MilitaryActivities Checklist - 17.SU.HIS.2215.pdf20177.docx

Military/Activities Checklist - 17.SU.HIS.2215.pdf
2017-7-4
Activities Checklist - 17.SU.HIS.2215.500 SURVEY OF AFRIC
AN HISTORY
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To meet the learning objectives for this topic, you will complete
these activities. Print this page and use
it as a checklist.
Review the Introduction and Objectives page.
Read pages 360-404 in your textbook.
Read the lesson, The War to End All Wars.
Read the lesson, Ethiopia and World War II.
Read the lesson, Civil Wars.
Complete all activities on the Learning Activities page.
Read the Spotlight: Libya page.
Participate in Discussion: Military.
Post any questions about the course or assignments in the Help!
Discussion.
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Military/Civil War - 17.SU.HIS.2215.pdf

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With the exception of Syria, African
countries currently get the worst rep
when it comes to violence and conflict.
Virtually every story coming out of the
continent of Africa seems to showcase
one atrocity or another. This narrative
is both true and false. In 2014, Africa
experienced more than half of
worldwide conflict incidents, despite
having only about 16 percent of the
world population. This is a slightly
larger share of the world’s conflicts
than even during the chaotic years of
the post-Cold War 1990s.
But there are two important caveats.
One, the absolute number of conflicts
worldwide has greatly decreased over
the last two decades. So despite
shouldering a larger share of the
conflict burden, in absolute terms,
Africa has become more peaceful as
well. And secondly, the remaining
conflicts seem to cluster in specific
regions and involve only a few of
Africa’s 54 nation-states. According to the Uppsala Conflict Dat
a Program, 12 African countries

experienced armed conflict in 2014. Three additional countries
— Burundi, Niger and Chad — will likely be
added to the list for the 2015 data.
Geographically Africa’s conflicts are tightly clustered along an
arc stretching from northern Mali through
southern Algeria and Libya into Egypt, extending into the Sinai
Peninsula. The Boko Haram conflict in
northeastern Nigeria is another epicenter and situated in relative
proximity to an area of conflict hot
spots in the Central African Republic, Eastern Democratic Repu
blic of the Congo, Burundi, South Sudan
and Darfur. On Africa’s eastern coast, the Somali civil war is st
ill going strong in its third decade.
Modern conflicts in Africa are thus highly localized, and they d
efy simplistic explanations based on
stereotypes. That being said, these are our predictions for Africa
’s conflicts in 2016.
Boko Haram
Frequent conflict between Boko Haram and the Nigerian govern
ment throughout 2015 has been
reported. The insurgency is the deadliest conflict that Africa is
currently experiencing and has now
spread firmly into neighboring countries as well. Still, there is
some hope. Monthly deaths in Nigeria
are at their lowest levels in years.
Nigeria, like neighboring countries, still lacks a long-term strate
gy on how to deal with the insurgency.
Current military successes in combating the diverse groups labe
led as Boko Haram are dependent on
spending billions on modern military gear that none of the count
ries involved can actually afford, riding

all of them into serious debt. France and the United States are p
roviding critical assistance, both in
terms of intelligence and combating other terrorist groups farthe
r north, so that Niger’s army can focus
on the Boko Haram threat
In the near future, Boko Haram insurgency will likely continue t
o be a substantial source of violence in
Nigeria, Niger, Chad and Cameroon, although not on the extrem
e level experienced in 2014 and early
2015.
Mali, Algeria and Libya
The other international terrorist hot spot in Africa is the Mali-A
lgeria-Libya triangle. With many groups —
including Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb —
being active across some of the most arbitrary borders in
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the world, these conflicts are interrelated. But their resolution w
ill still require primarily national
approaches.
Libya officially has a new peace deal, but with the country in op
en civil war, it will take more than a
signed piece of paper to end the violence. The Islamic State also

seems to have put its eye on Libya as
a potential refuge, should its position in Syria and Iraq come un
der threat.
Mali is only held together by the presence of international troop
s and donor money, while still becoming
more insecure even in the country’s south. The corrupt and inep
t political elite has learned nothing from
the near collapse experienced in 2012, and there is little hope th
at it will in the near future. The
international community is too invested to let Mali collapse, but
the population will nonetheless
experience widespread insecurity and fighting in the north, whil
e the south will see further terrorist
attacks on government institutions and targets associated with t
he West.
Algeria is a really interesting case. Its politics are so elite-drive
n and tightly interwoven with the
security establishment that they are virtually impenetrable from
the outside. President Abdelaziz
Bouteflika consolidated power since 2014, but he is a very old
man with a confirmed history of serious
illnesses.
Algeria’s internal power balance is heavily predicated on using
funds generated by the country’s rich
endowment with hydrocarbons to buy for its military apparatus,
thus keeping officers and enlisted men
happy and able to suppress public discontent. With oil prices in
a slump and internal conflicts over
Bouteflika’s succession, the worst case scenario would see ange
r over low living standards and lack of
opportunity boil over and mix with elite factionalism.
Source: https://warisboring.com/these-are-the-wars-that-will-ra

