The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is a civilian foreign intelligence service of the United States federal government, responsible for gathering data from around the world through human intelligence and other means. The CIA reports to the Director of National Intelligence and provides intelligence to the President and Cabinet. Unlike the FBI, the CIA operates overseas and has no law enforcement function. It coordinates human intelligence activities across the U.S. intelligence community and is authorized to carry out covert operations at the President's request.

1. MISSIONS AND LIVE 1
LIFE POETRY
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2. 1 - REX 2
2 - POSITION 3
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3https://www.facebook.com/sapkalsachin096.wix

3. Central Intelligence Agency
The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA/siaɪˈeɪ/) isa civilian foreignintelligence

5. processing,andanalyzing national securityinformationfromaroundthe world,primarilythroughthe
use of human intelligence (HUMINT).Asone of the principal membersof the UnitedStatesIntelligence
Community(IC),the CIA reportsto the Director of National Intelligence andisprimarilyfocusedon
providingintelligence forthe PresidentandCabinetofthe UnitedStates.
Unlike the Federal Bureauof Investigation (FBI),whichisa domesticsecurityservice,the CIA hasnolaw
enforcementfunctionand ismainlyfocusedonoverseasintelligence gathering,withonly limited
domesticintelligence collection.[6] Thoughitisnot the onlyagencyof the Federal governmentof the
UnitedStatesspecializinginHUMINT,the CIA servesasthe national managerfor coordinationof
HUMINT activitiesacrossthe U.S.intelligence community.Moreover,the CIA isthe onlyagency
authorizedbylawto carry out andoversee covertaction at the behestof the President.[6][7][8][9] It
exertsforeignpolitical influence throughitstactical divisions,suchasthe Special ActivitiesDivision.[10]
Before the Intelligence ReformandTerrorismPreventionAct of 2004, the CIA
Director concurrentlyservedasthe headof the Intelligence Community;today,the CIA isorganized
underthe Director of National Intelligence (DNI).Despite transferringsome of itspowerstothe DNI,
the CIA hasgrown insize as a resultof the September11 attacks. In2013, The WashingtonPost
reportedthatin fiscal year2010, the CIA hadthe largest budgetof all IC agencies,exceedingprevious
estimates.[3][11]
The CIA has increasinglyexpandeditsrole,includingcovert paramilitaryoperations.[3] One of itslargest
divisions,the InformationOperationsCenter(IOC),hasshiftedfocusfrom counter-terrorismto
offensive cyber-operations.[12]
Purpose
Organizational structure Executive Office
Directorate of Analysis
Directorate of Operations
Directorate of Science andTechnology
Directorate of Support
Training
Budget
EmployeesPolygraphing
Relationshipwithother intelligence agencies

6. U.S. agencies
Foreignintelligenceservices
History
Immediate predecessors
National SecurityAct
Intelligencevs.action
KoreanWar
1. Iraniancoup d'état
2. Guatemalancoupd'état
Syria
Indonesia
Democraticrepublicof the Congo
Gary PowersU-2 shootdown
DominicanRepublic

7. Bay of Pigs
Early ColdWar, 1953–1966
Indochina,Tibetandthe VietnamWar(1954–1975)
Johnson
Nixon
Congressional Investigations
Chad
Afghanistan
Iran/Contra
Lebanon
Pakistan
Poland1980–1989
OperationDesertStorm
Fall of the USSR
PresidentClinton
AldrichAmes
Osama binLaden
Al-Qaedaandthe "Global War on Terrorism"
Use of vaccinationprogramin huntfor OsamabinLaden
Failuresinintelligence analysis
Abusesof CIA authority,1970s–1990s
Iraq War
2004, DNItakesoverCIA top-level functions
OperationNeptuneSpear
SyrianCivil War
Reorganization
Drones
Opensource intelligence
Outsourcing and privatization

8. ControversiesInfiction
See also
Notes
References
Further reading
External links
Purpose
Whenthe CIA wascreated,itspurpose wasto create a clearinghouse forforeignpolicyintelligence and
analysis.Todayitsprimarypurpose istocollect,analyze,evaluate,anddisseminateforeignintelligence,
and to performcovertactions.Accordingtoitsfiscal 2013 budget,the CIA hasfive priorities:[3]
Counterterrorism,the toppriority
Nonproliferationof nuclearandotherweaponsof mass destruction.Warning/informingAmerican
leadersof importantoverseasevents. CounterintelligenceCyberintelligence.

