Point of critical care Ultrasound play a pivotal role in management of critically ill patients admitted in ICU . Its usage in this regard is ever growing . Here we discus about pearls and pitfalls of POCUS in Intensive care medicine.
Point of critical care Ultrasound play a pivotal role in management of critically ill patients admitted in ICU . Its usage in this regard is ever growing . Here we discus about pearls and pitfalls of POCUS in Intensive care medicine.
CONCLUSIONS:
- Cardiologist, obstetrician and anestesiologist should cooperate to each other
- The advantage of regional anesthesia is patients can communicate if symptoms occur
- If palpitations, chest pain and shortness of breath happened, immediate action should be performed
- RA should be given using lower dose of local anesthetics opioids and slow induction
- GA : standard technique “rapid sequence induction”
CONCLUSIONS:
- Cardiologist, obstetrician and anestesiologist should cooperate to each other
- The advantage of regional anesthesia is patients can communicate if symptoms occur
- If palpitations, chest pain and shortness of breath happened, immediate action should be performed
- RA should be given using lower dose of local anesthetics opioids and slow induction
- GA : standard technique “rapid sequence induction”
Leading the Way in Nephrology: Dr. David Greene's Work with Stem Cells for Ki...Dr. David Greene Arizona
As we watch Dr. Greene's continued efforts and research in Arizona, it's clear that stem cell therapy holds a promising key to unlocking new doors in the treatment of kidney disease. With each study and trial, we step closer to a world where kidney disease is no longer a life sentence but a treatable condition, thanks to pioneers like Dr. David Greene.
The Importance of Community Nursing Care.pdfAD Healthcare
NDIS and Community 24/7 Nursing Care is a specific type of support that may be provided under the NDIS for individuals with complex medical needs who require ongoing nursing care in a community setting, such as their home or a supported accommodation facility.
CRISPR-Cas9, a revolutionary gene-editing tool, holds immense potential to reshape medicine, agriculture, and our understanding of life. But like any powerful tool, it comes with ethical considerations.
Unveiling CRISPR: This naturally occurring bacterial defense system (crRNA & Cas9 protein) fights viruses. Scientists repurposed it for precise gene editing (correction, deletion, insertion) by targeting specific DNA sequences.
The Promise: CRISPR offers exciting possibilities:
Gene Therapy: Correcting genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis.
Agriculture: Engineering crops resistant to pests and harsh environments.
Research: Studying gene function to unlock new knowledge.
The Peril: Ethical concerns demand attention:
Off-target Effects: Unintended DNA edits can have unforeseen consequences.
Eugenics: Misusing CRISPR for designer babies raises social and ethical questions.
Equity: High costs could limit access to this potentially life-saving technology.
The Path Forward: Responsible development is crucial:
International Collaboration: Clear guidelines are needed for research and human trials.
Public Education: Open discussions ensure informed decisions about CRISPR.
Prioritize Safety and Ethics: Safety and ethical principles must be paramount.
CRISPR offers a powerful tool for a better future, but responsible development and addressing ethical concerns are essential. By prioritizing safety, fostering open dialogue, and ensuring equitable access, we can harness CRISPR's power for the benefit of all. (2998 characters)
Medical Technology Tackles New Health Care Demand - Research Report - March 2...pchutichetpong
M Capital Group (“MCG”) predicts that with, against, despite, and even without the global pandemic, the medical technology (MedTech) industry shows signs of continuous healthy growth, driven by smaller, faster, and cheaper devices, growing demand for home-based applications, technological innovation, strategic acquisitions, investments, and SPAC listings. MCG predicts that this should reflects itself in annual growth of over 6%, well beyond 2028.
According to Chris Mouchabhani, Managing Partner at M Capital Group, “Despite all economic scenarios that one may consider, beyond overall economic shocks, medical technology should remain one of the most promising and robust sectors over the short to medium term and well beyond 2028.”
There is a movement towards home-based care for the elderly, next generation scanning and MRI devices, wearable technology, artificial intelligence incorporation, and online connectivity. Experts also see a focus on predictive, preventive, personalized, participatory, and precision medicine, with rising levels of integration of home care and technological innovation.
