterial lysis then
cleaved by proteolytic nicking by
bacterial or tissue proteases to
give the active toxin
Transmission
▪ Ingestion
▪ An anaerobic milieu
▪ pH <4.5
▪ Low salt & sugar content
▪ Temperature of 40C–1210C
▪ Wound infection with spore
▪ Contamination of a wound with spores
from the environment
Transmission
▪ Colonization of the intestines of certain
infants aged <1year
▪ Normal bowel florae not fully established
▪ Inhalation
▪ Dissemination of BoNT by aerosol (Bioterrorism)
▪ Iatrogenic
▪ Injection of BoNT for cosmetic or therapeutic purpose
Incubation Period
▪ Depends on the rate and amount of toxin absorbed
▪ In general, the clinical signs occur within 24 hours up to 17 days.
Food borne diseases is any diseases resulting from the consumption of contaminated food, pathogenic bacteria viruses or parasites that contaminate food, as well as chemical or natural toxins such as poisonous mushrooms.
Foodborne illness, more commonly referred to as food poisoning, is the result of eating contaminated, spoiled, or toxic food. The most common symptoms of food poisoning include nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.
Tells you about the food poisoning. How it occurs, symptoms and prevention's. Tells you about the toxins released by the various microorganisms and its species.
Comparative analysis on food infections and food intoxicationsProximaDhiman
comparing food intoxication and infection, microbiologically oriented information about various foo-borne diseases,
types of food-borne diseases and their comparison.
types of food infection
bacterial food borne infection
viral food borne infection
parasitic food borne infection
types of food intoxication-
1.chemical intoxication and their further divisions,
2.plant intoxication
3.animal intoxication
4.bacterial intoxication
5.fungal intoxication
Introduction
▪ A severe neuroparalytic bacterial disease
▪ Affects humans, all warm-blooded animals, and fishes
▪ Is caused by exposure to botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs)
▪ Latin word “BOTULUS”: “SAUSAGE”
▪ Botulism refers to the poisoning caused due to consumption of sausages
Etiology
▪ BoNT-producing Clostridia
▪ Clostridium botulinum
▪ Ubiquitously found in soil & aquatic sediments
▪ Found in GIT fish, birds & mammals, and the gills & viscera of
shellfish
▪ In presence of warmth and moisture, multiplies fast & produce
toxin.
Botulinum Neuro Toxin (BoNT)
▪ Produces seven immunologically distinct toxins (A-G)
▪ Most strains produce only one toxin type
▪ All produce a clinically similar syndrome
Botulinum Neuro Toxin (BoNT)
▪ Are zinc endopeptidases
▪ Produced as single-chain proteins
of 150 kDa polypeptides
▪ Released after bacterial lysis then
cleaved by proteolytic nicking by
bacterial or tissue proteases to
give the active toxin
Transmission
▪ Ingestion
▪ An anaerobic milieu
▪ pH <4.5
▪ Low salt & sugar content
▪ Temperature of 40C–1210C
▪ Wound infection with spore
▪ Contamination of a wound with spores
from the environment
Transmission
▪ Colonization of the intestines of certain
infants aged <1year
▪ Normal bowel florae not fully established
▪ Inhalation
▪ Dissemination of BoNT by aerosol (Bioterrorism)
▪ Iatrogenic
▪ Injection of BoNT for cosmetic or therapeutic purpose
Incubation Period
▪ Depends on the rate and amount of toxin absorbed
▪ In general, the clinical signs occur within 24 hours up to 17 days.
Food borne diseases is any diseases resulting from the consumption of contaminated food, pathogenic bacteria viruses or parasites that contaminate food, as well as chemical or natural toxins such as poisonous mushrooms.
Foodborne illness, more commonly referred to as food poisoning, is the result of eating contaminated, spoiled, or toxic food. The most common symptoms of food poisoning include nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.
Tells you about the food poisoning. How it occurs, symptoms and prevention's. Tells you about the toxins released by the various microorganisms and its species.
Comparative analysis on food infections and food intoxicationsProximaDhiman
comparing food intoxication and infection, microbiologically oriented information about various foo-borne diseases,
types of food-borne diseases and their comparison.
types of food infection
bacterial food borne infection
viral food borne infection
parasitic food borne infection
types of food intoxication-
1.chemical intoxication and their further divisions,
2.plant intoxication
3.animal intoxication
4.bacterial intoxication
5.fungal intoxication
Food Borne Diseases are also called foodborne illness. any illness brought on by eating or drinking things that have been contaminated with certain infectious or noninfectious substances. Agents like bacteria, viruses, or parasites are to blame for the majority of cases of foodborne disease. Other harmful substances include mycotoxins (fungal toxins), marine biotoxins, and the toxins found in poisonous mushrooms. They also include metals like lead, mercury, and cadmium that can contaminate food through soil, water, or air pollution, organic pollutants like dioxin and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), which are byproducts of some industrial processes, and prions (abnormal protein forms). Foodborne illness agents can result in a wide range of ailments, including gastroenteritis, reproductive or developmental problems, and neurological illnesses like bovine spongiform encephalopathy (mad cow disease). Since many cases of foodborne illness go unreported, it is challenging to determine how common they are, but the burden of illness is believed to be significant. For instance, tens of millions of individuals get diarrheal disorders each year, a frequent indicator of a foodborne illness. Outbreaks of foodborne infections frequently happen, and they have the potential to harm a lot of people. For instance, a hepatitis A epidemic in 1988 in China that was brought on by eating infected clams impacted more than 300,000 people, while a salmonellosis outbreak in 1994 in the United States that was brought on by eating contaminated ice cream affected 224,000 individuals. Food-borne infections are often fatal. Consuming tainted foods or drinks results in foodborne disease. Foods can be contaminated by a wide range of pathogens or disease-causing bacteria, leading to a wide range of foodborne diseases. Eating food tainted with germs, viruses, parasites, or chemicals like heavy metals can result in over 200 ailments. Through pressure on healthcare systems, lost productivity, and detrimental effects on trade and tourism, this growing public health issue has a significant socioeconomic impact. The worldwide burden of disease and mortality is considerably increased by these illnesses.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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