9. Organizational structure
GinaHaspel, the current Director ofthe Central Intelligence Agency
work The DeputyDirectorisformallyappointedbythe DirectorwithoutSenate confirmation,[14][15]
but as the President'sopinionplaysagreatrole in the decision,[15] the Deputy
Directoris generallyconsideredapolitical position,makingthe Chief OperatingOfficerthe mostsenior
non-political positionforCIA careerofficers.[16]
The Executive Office alsosupportsthe U.S.militaryby providingitwithinformationitgathers,receiving
informationfrom militaryintelligence organizations,andcooperatesonfieldactivities.The Executive
Directoris incharge of the day-to-dayoperationof the CIA.Eachbranch of the militaryservice hasits
ownDirector.[17] The Associate Directorof militaryaffairs,aseniormilitaryofficer,managesthe
relationshipbetweenthe CIA andthe UnifiedCombatantCommands, whoproduce anddelivertothe
CIA regional/operational intelligence andconsume
national intelligence producedbythe CIA.[18][19] Chart showingthe organization of the Central
Intelligence Agency.

10. Directorate of Analysis
The Directorate of Analysis,throughmuch of its historyknownasthe Directorate of Intelligence (DI),is
taskedwithhelping"the Presidentandotherpolicymakersmake informeddecisionsaboutourcountry's
national security"by looking"atall the availableinformationonanissue andorganiz[ing]itfor
policymakers".[20] The Directorate hasfourregional analyticgroups,six groupsfortransnational issues,
and three thatfocuson policy,collection,andstaff support.[21] There isanoffice dedicatedto Iraq;
regional analytical officescoveringthe NearEastand South Asia, RussiaandEurope;and the Asian
Pacific,LatinAmerican,andAfricanofifces.
Directorate of Operations
Aerial viewof the Central Intelligence
Agency headquarters,Langley,Virginia.
The Directorate of Operations is responsible forcollectingforeignintelligence (mainlyfromclandestine
HUMINT sources),andforcovertaction.The name reflectsitsrole asthe coordinatorof human
intelligence activitiesbetweenotherelementsof the widerU.S.intelligence communitywiththeirown
HUMINT operations.ThisDirectorate wascreatedinanattempttoend yearsof rivalryoverinfluence,
philosophyandbudgetbetweenthe UnitedStatesDepartmentof Defense (DOD) andthe CIA.Inspite
of this,the Departmentof Defenserecentlyorganizeditsownglobal clandestine intelligence service,the
Defense Clandestine Service (DCS),[22] underthe DefenseIntelligence Agency(DIA).
ThisDirectorate isknownto be ogranizedbygeographicregionsandissues,butitsprecise ogranization
isclassified.[23]
Directorate of Science and Technology
The Directorate of Science & Technologywasestablishedtoresearch,create,andmanage technical
collectiondisciplinesandequipment.Manyof itsinnovationswere transferredtootherintelligence
ogranizations,or,astheybecame more overt,tothe militaryservices.
For example,the developmentof the U-2high-altitude reconnaissance aircraftwasdone incooperation
withthe UnitedStates Air Force.The U-2's original missionwasclandestine imageryintelligence over
deniedareassuchas the SovietUnion.[24] It wassubsequentlyprovidedwith signalsintelligence and
measurementand signature intelligence capabilities,andisnow operatedbythe AirForce.
Imageryintelligence collectedbythe U-2 and reconnaissance satelliteswasanalyzedbyaDS&T
organizationcalledthe NationalPhotointerpretationCenter(NPIC),whichhadanalystsfromboththe
CIA and the militaryservices. Subsequently,NPICwastransferredtothe National Geospatial-
Intelligence Agency(NGA).

11. Directorate of Support
The Directorate of Supporthas ogranizational andadministrativefunctionstosignificantunitsincluding:
The Office of Security
The Office of Communications
The Office of InformationTechnology
Training
The CIA establisheditsfirsttrainingfacility,the Office of TrainingandEducation,in1950. Followingthe
endof the ColdWar, the
CIA'strainingbudgetwasslashed,whichhadanegative effectonemployee retention.[25][26] In
response,Directorof Central Intelligence George Tenetestablished CIAUniversityin2002.[25][20] CIA
Universityholdsbetween200 and 300 courseseach year, trainingbothnew hiresandexperienced
intelligence officers,aswellasCIA supportstaff.[25][26] The facilityworksinpartnershipwiththe
National Intelligence University,andincludesthe ShermanKentSchool for Intelligence Analysis,the
Directorate of
Analysis'componentof the university.[20][27][28]
For laterstage trainingof studentoperationsofficers,there isatleastone classifiedtrainingareaat
Camp Peary, nearWilliamsburg,
Virginia.Studentsare selected,andtheirprogressevaluated,inwaysderivedfromthe OSS,publishedas
the book Assessmentof
Men,Selection of Personnelforthe Officeof StrategicServices.[29] Additional missiontrainingis
conductedat Harvey Point, North
Carolina.[30]
The primarytrainingfacilityforthe Office of Communicationsis WarrentonTrainingCenter,located
nearWarrenton, Virginia.The facilitywasestablishedin1951 and hasbeenusedbythe CIA since at
least1955.[31][32]