The average cost of treatment has been rising across the board, creating additional financial burdens to governments, healthcare providers and insurance companies. According to MCG, cost-per-inpatient-stay in the United States alone rose on average annually by over 13% between 2014 to 2021, leading MedTech to focus research efforts on optimized medical equipment at lower price points, whilst emphasizing portability and ease of use. Namely, 46% of the 1,008 medical technology companies in the 2021 MedTech Innovator (“MTI”) database are focusing on prevention, wellness, detection, or diagnosis, signaling a clear push for preventive care to also tackle costs.
In addition, there has also been a lasting impact on consumer and medical demand for home care, supported by the pandemic. Lockdowns, closure of care facilities, and healthcare systems subjected to capacity pressure, accelerated demand away from traditional inpatient care. Now, outpatient care solutions are driving industry production, with nearly 70% of recent diagnostics start-up companies producing products in areas such as ambulatory clinics, at-home care, and self-administered diagnostics.
India Clinical Trials Market: Industry Size and Growth Trends [2030] Analyzed...Kumar Satyam
According to TechSci Research report, "India Clinical Trials Market- By Region, Competition, Forecast & Opportunities, 2030F," the India Clinical Trials Market was valued at USD 2.05 billion in 2024 and is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.64% through 2030. The market is driven by a variety of factors, making India an attractive destination for pharmaceutical companies and researchers. India's vast and diverse patient population, cost-effective operational environment, and a large pool of skilled medical professionals contribute significantly to the market's growth. Additionally, increasing government support in streamlining regulations and the growing prevalence of lifestyle diseases further propel the clinical trials market.
Growing Prevalence of Lifestyle Diseases
The rising incidence of lifestyle diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer is a major trend driving the clinical trials market in India. These conditions necessitate the development and testing of new treatment methods, creating a robust demand for clinical trials. The increasing burden of these diseases highlights the need for innovative therapies and underscores the importance of India as a key player in global clinical research.
Antibiotic Stewardship by Anushri Srivastava.pptxAnushriSrivastav
Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctors’ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases of Clostridoides difficile occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died. The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
Deep Leg Vein Thrombosis (DVT): Meaning, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Mor...The Lifesciences Magazine
Deep Leg Vein Thrombosis occurs when a blood clot forms in one or more of the deep veins in the legs. These clots can impede blood flow, leading to severe complications.
ICH Guidelines for Pharmacovigilance.pdfNEHA GUPTA
The "ICH Guidelines for Pharmacovigilance" PDF provides a comprehensive overview of the International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) guidelines related to pharmacovigilance. These guidelines aim to ensure that drugs are safe and effective for patients by monitoring and assessing adverse effects, ensuring proper reporting systems, and improving risk management practices. The document is essential for professionals in the pharmaceutical industry, regulatory authorities, and healthcare providers, offering detailed procedures and standards for pharmacovigilance activities to enhance drug safety and protect public health.
2. Particulars of the patient
Name: Miss Romana
Age: 22 years
Sex: Female
Religion: Islam
Occupation: Student
Marital status: Unmarried
Address: Sirajdikhan, Munshigonj.
Date of examination: 05/03/2018
4. History of present illness
According to the statement of the patient she was reasonably well 2
months back. Then she developed breathlessness which occur
occasionally. Initially ,the patient felt breathlessness during moderate
to severe exercise, but for the last 1 week, it is increasing gradually.
Now she feels breathlessness even on mild exertion. Occasionally she
experience nocturnal breathlessness usually at late night for which she
has to getup from sleep, walk & take a deep breath to be comfortable.
5. There is no history of breathlessness on lying flat(Orthopnea).
The patient also complaints of occasional palpitation with mild
exertion, even while going to toilet or dressing for last 1 month. She
complaints of cough with sputum which is mucoid in nature for last one
month, but not blood stained.
For the last 1 month she feels weak & fatigue. There is no history of
chest pain, swelling of legs, syncope, loss of consciousness, hoarseness
of voice or difficulty of swallowing.
6. History of past illness
The patient suffered from rheumatic fever in her childhood (arthritis
involving the big joints which were fleeting in nature), but there was no
abnormal limb movements.
Family history
Both of her parents are in good health. Her two brothers and two
sisters are also in good health. There is no such illness in her family.
7. Personal history
She is a student, nonsmoker, nonalcoholic.
Socioeconomic history
She is from a middle class family, living in a small house with good
sanitation and water supply facilities.