ge-in-africa-in-2016-
aa3d792954d5#.8dt7ez7gt
https://warisboring.com/these-are-the-wars-that-will-rage-in-
africa-in-2016-aa3d792954d5#.8dt7ez7gt
Military/Ethopia and World War II - 17.SU.HIS.2215.pdf
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When Britain and France declared war on
Germany in 1939, their African colonies were once
again drawn into a European conflict, not of their
making. Dictatorships known as fascism and
Nazism were established in Italy, Germany,
Portugal and Spain in the 1920s and 1930s which
believed in the seizure of power by military force,
the denial of basic freedoms for the people, and
the racial inferiority of subject people (huh,
sounds a LOT like what was going on in Africa).
While Europe, Asia, and north America were
drawn into full scale war between 1939 and 1941,
for Africa the war against fascist aggression had
begun in 1935 with the Italian invasion of
Ethiopia.
Besides Liberia, Ethiopia was the only remaining
independent African nation which had not been colonized by Eu

ropeans. In 1936, rads safari became
emperor of Ethiopia and took the title of hailee Selassie. Ethiop
ia was a member of the League of
Nations (precursor to the United Nations) and Haile Selassie ex
pected the other countries of the United
Nations to protect his country from Italian aggression. Yet, they
did not. In October 1935 an Italian
army of 120,000 men crossed the Somali and Eritrean borders in
to Ethiopia.
Despite a modern military, it took many months for the conques
t of Ethiopia was semi-complete..
During which time, the Italians wrecked havoc on the Ethiopian
countryside by bombing villages and
spreading poison gas. While the Italians occupied much of Ethio
pia, they never occupied the entire
country. Pockets of resistance continued throughout the five-yea
r occupation. Resistance that was aided
by a large number of women who had been raped by members of
the Italian army.
In May 1936, Haile Salassie went into exile in Europe. While th
ere he had an opportunity to address the
General Assembly of the League of Nations. He reminded the m
embers of their inactivity during Italian
occupation of his country and argued that the very purpose of th
e League was to protect the smaller
nations from aggression by more powerful nations, He warned t
hat International Morality was at stake
that "God and history [would] remember your judgment" Then,
he asked "are the states [members of
the League] going to set up the terrible precedent of bowing bef
ore force?" The dominant powers of the
League, France and Britain (the United States was not a member
) did virtually nothing which left the
Ethiopian patriots to continue their resistance. Meanwhile, Hitle

r followed the Italian example by
aggressively exerting its power - actions that eventually led to
World War II.
In August 1940, Italian forces occupied British Somaliland and
invaded British controlled Egypt from
Libya. Facing the threat to the Suez Canal and her route to India
, Britain reacted to Italian aggression in
North Africa. By December, the British had pushed the Italians
back into Libya and began their invasion
of Ethiopia the following month, By May 1941, Haile Salassie
was able to reestablish his throne and the
British recognized Ethiopian independence (Shillington, 2005).
Military/Introduction and Objectives - 17.SU.HIS.2215.pdf
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Introduction
An often forgotten venue
for both World War I and
World War II is the
continent of Africa.
When these Wars broke

out, African nations were
still an integral port of
European nations colonial
empires. Therefore, when
the conflicts broke out in
Europe, they quickly
spilled over onto the
world stage. Several
hundred thousand native
Africans were functioned
in roles to support both
the efforts of the Allies
and the Axis powers.
These roles both included
combat and auxiliary
support roles (Casualties
of War).
Objectives
After completing the learning activities for this topic, you will
be able to:
Articulate the how African nations were impacted by European
aggression during both World Wars.
Compare Fascism and Nazism in Europe to the effects of coloni
alism in Africa.
Understand how Ethiopia withstood European aggression.
Evaluate the impact of Pan-Africanism on African resistance to
colonization.
Military/Learning Activities - 17.SU.HIS.2215.pdf

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Explore Resources
For further information and insight, look at these links.
Ethiopia in World War II
Marcus Garvey
http://countrystudies.us/ethiopia/20.htm
http://www.thenation.com/article/africa-africans-garvey-
movement#
Military/question.docx
Please answer the following question. Your answer should be
thorough and demonstrate your understanding of the material.
War is often a double-edged sword for nations that participate.
When nations of Africa were pulled into World War I and II,
what worked out well for them? What were the negative and
lingering effects manifested themselves across the continent, as
a result of these wars?
Make sure you support your answer with evidence from the
readings.
Military/Spotlight_ Libya - 17.SU.HIS.2215.pdf