12. Budget
Detailsof the overall UnitedStatesintelligence budgetare classified.[3] Underthe Central Intelligence
Agency Act of 1949, the Director of Central Intelligence isthe onlyfederal governmentemployee who
can spend"un-vouchered"governmentmoney.[33] The governmentshowedits1997 budgetwas$26.6
billionforthe fiscal year.[34] The governmenthasdisclosedatotal figure forall nonmilitaryintelligence
spendingsince 2007; the fiscal 2013 figure is$52.6 billion.Accordingtothe 2013 mass surveillance
disclosures,the CIA'sfiscal 2013 budgetis$14.7 billion,28% of the total and almost50% more thanthe
budgetof the National SecurityAgency.CIA's HUMINTbudgetis$2.3 billion,the SIGINTbudgetis$1.7
billion,andspendingforsecurityandlogisticsof CIA missionsis$2.5 billion."Covertactionprograms,"
includingavarietyof activitiessuchasthe CIA's drone fleetandanti-Iraniannuclearprogram activities,
accounts for$2.6 billion.[3]
According to the 2013 masssurveillance disclosures, theCIA'sfiscal 2013 budgetis $14.7 billion, 28% of
the totaland almost50% morethan the budgetof the NationalSecurity Agency.
There were numerouspreviousattemptstoobtaingeneralinformationaboutthe budget.[35] Asa
result,reportsrevealedthatCIA'sannual budgetinFiscal Year1963 wasUS $550 million(inflation-
adjustedUS$ 4.5 billionin2019),[36] and the overall intelligence budgetinFY1997 was US $26.6 billion
(inflation-adjustedUS$41.5 billionin2019).[37] There have beenaccidental disclosures;forinstance,
Mary Margaret Graham, a formerCIA official anddeputydirectorof national intelligenceforcollection
in2005, saidthat the annual intelligencebudgetwas$44 billion,[38] andin1994 Congressaccidentally
publishedabudget of $43.4 billion(in2012 dollars) in1994 for the non-militaryNationalIntelligence
Program,including$4.8 billionforthe CIA.[3] Afterthe Marshall Plan wasapproved,appropriating
$13.7 billionoverfive years,5%of those fundsor$685 millionwere made available tothe CIA.[39]
Employees
Polygraphing
Robert Baer, a CNN analystandformerCIA operative,statedthatnormallyaCIA employeeundergoesa
polygraph examinationeverythreetofouryears.[40]
Relationship with other intelligence agencies
The CIA acts as the primaryUS HUMINT andgeneral analyticagency,underthe Directorof National
Intelligence,whodirectsorcoordinatesthe 16memberorganizationsof the UnitedStatesIntelligence