8. Drugs & allergic history
She was taking inj. Benzyl penicillin for few years. There is no history of
any allergic manifestation including drug medication ,vaccination or
any foods.
Immunization history
EPI schedule completed.
Menstrual history
Her menstrual cycle is regular.
10. Bony tenderness : Absent
pigmentation : Absent
Lymph node : Not palpable
Thyroid gland : Not enlarged
Body hair : Normal in distribution
pulse : 84 beats/min
Blood pressure : 110/70mmHg
Temperature : 98.4degree F
Respiration : 16 breaths /min
Neck vein : Not engorged
Skin condition : No scar mark or rash in the body
11. Systemic examination
Cardiovascular system
• Pulse:84 beats/min, which is low volume and regular in nature,
normal in character, no radio-femoral, radio radial delay. condition of
the vessels wall are normal.
• Neck vein: not engorged
• Blood pressure: 110/70mmHg.
12. Precordium
Inspection:
• Visible cardiac impulse in mitral area.
• No deformity or scar-mark
Palpation:
Apex beat : In left 5th intercostal space 9 cm from
midline, tapping in nature
Thrill : There is apical thrill, diastolic in nature
Palpable P2 : Absent
Left parasternal lift : Absent
Epigastric pulsation : Absent
13. Auscultation:
• First heart sound: Louder in all the areas, more prominent in mitral
area
• Second heart sound: Normal in all the areas.
• Murmur: There is a mid diastolic murmur in mitral area, which is low
pitched, localized, rough, rumbling (LLRR), best heard with the bell of
stethoscope, in left lateral position with breathing hold after
expiration, with presystolic accentuation.
• There is also opening snap, just medial to the mitral area.
14. Airway examination
(Look)
Normal mouth opening and neck movement.
(Evaluate)
• Thyro mental distance-7.5cm
• Sterno mandibular distance- 13cm
• Mouth opening > 3 fingers of patient
• Cervical Spine-Flexion and extension of the head and neck movement -
Normal.
• Neck circumference-37cm
• Mallampati class-1
• Auscultation- Vesicular breath sound, no added sound.
Examination of other systems reveals no abnormality.
15. Salient features
Miss Romana, 22 years old, a college student normotensive,
nondiabetic, non smoker, presented with breathlessness for 2 months,
palpitation, cough & weakness for 1 month. initially she felt
breathlessness during moderate to severe exercise, but last 1 week it is
gradually increasing. Now she feels breathlessness even on mild
exertion. Occasionally, she experience paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
but no history of orthopnea.
She also complain of occasional palpitation with mild exertion, even
while doing mild house hold activities. Cough is productive, with
mucoid sputum, but not associated with hemoptysis. For the last 1
month she feels weak & fatigue. There is no history of chest pain,
swelling of legs, syncope, loss of consciousness.
16. There is history of rheumatic fever in her childhood. All the family
members are healthy. She was taking inj. Benzyl penicillin for few years.
On general examination she is ill looking & anxious, and mildly anemic,
pulse rate is 84 beats/min which is low volume ,regular in rhythm,
normal in character, no radio -femoral and radio- radial delay, condition
of the vessels wall are normal.
blood pressure 110/70mmHg, temperature 98.4 degree and respiration
16 breaths/min, neck vein not engorged & lymph node &thyroid gland
not enlarged. There is no signs of dehydration, jaundice, cyanosis,
edema, koilonychia, leukonychia, pigmentation.
18. Investigations
X-ray chest P/A view.
ECG: “P” is bifid (P-mitrale. May be RVH, RAH, AF, etc).
To confirm, echocardiogram (2D or preferably color doppler).
Routine Investigations: CBC, Electrolyte, Urea, Creatinine, RBS, PT,
INR, APTT, Viral Markers, Liver Function Tests.
19. Case Discussion
Mitral stenosis is characterized by mechanical obstruction to left ventricular
filling due to a progressive decrease in the size of the mitral valve orifice.
The normal mitral valve orifice area is 4–6 cm²
Symptoms start < 2.5 cm²
Mild MS: 1.5-2.5 cm²
(Minimal symptoms, Dyspnea on severe exertion)
Moderate MS: 1.0-1.5
(Does not produce symptoms at rest, Pulmonary oedema)
Severe MS: < 1.0
( Symptoms at rest, Orthopnea )
20. Etiology
The most common cause is rheumatic heart disease
Primarily affects women.
