An introduction to Rhabdoviridae.Rabies is a viral disease that causes acute inflammation of the brain in humans and other mammals. Early symptoms can include fever and tingling at the site of exposure. These symptoms are followed by one or more of the following symptoms: violent movements, uncontrolled excitement, fear of water, an inability to move parts of the body, confusion, and loss of consciousness. Once symptoms appear, the result is nearly always death. The time period between contracting the disease and the start of symptoms is usually one to three months; however, this time period can vary from less than one week to more than one year. The time is dependent on the distance the virus must travel to reach the central nervous system.
An introduction to Rhabdoviridae.Rabies is a viral disease that causes acute inflammation of the brain in humans and other mammals. Early symptoms can include fever and tingling at the site of exposure. These symptoms are followed by one or more of the following symptoms: violent movements, uncontrolled excitement, fear of water, an inability to move parts of the body, confusion, and loss of consciousness. Once symptoms appear, the result is nearly always death. The time period between contracting the disease and the start of symptoms is usually one to three months; however, this time period can vary from less than one week to more than one year. The time is dependent on the distance the virus must travel to reach the central nervous system.
Histology
H.pylori can be detected on Giemsa staining of sections of gastric mucosa
Sensitivity affected by PPIs
Culture
Enables testing for antibiotic sensitivity
Often reserved for patients with refractory H. Pylori
ERADICATION OF H.PYLORIS
Reinfection occurs in less than 1% in developed countries
In developing countries reinfection is higher owing to less compliance and metronidazole resistance.
Common drugs used: clarithromycin, metronidazole, bismuth chelates, amoxicillin, tetracycline.
Quinolones (Cipro, furazolidone) and rifabutin may be used as “rescue therapy” when standard regimens fails
Histology
H.pylori can be detected on Giemsa staining of sections of gastric mucosa
Sensitivity affected by PPIs
Culture
Enables testing for antibiotic sensitivity
Often reserved for patients with refractory H. Pylori
ERADICATION OF H.PYLORIS
Reinfection occurs in less than 1% in developed countries
In developing countries reinfection is higher owing to less compliance and metronidazole resistance.
Common drugs used: clarithromycin, metronidazole, bismuth chelates, amoxicillin, tetracycline.
Quinolones (Cipro, furazolidone) and rifabutin may be used as “rescue therapy” when standard regimens fails
1. Rabies virus
• Virus family – Rhabdoviridae
– single‐stranded RNA genomes http://www.cdc.gov/rabies/virus.html
– protein capsid is bullet‐shaped, enveloped
• Signs & symptoms: Headache, fever, agitaAon,
confusion, excessive salivaAon (foaming of the mouth),
hydrophobia (fear of water), hallucinaAons, death.
• Helical ribonucleoprotein core (RNP) and a surrounding
envelope of glycoprotein.
• No specific treatment, disease usually fatal, although
there are a series of shots to prevent virus from taking
hold.
– 100% fatal virus unless intervenAon is immediate
2. HepaAAs C virus
• Flaviviridae virus family
• Causes HepaAAs C, the symptoms are decreased appeAte,
faAgue, abdominal pain, jaundice, itching, and flu‐like
symptoms. If serious condiAons go untreated, it could cause
liver failure
• Treatment isn’t always necessary if not very serious but a
combinaAon of anAviral medicaAons will treat. If very serious
liver damage occurs, liver transplant may be necessary but
will not cure of HCV.
• The nucleic acid consists of single‐stranded RNA surrounded
by an polyhedral protein capsid.
• This virus has a lipid envelope
3. Giardia lamblia
• Giardia lamblia is from the ProAst kingdom
• Giardia lamblia is pear‐shaped with 8
flagella. http://www.nbbcfood.info/
foodmatters/foodsafetyatoz/
images/48fsm3giardial.jpg
• It causes giardiasis.
– Symptoms are diarrhea, nausea, gas, and abdominal cramps
• People become infected by drinking water that is fecally
contaminated or from insufficient hygeine (daycare workers
handling diapers from infected children)
• Some people may not show symptoms
• Giardiasis may go away on its own but is best treated with
medicine like metronidazole
• 2.5 million people in the US are infected each year