13. Community.In addition,itobtainsinformationfrom otherU.S.governmentintelligenceagencies,
commercial informationsources,andforeignintelligence services.
U.S. agencies
CIA employeesformpartof theNational Reconnaissance O ice (NRO) workforce,originallycreatedasa
jointoffice of the CIA and US Air Force to operate the spysatellitesof the US militar.y
The Special CollectionsService isajointCIA and National Security Agency (NSA) office thatconducts
clandestine electronicsurveillance inembassiesandhostile territorythroughoutthe world.
Foreign intelligence services
The role and functionsof the CIA are roughlyequivalenttothose of the UnitedKingdom's Secret
Intelligence Service (the SISorMI6), the Australian SecretIntelligence Service (ASIS),the Frenchforeign
intelligence service Directiongénéralede la Sécurité extérieure (DGSE),the Russian Foreign
Intelligence Service (Sluzhba Vneshney Razvedki,SVR),the Chinese MinistryofState Security (MSS),the
IndianResearchand AnalysisWing(RAW),the Pakistani Inter-ServicesIntelligence (ISI),the Egyptian
General Intelligence Service,andIsrael's Mossad.While the precedingagenciesbothcollectandanalyze
information,some like the U.S.State Department's BureauofIntelligence andResearchare purely
analytical agencies.
While thepreceding agencies both collect and analyzeinformation,somelikethe U.S.State
Department'sBureau of Intelligenceand Research are purely analyticalagencies.
The closestlinksof the U.S. ICto other foreignintelligence agenciesare toAnglophone countries:
Australia,Canada,NewZealand,andthe UnitedKingdom.There isaspecial communicationsmarking
that signalsthatintelligence-relatedmessagescanbe sharedwiththese fourcountries.[41] An
indicationof the UnitedStates'close operational cooperationisthe creationof anew message
distributionlabel withinthe mainU.S.militarycommunicationsnetwork.Previously,the markingof
NOFORN (i.e.,NoForeignNationals) requiredthe originatortospecifywhich,if any,non-U.S.countries
couldreceive the information.A newhandlingcaveat,USA/AUS/CAN/GBR/NZLFiveEyes, usedprimarily
on intelligence messages,givesaneasierwaytoindicate thatthe material can be sharedwithAustralia,
Canada,UnitedKingdom,andNewZealand.
The task of the divisioncalled"Verbindungsstelle61" of the German Bundesnachrichtendienstis
keepingcontacttothe CIA office in
Wiesbaden.[42] Ireland'sDirectorate ofMilitary Intelligence liaiseswiththe CIA,althoughitisnota
memberof the Five Eyes.[43]
History
The successof the British Commandos duringWorldWar II promptedU.S.

14. PresidentFranklinD.Rooseveltto authorize the creationof anintelligence service The 113 stars on the
CIA Memorial modeledafterthe British SecretIntelligence Service (MI6),and Special OperationsWall
in the original CIA headquarters,each representingaCIA o icerkilled
Executive.Thisledtothe creationof the Office of StrategicServices (OSS).On in action
September20,1945, shortlyafterthe endof World War II,Harry S Truman signedan executive order
dissolvingthe OSS,andbyOctober1945 itsfunctionshadbeen
dividedbetweenthe Departmentsof State andWar. The divisionlastedonlyafew months.The first
publicmentionof the "Central Intelligence Agency"appearedonacommand-restructuringproposal
presentedby JimForrestal and Arthur Radford to the U.S.Senate MilitaryAffairsCommittee atthe end
of 1945.[44] Despite oppositionfromthe militaryestablishment,the UnitedStatesDepartmentofState
and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI),[45] Trumanestablishedthe National Intelligence
Authority[46] inJanuary1946. Its operational extensionwasknownasthe Central Intelligence Group
(CIG),[47] whichwasthe directpredecessorof the CIA.[48]
National Security Act
Lawrence Houston,headcounsel of the SSU,CIG, and,laterCIA,was principal draftsmanof the National
Security Act of
1947,[49][50] whichdissolvedthe NIA andthe CIG,and establishedboththe National SecurityCouncil
and the Central Intelligence Agency.[47][51] In1949 Houstonhelpedtodraftthe Central Intelligence
Agency Act (Publiclaw 81-110), whichauthorizedthe agencytouse confidential fiscaland
administrativeprocedures,andexempteditfrommostlimitationsonthe use of Federal funds.Italso
exemptedthe CIA fromhavingtodisclose its"organization,functions,officials,titles,salaries,or
numbersof personnel employed."Itcreatedthe program"PL-110" to handle defectorsandother
"essential aliens"whofelloutsidenormal immigrationprocedures.[52][53]
Intelligence vs. action
At the outsetof the Korean War the CIA still onlyhada few thousandemployees,athousandof whom
workedinanalysis.Intelligence primarilycame fromthe Office of ReportsandEstimates,whichdrewits
reportsfroma dailytake of State Departmenttelegrams,militarydispatches,andotherpublic
documents.The CIA still lackeditsownintelligence gatheringabilities.[54] OnAugust21, 1950, shortly
afterthe invasion of South Korea, Truman announced WalterBedell Smithasthe new Directorof the
CIA to correct what wasseenas a grave failure of Intelligence.[54]
The CIA had differentdemandsplacedonitbythe variousbodiesoverseeingit.Trumanwanteda
centralizedgrouptoorganize the informationthatreachedhim,[55][56] the Departmentof Defense
wantedmilitaryintelligenceandcovertaction,andthe State Departmentwantedtocreate global