Much less common causes
Carcinoid syndrome,
Left atrial myxoma,
Severe mitral annular
calcification,
Endocarditis,
Rheumatoid arthritis,
Systemic lupus erythematosus,
Congenital mitral stenosis,
Iatrogenic mitral stenosis after
mitral valve repair.
22. Pathophysiology
Diffuse thickening of the mitral leaflets and subvalvular apparatus
Commissural fusion
Calcification of the annulus and leaflets are typically present
Contracture of Chordae and papillary heads
Valvular obstruction produces an increase in left atrial volume and
pressure.
With mild mitral stenosis, left ventricular filling and stroke volume are
maintained at rest by an increase in left atrial pressure.
Stroke volume will decrease during stress-induced tachycardia or when
effective left atrial contraction is lost, as with atrial fibrillation.
23. Pulmonary venous pressure is increased in association with the
increase in left atrial pressure
Transudation of fluid into the pulmonary interstitial space, decreased
pulmonary compliance, and increased work of breathing, which leads
to progressive dyspnea on exertion.
Changes in the pulmonary vasculature result in pulmonary
hypertension, and eventually right-sided heart failure may occur.
Episodes of pulmonary edema typically occur with atrial fibrillation,
sepsis, pain, and pregnancy.
24. Complication
Acute left heart failure and acute pulmonary edema
Pulmonary hypertension
Right ventricular failure
Atrial fibrillation
Atrial flutter
Ventricular or atrial premature beats
Embolic manifestation
Infective endocarditis
Recurrent bronchopulmonary infection
Ortener’s syndrome (Hoarseness of voice due to compression to left recurrent
laryngeal nerve due to enlarged left atrium)
Jaundice, cardiac cirrhosis.
25. Diagnosis
Chest Xray
• Straightening of the left heart border
• Elevation of the left mainstem
bronchus.
• The “double density” of an enlarged
left atrium
• Mitral calcification, and evidence of
pulmonary edema or pulmonary
vascular congestion.
• Upper lobar veins are dilated.
• Left bronchus is horizontal
26. ECG
• Broad notched P waves on the
ECG suggest left atrial
enlargement.
• Atrial fibrillation is present in
about one-third of patients with
severe mitral stenosis.
• Right ventricular enlargement.
27. Echocardiography
• Degree of leaflet thickening, calcification, changes in mobility, and
extent of involvement of the sub-valvular apparatus.
• Calculation of mitral valve area and measurement of the transvalvular
pressure gradient.
• Evaluation of cardiac chamber dimensions, pulmonary hypertension,
left and right ventricular function and other valvular disease, and
examination of the left atrial appendage for the presence or absence
of thrombus.
• Pulmonary hypertension is likely if the left atrial pressure is above 25
mm Hg
• Mitral transvalvular pressure gradient is higher than 10 mm Hg
(normal, <5 mm Hg), it is likely that mitral stenosis is severe.
28.
29. CMRI can also help determine the severity of the mitral stenosis.
Clinically, mitral stenosis is recognized by the characteristic opening
snap that occurs early in diastole and by a rumbling diastolic heart
murmur best heard at the apex or in the left axilla
Stasis of blood in the distended left atrium predisposes patients to a
high risk of arterial thromboembolism.
Venous thrombosis is also more likely because of the decreased
physical activity of these patients.
30. Treatment
Medical management
Asymptomatic/Mild MS
Diuretics can decrease the left atrial pressure and relieve symptoms.
Restriction of salt intake.
Drugs for rate control: Beta blocker, digoxin.
Restriction of physical activity.
Antibiotics to prevent secondary infection.
Control of the heart rate is critical because tachycardia impairs left
ventricular filling and increases left atrial pressure.
31. If atrial fibrillation occurs
Heart rate control may be achieved with β-blockers, calcium channel
blockers, digoxin, or a combination of these medications.
Anticoagulation is required because the risk of embolic stroke in such
patients is about 7%–15% per year
Warfarin is administered to a target international normalized ratio
(INR) of 2.5–3.0.
Prophylaxis against recurrence of Rheumatic fever.
32. Symptomatic MS
Surgical correction of mitral stenosis is indicated when symptoms
worsen and pulmonary hypertension develops.
Percutaneous balloon valvotomy.
