The document discusses the proposal by the Electoral Reform Committee (ERC) to replace Malaysia's first-past-the-post (FPTP) electoral system with a mixed-member proportional (MMP) representation system. MMP allows voters to cast separate votes for candidates and parties, with seat distribution based on both FPTP outcomes and party-list proportional representation. Various examples and thresholds from different countries implementing MMP are also provided to illustrate the concept.

1. MIXED-MEMBER PROPORTIONAL
REPRESENTATION
TanWee Hong
208415
Bachelor ofAgricultural Science
KOM 3403
Public Oration
Dr. Rosya Izyanie Shamshudeen

2. ELECTORAL REFORM COMMITTEE (ERC)
• Malay: Jawatankuasa
Pembaikan Sistem
dan Undang-undang
Pilihan Raya
• ERC has suggested to
abandon the FPTP in
general election of
Malaysia, replace it
with MMP

3. ELECTORAL SYSTEMS
FPTP + List PR = MMP / MMA / MMM
MMP

4. ELECTORAL SYSTEMS
FPTP
List
PR
MMM
MMP
MMA
First-past-the-post
• Candidate who
won the highest
vote will grab
the seat
Party-list proportional
representation
• The seats are given
to parties based on
the percentage of
vote they obtained
• Mixed-member apportionment
• Mixed-member majoritarian
• Mixed-member proportional

5. Germany New Zealand
Lesotho
Bolivia
299 + 299 + 111 = 709
80 + 40 = 120
71 + 49 = 120
70 + 60 = 130
Threshold: 5 % or 3 seats
Threshold: -
Threshold: 3 %
Threshold: 5 % or 1 seat

6. SINGLE-DISTRICT TWO-VOTES SYSTEM
Single-member district +Two votes system

7. SINGLE-DISTRICT TWO-VOTES SYSTEM
Voter could vote for a
candidate and a party
separately, does not
necessarily match both
of their votes
For example, John could
vote for candidateA and
for party B although the
candidate A represent
for party A

8. Vote for a party
that you support
Vote a candidate
that you support

9. SEATS DISTRIBUTION METHOD
Winners of FPTP + [ ( % of vote × total seat ) – winners of FPTP ]

10. SEATS DISTRIBUTION METHOD
▪ 50 FPTP seats, 50 List PR seats, 1 % threshold
MMP Party A Party B Party C Party D Total
Total percentage of
votes
48% 35% 15% 2% 100%
FPTP seats 28 13 6 3 50 seats
List PR seats
48 – 28
= 20
35 – 13
= 22
15 – 6
= 9
2 < 3
» 0
51 seats
Total seats obtained
101 × 48 %
= 48
101 × 35 %
= 35
101 × 15 %
= 15
101 × 2 %
= 2 + 1
101 seats

11. EXAMPLE OF ELECTORAL LIST
# Listed members FPTP seats List PR seats
1 Wee Hong Lost Acquired
2 Chin Huat Lost Acquired
3 Rosya Won -
4 Shamsul Lost Acquired
5 Zulhilmi Lost Acquired
6 Abdullah Lost Acquired
7 David Lee Lost Not acquired
8 William Fong Lost Not acquired
9 Syed Hakim Lost Not acquired
10 Inas Haqira Lost Not acquired
Total % votes : 6 %
FPTP seats : 1
List PR seats : 5
Total seats : 6

12. REVIEW
1. FPTP + List PR = MMP
2. Could vote for candidate and party separately
3. Total seats obtained corresponding with total percentage of votes
Not voting is not a protest.
It is a surrender.
Keith Ellison

13. REFERENCES
1. ACE Project -The Electoral Knowledge Network. (n.d.). Mixed Member Proportional
(MMP). Retrieved from https://aceproject.org/ace-
en/topics/es/esd/esd03/esd03a/default
2. Yayasan Kofi Annan. (2019, March 7). Laporan Sidang Meja Bulat Reformasi Pilihan
Raya. Bersih & Adil Network Sdn Bhd. Retrieved from https://www.bersih.org/wp-
content/uploads/2019/03/190307_KAF_Electoral_Reform_Roundtable_MALAY_versi
on_v1-compressed.pdf
3. Tong,G. (2019, December 30). ERC cadang ganti sistem pilihan raya dengan sistem
‘perwakilan berkadar’. Malaysiakini. Retrieved from
https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/505337
4. Mixed-member proportional representation. (2021, January 15). In Wikipedia.
Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed-
member_proportional_representation