The document discusses cash flow statements, balance sheets, and income statements. It provides definitions and examples of key terms used in each type of financial statement. Cash flow statements track money in and out of the business. Balance sheets show a company's assets, liabilities, and equity at a point in time. Income statements summarize a company's revenues and expenses over a period of time. Financial statements together provide important information to managers and investors about a company's financial performance and health.

1. Tracking Money
Flows
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2. All About the Cash Flow
Cash Flow- movement of money in and out of the business’ cash accounts.
The cash flow statement monitors how the business uses cash throughout
a specific accounting period.

3. Adequate vs. Inadequate Cash?
Every business has a goal to maintain
adequate cash flow. It means that the
business is generating enough cash to
cover operating costs.
Inadequate cash flow can cause the
business to take risky loans, declare
bankruptcy, and ultimately close.

4. Cash Inflows vs. Outflows
Cash Inflows:
Operating Activities
Investing Activities
Financing Activities
Cash Outflows:
Salaries
Rent
Insurance
Loan repayments
Utilities
Capital expenditures
Taxes/Dividends

5. Why use a Cash Flow Statement?
Frankly, it’d be silly not do.
Businesses need to know what
cash is available for
inflow/outflow activities. A cash
flow statements provides the
structure for managers to make
sound decisions.

6. New vs. Established Business- How to estimate?
New Business:
Industry Reports
Pro-forma Reports (forecasts)
Market Analysis
Start-up costs/funding
Established Business:
Previous Experience
Current Market Analysis
Current Cash on Hand (CoH)

7. Calculating Cash Flow
Earnings before interest & taxes (EBIT)
+
Depreciation (loss of value on assets)
-
Taxes
=
Cash Flow

8. Sample Cash Flow
Many businesses use a year-to-year
cash flow statement to understand
what is going on in the business.
From looking at it, what can you
see?

9. Understanding the balance
sheet
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10. What’s a Balance Sheet?
A snapshot of the financial position of a company’s assets,
liability and equity at a point in time.
Assets- products and property a company owns, cash and
items that can be quickly converted into cash
Liabilities- financial obligations the company has
Net Worth- the difference between assets and liabilities
Equity- money or property used to keep the company in a
balanced state

11. Other Terms to Know
Accounts Receivable: Money/Resources owed the business (revenues,
cash, interest, etc.)
Accounts Payable: Money/resources the business owes
Shareholder Equity: Total Assets- Total Liabilities
Retained Earnings: Money used to reinvest in the business
Extras-
Par Value: face value of an investment bond
Capital surplus: additional equity that’s not considered RE or stock
Treasury Stock: stock the business keeps
Reserves: Cash held on-hand or at a bank

12. Current Assets
Assets that can be changed into cash under a year:
Cash & Cash Equivalents
Accounts Receivable
Inventory
Also can be defined as the amount used to cover
debts and liabilities without selling fixed assets.

13. Fixed Assets
Fixed Assets are not easily turned into cash. In most cases, businesses
are examined by how much fixed assets it has. More fixed assets, the
more successful they are perceived to be.
Includes:
Land
Facilities
Large Equipment
Lenders use these items to decide whether to lend to a business.
Therefore, fixed assets are very important to traditional businesses.

14. Current Liabilities
Current Liabilities are debts or obligations a company owns that
typically need to be repaid within a year; usually paid with current
assets.
Included:
Short-term loans
Costs of Goods Sold (CoGS)

15. Finance Equations
Current Ratio- shows how well-positioned a company is to quickly
pay bills, a.k.a. solvency. A ratio over 1 is ideal.
The equation: Current Assets/Current Liabilities
Balance Sheet Equation- Used to check the balance sheet
numbers
Assets- Liabilities= Equity

16. Example Balance
Sheet

17. Income Statement
Also referred to as:
Profit & Loss Statement
Statement of Income & Expenses
Statement of Financial Performance
Earnings Statement
The goal? To summarize the profit-generating activities that occurred
over a particular period of time

18. Elements of the P&L Statement
Total Revenue: Total amount of sales and cash a business receives
Cost of Goods Sold: direct costs associated with the goods/services sold by company
Operating Expenses: costs associated with being in business
Depreciation: Wear and tear of equipment and resources
Amortization: paying off debts on an installment basis
Goodwill: account used to show money given to community, non-profits, and other
causes
Gross Profit: Money left over after CoGs
Net Income/Profit: Money left over after expenses

19. Example Income
Statement

20. Putting it All Together
Financial Data: Used to give managers, shareholders and investors an idea
of how well the business or department is performing.
Types of Financial Reports:
Statement of Cash Flows- How well does the business use cash in its
operations?
Balance Sheet- How solvent the business is; does it own more than it owes?
Profit and Loss Statement- How is the business generating revenue?
Goal: Display financial information in a way where managers can make
sound business decisions.