15. political change favorabletothe US. Thusthe twoareas of responsibilityforthe CIA were covertaction
and covertintelligence.One of the maintargetsforintelligence gatheringwasthe SovietUnion,which
had alsobeena priorityof the CIA'spredecessors.[55][56][57]
UnitedStatesAirForce general Hoyt Vandenberg,the CIG's seconddirector,createdthe Office of
Special Operations(OSO),aswell asthe Office of ReportsandEstimates(ORE).[56] Initiallythe OSOwas
taskedwithspyingandsubversionoverseaswithabudgetof $15 million,the largesseof asmall number
of patronsincongress.Vandenberg'sgoalswere muchlike the onessetoutbyhispredecessor;finding
out "everythingaboutthe SovietforcesinEasternandCentral Europe – theirmovements,their
capabilities,andtheirintentions."[58]
Thusthe two areasof responsibility forthe CIA were covertaction and covertintelligence.
On June 18, 1948, the National SecurityCouncil issuedDirective10/2[59] callingforcovert action
againstthe USSR,[60] and grantingthe authoritytocarry outcovert operationsagainst"hostile foreign
statesor groups"that could,if needed,be deniedbythe U.S.government.Tothisend,the Office of
PolicyCoordination(OPC) wascreatedinside the new CIA.The OPCwasquite unique;
Frank Wisner,the headof the OPC,answerednottothe CIA Director, but to the secretariesof defense,
state,and the NSC,and the OPC'sactionswere a secretevenfromthe headof the CIA.Most CIA
stationshadtwo stationchiefs,one workingforthe OSO,andone workingforthe OPC.[61]
The earlytrack recordof the CIA was poor,withthe agencyunable toprovide sufficientintelligence
aboutthe Soviettakeoversof Romaniaand Czechoslovakia,the Sovietblockade of Berlin,and the
Sovietatomic bomb project. Inparticular,the agencyfailedtopredictthe Chinese entryintothe Korean
War with300,000 troops.[62][63] The famousdouble agent KimPhilbywasthe Britishliaisonto
AmericanCentral Intelligence.Throughhimthe CIA coordinatedhundredsof airdropsinside the iron
curtain,all compromisedbyPhilby. ArlingtonHall,the nerve centerof CIA cryptanalysis,was
compromisedby Bill Weisband,aRussiantranslatorandSovietspy.[64]
However,the CIA wassuccessful ininfluencingthe 1948 Italian electioninfavorof the Christian
Democrats.[65] The $200 million Exchange StabilizationFund,earmarkedforthe reconstructionof
Europe,wasusedto pay wealthyAmericansof Italianheritage.Cashwasthendistributedto Catholic
Action,the Vatican'spolitical arm,anddirectlytoItalianpoliticians.Thistacticof usingitslarge fundto
purchase electionswasfrequentlyrepeatedinthe subsequentyears.[66]

16. Korean War
At the beginningof the KoreanWar,CIA officerHansTofte claimedtohave turneda thousandNorth
Koreanexpatriatesintoaguerrillaforce taskedwithinfiltration,guerrillawarfare,andpilotrescue.[67]
In 1952 the CIA sent1,500 more expatriate agentsnorth. Seoul stationchief AlbertHaneywouldopenly
celebrate the capabilitiesof
[67]
misinformation.[67] Hartwas suspiciousof the parade of successesreportedbyoTfte andHaneyand
launchedaninvestigationwhichdeterminedthatthe entiretyof the informationsupplied bythe Korean
sourceswasfalse or misleading.[68] Afterthe war,internal reviewsbythe CIA wouldcorroborate Hart's
findings.The CIA'sSeoul stationhad200 officers,butnota single speakerof Korean.[68] Hart reported
to Washingtonthat
Seoul stationwashopeless,andcouldnotbe salvaged.LoftusBecker,DeputyDirectorof Intelligence,
was sentpersonallytotell Hartthatthe CIA had to keepthe stationopentosave face.Beckerreturned
to Washington,pronouncedthe situationtobe "hopeless",andthat,aftertouringthe CIA'sFar East
operations,the CIA'sabilitytogatherintelligence inthe fareastwas"almostnegligible".[68] He then
resigned.AirForce ColonelJamesKallisstatedthatCIA director AllenDullescontinuedtopraise the
CIA'sKoreanforce,despite knowingthattheywere underenemycontrol.[69] WhenChinaenteredthe
war in1950, the CIA attemptedanumberof subversive operationsinthe country,all of whichfaileddue
to the presence of double agents.Millionsof dollarswere spentinthese efforts.[70] These includeda
teamof youngCIA officersairdroppedintoChinawhowere ambushed,andCIA fundsbeingusedtoset
up a global heroinempire inBurma'sGoldenTriangle followingabetrayal byanotherdouble agent.[70]
1953 Iranian coup d'état
In 1951, Mohammad Mosaddegh,a memberof the National Front, was electedIranianprime-
minister.[71] Asprime minister,he nationalizedthe Anglo-IranianOil Companywhichhispredecessor
had supported.The nationalizationof the British-fundedIranianoil industry,includingthe largestoil
refineryinthe world,wasdisastrousforMossadeq.A Britishnaval embargoclosedthe Britishoil
facilities,whichIranhadno skilledworkerstooperate.In1952 Mosaddeghresistedthe royal refusalto