Severe MS
If heavy valvular calcification or valve deformity is present
Surgical commissurotomy,
Valve reconstruction,
Valve replacement.
33. Anesthetic management
Management of anesthesia for noncardiac surgery in patients with
mitral stenosis includes
prevention and treatment of events that can decrease cardiac output
or produce pulmonary edema
Intraoperative Events That Have a Significant Impact on Mitral Stenosis
Sinus tachycardia or a rapid ventricular response during atrial fibrillation
Marked increase in central blood volume, as associated with overtransfusion or
head-down positioning
Drug-induced decrease in systemic vascular resistance
Hypoxemia and hypercarbia that may exacerbate pulmonary hypertension and
evoke right ventricular failure
34. Goals of Anaesthesia
Prevent AF with cardioversion or IV administration of amiodarone, β-
blockers, or calcium channel blockers.
Systemic blood pressure and systemic vascular resistance can be
maintained with vasoconstrictor drugs such as phenylephrine
Use of vasopressin may also be considered, since it has minimal
effect on pulmonary artery pressure.
Right ventricular failure may require support with inotropic and
pulmonary vasodilating drugs.
35. Preanaesthetic assessment
In patients with MS planned for any type of surgery preoperative evaluation and preparation are
evaluation and preparation are especially important for a successful outcome of the surgery
outcome of the surgery
Take detailed history and examination both general and
systemic
Assess the severity of the cardiac disease
The degree of impaired myocardial contractility
The presence of associated major organ system disease.
Recognition of compensatory mechanisms for
maintaining cardiac output
Evaluate patients hemodynamic state.
The presence of a prosthetic heart valve introduces
special considerations in the preoperative evaluation.
New York Heart Association Functional
Classification of Patients With Heart Disease
Class Description
I
II
III
IV
Asymptomatic
Symptoms with ordinary activity but
comfortable at rest
Symptoms with minimal activity but
comfortable at rest
Symptoms at rest
36. Preoperative medication
Antianxiety drugs decrease tachycardia associated with anxiety.
Drugs used for heart rate control should be continued until the time
of surgery
Diuretic-induced hypokalemia can be detected and treated
preoperatively.
Continue anticoagulant therapy for minor surgery,
Major surgery associated with significant blood loss requires
discontinuation of anticoagulation.
38. Oral anticoagulation should be discontinued atleast three days before
any major surgery
Subcutaneous conventional heparin or low-molecular-weight heparin
in prophylactic doses is substituted preoperatively.
A dose of heparin should be given 3–6 h preoperatively in patients
and heparin should be restarted as soon as possible post operatively
(preferably within 12 h).
Warfarin is restarted 24 hours postoperatively or when patients can
start oral intake.
In emergency surgery, the affect of warfarin needs to be neutralized
by FFP. In addition to this, vitamin K may also be given.
39. Anaesthetic techniques
Regional anaesthesia
Neuraxial anesthesia is an acceptable technique in the absence of
anticoagulation.
Peripheral nerve blocks may also be used safely.
Use of neuraxial anesthesia requires measures to avoid hypotension,
maintain adequate preload, and avoid tachycardia.
Combined spinal epidural anesthesia may allow better control of the level
of sympathectomy and reduction in blood pressure.
Rapid prehydration should be avoided.
Slow titration of local anesthetic is recommended.
Phenylephrine is preferred over Ephedrine.
Epinephrine containing local anesthetic should be avoided.
Hypothermia should be avoided as it increases PVR.
In severe MS regional anaesthesia is contraindicated.
40. General Anaesthesia
Induction
There is no single correct agent
Moderate to sever MS generally have slow circulation that prolongs arm-
brain circulation time.
Etomidate is the best agent for hemodynamic stability. Thiopentone can
also be used.
Avoid Propofol as it can causes hypotension.
Avoid Ketamine as it causes tachycardia.
Use volatile anesthetic with caution, causes decreased SVR and cardiac
output and hypotension.
Short-acting β-blockers such as Esmolol may be necessary to treat episodes
of tachycardia during induction.
41. Muscle Relaxation
Tracheal intubation and muscle relaxation should be accomplished by
neuromuscular blockers that do not induce either tachycardia or
hypotension from histamine release
Steroidal Group does not cause histamine release. Eg. Vecuronium,
Rocuronium except Pancuronium
Avoid Benzylisoquinolinium group as they cause histamine release.
