locomotive Haulage presentation
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The document discusses different types of locomotives used for haulage in mines: steam, electric, compressed air, and diesel. Steam locomotives were formerly widely used but have been replaced by others. Electric locomotives run on overhead electrical lines but have high initial costs. Compressed air locomotives are very safe but have high installation costs. Diesel locomotives now provide cheaper haulage than other types and are safer than steam.
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### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
2. **Synchronization**: Synchronization is crucial in TDM systems to ensure that the signals are correctly aligned with their respective time slots. Both the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized to avoid any overlap or loss of data. This synchronization is typically maintained by a clock signal that ensures time slots are accurately aligned.
3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
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1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
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locomotive Haulage presentation
- 2. Title: Locomotive Haulage Group member Syed saifullah shah (16PWMIN0766) Waseem Anwar (16PWMIN0778) Muhammad Irshad 16PWMIN0784 Sharif Ur Rahman (16PWMIN0793)
- 3. Presentation outline locomotive Haulage i. Steam locomotive ii. Electric locomotive iii. Diesel locomotive iii. Compressed air locomotive
- 4. Steam locomotives Primary power source of steam locomotive is steam engine Which uses boiler to generate steam. Steam moves reciprocating pistons which are connected to locomotive`s main wheels. Water in boiler is heated by burning combustible material mostly coal and less often wood and oil. Both fuel and water are carried with locomotive either on locomotive itself or in wagons called “tenders” pulled behind
- 5. Steam locomotives formerly employed in mining anthracite and bituminous coal. Now only limited to transporting material to surface Steam engines were mostly used in open pits of large porphyry copper and some iron mines which have been largely replaced by electric and truck haulage Steam locomotives come in many different sizes depending on production rate and height of face. Geared locomotives are used where grades are unusually steep and curves are sharp (for uneven grounds).
- 6. Advantages: • Independent of outside power sources • Steam locomotive can work in severe conditions of operation. Disadvantage: • Low thermal efficiency (8-12%). • Cost of crewing and fueling steam locomotive is about two and a half times larger than cost of supporting an equivalent diesel locomotive. • Daily mileage of steam locomotive is very low than diesel and electric locomotive. So, between 1950-70 majority of steam locomotives were replaced by diesel and electric locomotives.
- 8. ELECTRIC LOCOMOTIVE Electric locomotive are running through electricity with the help of overhead line Pentagraph is used to connect the loco with overhead line. Pentagraph draws 25KV of electricity from overhead line, which is very high AC voltage.
- 9. Parts of locomotive Transformer Rectifier Arno convertor Traction motors Air compressors Motor-Alternation
- 10. ADVANTAGE OF ELECTRIC LOCOMOTIVE The advantage of locomotive as 1. More reliable 2. Light weight 3. Less maintenance 4. Good control 5. Small size 6. No exhaust
- 11. DISADVANTAGE OF ELECTRIC LOCOMOTIVE 1. High initial cost 2. Danger of shock and fire 3. Derailment is major problem
- 12. Compressed air locomotive The source of power used in air locomotive is compressed air cylinder, installed over the locomotive. This cylinder supplies the required quantity of compressed air to the locomotive. Theses locomotives are very safe reliable and very usedfull in hot and deep mines. Even through their working cost is very low, they have high cost of installation. these locomotive are used for light duty work only
- 13. Advantage of compressed locomotive Very safe. Very reliable. Less maintenance required. Colling effect of air.
- 14. Disadvantage of compressed locomotive High intial cost Danger of pipe Efficiency is less
- 15. Diesel Locomotives Diesel locomotives with horse power from 24 to 50,65,70 and 100 Diesel locomotives are also used to haul mine cars. Diesel mine locomotives are extensively used in coal mine in Germany, France, and in various other countries. These locomotives have been officially approved for use in gassy mines because they are consider safe from the stand point of passible ignition of methane gas and of mine fires. Also the exhaust gases have been found to be practical free from carbon monoxides gases. Diesel locomotives provide cheaper per ton-mile haulage than other kinds of locomotives. But required constant inspection to keep them in good cognition.
- 16. Advantages Safer than steam locomotives. Far easier maintenance. High specific storage energy (@42.48 MJ/kg) causing reduction in size. Far more fuel efficient. Controls are similar to electric locomotives.
- 17. Disadvantages- Inevitable environmental pollution in the form of exhaust gases, heat and noise. The need of a high level of maintenance both in terms of skill and frequency. The upper power limit is much reduced due to size and weight of protective equipment.