17. approve hisMinisterof War, and resignedinprotest.The NationalFronttooktothe streetsinprotest.
Fearinga lossof control,the militarypulleditstroopsbackfive dayslater,andthe Shahgave into
Mosaddegh'sdemands.Mosaddeghquicklyreplacedmilitaryleadersloyal tothe Shahwiththose loyal
to him,givinghimpersonal control overthe military.Givensixmonthsof emergencypowers,
Mosaddeghunilaterallypassedlegislation.Whenthatsix monthsexpired,hispowerswere extendedfor
anotheryear.In 1953 Mossadeq dismissedparliamentandassumeddictatorial powers.Thispowergrab
triggeredthe Shahto exercise hisconstitutional righttodismissMosaddegh.Mosaddegh launcheda
military coupas the Shah fledthe country.Aswastypical of CIA operations,CIA interventionswere
precededbyradioannouncementsonJuly7,1953, made by the CIA'sintendedvictimbywayof
operational leaks.[72] OnAugust19, a CIA paid mobledbyAyatollah RuhollahKhomeini wouldspark
whata US embassyofficercalled"analmostspontaneousrevolution"[73] butMosaddeghwas
protectedbyhisnewinnermilitarycircle,andthe CIA hadbeenunable togaininfluence withinthe
Iranianmilitary.Theirchosenman,formergeneralFazlollahZahedi,hadnotroopsto call on.[72]
General McClure,commanderof the Americanmilitaryassistance advisorygroup,wouldgethissecond
star buyingthe loyaltyof the Iranianofficershe wastraining.Anattackon hishouse wouldforce
Mossadeghto flee.He surrenderedthe nextday,andhiscoupcame to an end.[74] The endresultwould
be a 60/40 oil profitsplitinfavorof Iran (possiblysimilartoagreementswithSaudi Arabiaand
Venezuela).[71]
1954 Guatemalan coup d'état
The return of the Shah to power,andthe impression,cultivatedby AllenDulles,thataneffectiveCIA
had beenable toguide thatnationto friendlyandstable relationswiththe westtriggeredplanningfor
OperationPBSUCCESS,aplanto overthrow GuatemalanPresidentJacoboArbenz.[75] The planwas
exposedinmajornewspapersbefore ithappenedafteraCIA agentleftplansforthe coup inhis
GuatemalaCity hotel room.[76]
The Guatemalan Revolutionof 1944–54 overthrew the U.S.backeddictator Jorge Ubicoand broughta
democraticallyelectedgovernmenttopower.The governmentbegananambitious agrarianreform
program attemptingtograntland to millionsof landlesspeasants.Thisprogramthreatenedthe land
holdingsof the UnitedFruitCompany,who lobbiedforacoup byportrayingthese reformsas
communist.[77][78][79][80]
On June 18, 1954, Carlos CastilloArmas led480 CIA-trainedmenacrossthe borderfrom Honduras into
Guatemala.The weaponshadalsocome from the CIA.[81] The CIA also mountedapsychological
campaignto convince the GuatemalanpeopleandgovernmentthatArmas'victorywasa faitaccompli,
the largestpart of whichwasa radio broadcastentitled"The Voice of Liberation"whichannouncedthat
GuatemalanexilesledbyCastilloArmaswere shortlyabouttoliberatethe country.[81] OnJune 25, a
CIA plane bombedGuatemalaCity,destroyingthe government'smainoil reserves. Árbenzorderedthe
army to distribute weaponstolocal peasantsandworkers.[82] The armyrefused,forcingJacobo
Árbenz'sresignationonJune 27,1954. ÁrbenzhandedoverpowertoColonel CarlosEnrique Diaz.[82]
The CIA thenorchestratedaseriesof powertransfersthatendedwiththe
confirmationof CastilloArmasaspresidentinJuly1954.[82] Armaswas the firstin a seriesof military
dictatorsthat wouldrule the country,triggeringthe brutal GuatemalanCivil Warinwhichsome 200,000
people were killed,mostlybythe U.S.-backed