Eg. Atracurium, Cicatracurium, Mivacurium.
Succinylcholine also causes slight release in histamine.
42. Maintenance
Maintenance of anesthesia is best accomplished using drugs with minimal
effects on heart rate, myocardial contractility, and systemic and pulmonary
vascular resistance.
nitrous/narcotic anesthetic or a balanced anesthetic that includes a low
concentration of a volatile anesthetic can achieve this goal.
Nitrous oxide can evoke pulmonary vasoconstriction and increase
pulmonary vascular resistance if pulmonary hypertension is present.
Halothane is best avoided due to its arrythmogenic potential. Low volume
Isoflurane, Desflurane or Sevoflurane can be used.
Deep plane of anaesthesia should be maintained.
Ensure proper fluid therapy. Avoid hyper/hypovolemia.
43. Reversal of anaesthesia
Should be achieved slowly with neostigmine and glycopyrolate to
reduce drug-induced tachycardia.
Monitoring
Monitoring of asymptomatic patients is no different from monitoring
of patients without valvular heart disease.
TEE can be useful in patients with symptomatic mitral stenosis.
Monitoring of intraarterial pressure, pulmonary artery pressure, and
left atrial pressure (pulmonary artery occlusion pressure) should be
considered.
44. Post Operative Management
Risk of pulmonary edema and right heart failure continues into the
postoperative period, so cardiovascular monitoring should continue.
Pain and hypoventilation with subsequent respiratory acidosis and
hypoxemia may be responsible for increasing heart rate and
pulmonary vascular resistance.
A period of mechanical ventilation, particularly after major thoracic
or abdominal surgery may be needed.
Relief of postoperative pain with neuraxial opioids can be very useful.
Anticoagulation should be restarted as soon as the risk of
perioperative bleeding has diminished.
45. Anesthetic management of a patient with prosthetic heart valve for
non-cardiac surgery
Patients with prosthetic heart valves are a challenge to any
anesthesiologist due to the risk of infective endocarditis, bleeding and
thrombosis.
Follow anticoagulant guideline.
Other anaesthetic goals remain same.
Patients with new generation prosthetic mechanical mitral valves should
receive warfarin to a target INR of 2.5–3.5 and for older types of valves the
target INR should be 3.5–4.5
warfarin should be changed to unfractionated heparin atleast 4–5 days
prior to surgery.
INR should be less than 1.5 for proceeding with surgery.
Infective endocarditis prophylaxis should be administered to all patients
with prosthetic heart valves.
46. Pregnancy and MS
What to consider?
In pregnancy There is
Increase in blood volume by 30-50%.
Increase in capillary pressure.
Decrease in SVR.
Increase in HR by 10-20b/min and CO by 30-50%.
During labour and delivery Sympathetic stimulation cause increase in
HR and CO.
Sudden rise in venous return due to autotransfusion and IVC
compression.
Hypercoagulability so thromboembolic risk.
47. Special measure should be taken
Use Heparin for 1st trimester, warfarin for 12-36 weeks
After 36 weeks switch to heparin titrated to APTT level.
Large boluses of oxytocin should be avoided as they cause profound
hypotension.
Ergometrine better avoided. PGF2 Alpha and Misoprostol are used
cautiously.
If planned for LUCS then anaesthetic choice should be directed to
keep the patient hemodynamically stable.
Pt should be kept in HDU for upto 72 hrs after delivery.
Plan and advise cardiac surgery in the second trimester for the
interest of the well being of mother if symptomatic.
48. A thorough understanding of the pathophysiology of valvular heart
disease is essential while planning anaesthesia and perioperative
care for such patients. Meticulous use of optimal fluids, close
monitoring of the changing haemodynamics and avoidance of
situations that can cause major reduction of cardiac output and fluid
shifts are mandatory to achieve good clinical outcome.
49. Reference
STOELTING’S ANESTHESIA AND CO-EXISTING DISEASE.
MORGAN AND MIKHAIL’S CLINICAL ANESTHESIOLOGY.
DAVIDSON’S PRINCIPAL AND PRACTICE OF MEDICINE.
MILLER’S ANESTHESIA.
YAO AND ARTUSIO’S ANESTHESIOLOGY.
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
www.asra.com