18. military.[77][83][84][85][86][87]
In 1949, Colonel AdibShishakli rose to powerinSyriaina CIA-backedcoup.Fouryearslater,he would
be overthrownbythe military, Ba'athists,andcommunists.The CIA andMI6 startedfundingrightwing
membersof the military,butsufferedalarge setbackinthe aftermathof the Suez Crisis.CIA Agent
Rocky Stone,whohadplayedaminorrole in the IranianRevolution,wasworkingattheDamascus
embassyasa diplomat,butwasactuallythe stationchief.Syrianofficersonthe CIA dole quickly
appearedontelevisionstatingthattheyhadreceivedmoneyfrom"corruptandsinisterAmericans""in
an attemptto overthrowthe legitimate governmentof Syria."[88] Syrianforcessurroundedthe embassy
and roustedAgentStone,whoconfessedandsubsequently made historyasthe firstAmericandiplomat
expelledfromanArabnation.ThisstrengthenedtiesbetweenSyriaandEgypt,helpingestablishthe
UnitedArab Republic,and poisoningthe well forthe USfor the foreseeable future.[88]
The charismaticleaderof IndonesiawasPresident Sukarno.Hisdeclarationof neutralityinthe ColdWar
put the suspicionsof the CIA onhim.AfterSukarnohosted BandungConference,promotingthe Non-
AlignedMovement,the EisenhowerWhite House respondedwithNSC5518 authorizing"all feasible
covertmeans"to move Indonesiaintothe Westernsphere.[89]
The US had noclear policyonIndonesia.Eisenhowersenthisspecial assistantforsecurityoperations,F.
M. DearbornJr.,to Jakarta. Hisreportthat there wasgreat instability,andthatthe US lackedstable
allies,reinforcedthe dominotheory.Indonesiasufferedfromwhathe describedas"subversionby
democracy".[90] The CIA decidedtoattemptanothermilitarycoupinIndonesia,where the Indonesian
militarywastrainedbythe US, had a strongprofessional relationshipwiththe USmilitary,hadapro-
Americanofficercorpsthatstronglysupportedtheirgovernment,andastrong belief inciviliancontrol
of the military,instilledpartlybyitsclose associationwiththe USmilitar.y[91]
WhendemocraticallyelectedPresidentJacobo Árbenzattempteda modestredistributionof land,he
was overthrown in the 1954 CIA
Guatemalancoup d'état

19. PresidentKennedypresentsthe
National SecurityMedal to Allen
Dulles,November28, 1961
On September25, 1957, Eisenhowerorderedthe CIA tostarta revolutioninIndonesiawiththe goal of
regime change.Three dayslater, Blitz,a Soviet-controlledweeklyinIndia,[92] reportedthatthe US was
plottingtooverthrowSukarno.The storywaspickedupby the mediainIndonesia.One of the firstparts
of the operationwasan11,500 tonUS navy ship landingatSumatra, deliveringweaponsforasmany as
8,000 potential revolutionaries.[93]
The CIA describedAgentAl Pope'sbombingandstrafingof IndonesiainaCIA B-26 to the Presidentas
attacks by"dissidentplanes".Pope'sB-26was shotdownoverAmbon,IndonesiaonMay18, 1958, and
he bailedout.Whenhe was captured,the Indonesianmilitaryfoundhispersonnel records,afteraction
reports, andhis membershipcardforthe officer'sclubat Clark Field.OnMarch 9, FosterDulles,the
Secretaryof State,and brotherof DCI AllenDulles,made a publicstatementcallingforarevoltagainst
communistdespotismunderSukarno.Three dayslater,the CIA reportedtothe White House thatthe
IndonesianArmy'sactionsagainstCIA-instigatedrevolutionwassuppressingcommunism.[94]
AfterIndonesia,Eisenhowerdisplayedmistrustof boththe CIA andits Director,AllenDulles.Dullestoo
displayedmistrustof the CIA itself.AbbotSmith,aCIA analystwholaterbecame chief of the Office of
National Estimates,said,"We hadconstructedforourselvesapicture of the USSR, and whatever
happenedhadtobe made to fitintothispicture.Intelligence estimatorscanhardlycommita more
abominable sin."Somethingreflectedinthe intelligence failure inIndonesia.OnDecember16,
Eisenhowerreceivedareportfromhisintelligenceboardof consultantsthatsaidthe agencywas
"incapable of makingobjective appraisalsof itsownintelligence informationaswell asitsown
operations."[95]
In the electionof Patrice Lumumba,and hisacceptance of Sovietsupportthe CIA saw anotherpossible
Cuba.This viewswayedthe White House.Ike orderedthatLumumbabe "eliminated".The CIA delivered
a quarter of a milliondollarsto JosephMobutu,theirfavoredCongolesepolitical figure.Mobutu
deliveredLumumbatothe Belgians,the formercolonial mastersof Congo,whoexecutedhiminshort
order.[96]

20. Afterthe Bomber gap came the Missile Gap.Eisenhowerwantedtouse the U-2to disprove the Missile
Gap, but he had bannedU-2 overflightsof the USSRafter meetingSecretary KhrushchevatCamp David.
Anotherreasonthe Presidentobjectedtothe use of the U-2 was that,inthe nuclearage,the
intelligence he neededmostwasontheirintentions,withoutwhich,the USwouldface a paralysisof
intelligence.He wasparticularlyworriedthatU-2 flightscouldbe seenaspreparationsforfirststrike
attacks. He had highhopesforan upcomingmeetingwith
KhrushchevinParis.Eisenhowerfinallygave intoCIA pressure toauthorize a16-
The CIA's Special grouphaddecidedtoarm Dominicansinhopesof anassassination.The CIA had
dispersedthree rifles,andthree .38revolvers,butthingspausedasKennedyassumedoffice.Anorder
approvedbyKennedyresultedinthe dispersal of fourmachine guns.Trujillodiedfromgunshotwounds
twoweekslater.Inthe aftermath,RobertKennedywrotethatthe CIA had succeededwhereithadfailed
manytimesinthe past, butin the face of that success,itwas caughtflatfooted,havingfailedtoplan
whatto do next.[98]
The CIA welcomed FidelCastroon hisvisittoDC, and gave hima face-to-face briefing.The CIA hoped
that Castro wouldbringabouta friendlydemocraticgovernment,andplannedtocurryhisfavor with
moneyandguns.On December11, 1959, a memoreachedthe DCI's deskrecommendingCastro's
"elimination".Dullesreplacedthe word"elimination"with"removal",andsetthe wheelsin motion.By
mid-August1960, DickBissell wouldseek,withthe blessingof the CIA,tohire the Mafia to assassinate
Castro.[100]
The Bay of Pigs Invasionwas a failedmilitaryinvasionof Cubaundertakenbythe CIAsponsored
paramilitarygroup Brigade 2506 on April 17, 1961. A counter-revolutionarymilitary,trainedandfunded
by the CIA,Brigade 2506 frontedthe armedwingof the Democratic RevolutionaryFront (DRF) and
intendedtooverthrowthe increasinglycommunistgovernmentof Fidel Castro.Launchedfrom

21. Guatemala,the invadingforce wasdefeatedwithinthreedaysbythe Cuban RevolutionaryArmed
Forces,underthe directcommandof Prime MinisterFidel Castro.USPresidenDwightD.Eisenhowetr
was concernedatthe directionCastro'sgovernmentwastaking,andinMarch 1960, Eisenhower
allocated$13.1 milliontothe CIA toplanCastro's overthrow.The CIA proceededtoorganize the
operationwiththe aidof variousCubancounte-rrevolutionaryforces,trainingBrigade2506 in
Guatemala.Over1,400 paramilitariessetoutforCubaby boaton April 13. Two dayslateron
April 15, eightCIA-supplied B-26bombersattackedCubanair fields.Onthe nightof April 16,the main
invasionlandedinthe Bayof Pigs,but byApril 20, the invadersfinallysurrendered.The failedinvasion
strengthenedthe positionof Castro'sleadershipaswell ashistieswiththe USSR.Thisledeventuallyto
the eventsof the Cuban Missile Crisisof 1962. The invasionwasamajor embarrassmentfor USforeign
policy.US PresidentJohnF.Kennedyordereda numberof internal investigationsacrossLatin America.
The CIA recruitedSam