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HISTORY
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Population (2015) 6,411,776
Poverty Rate (2015) About 33%
Literacy Rate (2015) 91%
System of Government
Transitional -Civil War is ongoing since 2011
What other name(s) has this
nation/region been known as:
United Libyan Kingdom, Ottoman Tripolitani,
Italian Libya, Northwest Africa
Basic Demographics
Top 5 Things to Know About this Nation
1. The death of Muammar Gadfi by revolutionaries was in 2011
2. The Arab Spring - revolutions against dictatorial government
s - left the state in chaos
3. Discovery of oil in the 1950s turned the State for one of the
world's poorest to one of the world's richest
4. Setting for North African Campaign in World War II, resulti
ng in the defeat of Italy and later Germany

5. The 16th largest country in the world
Nation's Connection to Theme
Civil War has rocked Libya to its core. Tossed around like a to
y doing colonization and World War II, it was
only the discovery of oil and petroleum that saved the state fro
m poverty. Yet its head, Muammar Gadfi (who
led a coupe against the royal government) ushed in some of the
worst human rights violations recorded in
modern history.
Nation's Historical Significance to the World
Libya's economy, almost entirely dependent on oil and gas expo
rts, struggled during 2015 as the country
plunged into civil war and world oil prices dropped to seven-ye
ar lows. In early 2015, armed conflict between
rival forces for control of the country’s largest oil terminals cau
sed a decline in Libyan crude oil production,
which never recovered to more than one-third of the average pre
-Revolution highs of 1.6 million barrels per
day. The Central Bank of Libya continued to pay government sa
laries to a majority of the Libyan workforce and
to fund subsidies for fuel and food, resulting in an estimated bu
dget deficit about 49% of GDP.
Libya’s economic transition away from Qadhafi’s notionally soc
ialist model has completely stalled as political
chaos persists and security continues to deteriorate. Libya’s lea
ders have hindered economic development by
failing to use its financial resources to invest in national infrast
ructure. The country suffers from widespread
power outages in its largest cities, caused by shortages of fuel f
or power generation. Living conditions,

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including access to clean drinking water, medical services, and
safe housing, have all declined as the civil war
has caused more people to become internally displaced, further
straining local resources.
Extremists affiliated with the Islamic State of Iraq and the Leva
nt (ISIL) attacked Libyan oilfields in the first
half of 2015 and ISIL has a presence in many cities across Liby
a including near oil infrastructure, threatening
future government revenues from oil and gas
Nation's Modern Day Significance to the World
Libya is a destination and transit country for men and women fr
om sub-Saharan Africa and Asia subjected to
forced labor and forced prostitution; migrants who seek employ
ment in Libya as laborers and domestic workers
or who transit Libya en route to Europe are vulnerable to forced
labor; private employers also exploit migrants
from detention centers as forced laborers on farms and construct
ion sites, returning them to detention when
they are no longer needed; some sub-Saharan women are reporte
dly forced to work in Libyan brothels,
particularly in the country’s south; since 2013, militia groups an
d other informal armed groups, including some
affiliated with the government, are reported to conscript Libyan
children under the age of 18; large-scale
violence driven by militias, civil unrest, and increased lawlessn

ess increased in 2014, making it more difficult
to obtain information on human trafficking.
Military/The War to End All Wars - 17.SU.HIS.2215.pdf
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When war broke out in Europe in 1914,
it was a first a European conflict. But,
the fact that each of the major
European powers had a significan
colonial presence in Africa, battles
quickly unfolded in African nations.
The British joined their French allies
attacking the German troops in the
German colonies of Togoland (modern-
day Togo) and Kamerun (modern-day
Cameroon), Togoland quickly fell to
the invading Allies, but the battles in
Kamerun lasted for nearly two years.
Meanwhile, in South-West Africa
(modern-day Namibia) the British
government of South Africa had
occupied the German territory. The
success of British South-Africa gave
control to the British for seventy-five years.

The longest conflict was in German East-Africa (modern-day Ta
nzania, Burundi, Rwanda). Here South
African troops united with British east and west African troops
against the Germans in campaigns that
lasted nearly four years. Once this territory had been occupied b
y the north and the Belgians from the
west, the Germans commander led the German troops into Moza
mbique, Nyansaland, and eastern
Rhodesia (modern Malawi ans Zimbabwe).
The destruction caused by the Kamerun and east-African campai
gns caused severe problems for the
native peoples. Native homelands were often burned and the foo
d supply and labor was often seized by
opposing armies for the armies benefit, An estimated 1 million
Kenyan and Tanzanians served as
porters during the east African campaign, with nearly 100,000 f
alling to disease, malnutrition, and/or
overwork.
It should be noted that most of the troops on both sides of the W
ar were in tropical Africa were in fact
Africans recruited or forced into service by their European ruler
s. The Germans in east Africa recruited (I
hate using that word here) from peoples conquered. such as the
Ngoni. The British enlisted 50,000
troops from Sierra Leone, Gold Coast and Nigeria which were u
sed in east Africa. The South Africans
recruited native Africans, but did not permit them to carry rifles
because (after all) the enemy was
white. (Think about that!) In addition, the the French conscripte
d 150.000 west Africans to fight on the
Western Front in Europe, over 30,000 of whom were killed (Shil
lington, 2005).
The devastation of World War I in Africa was followed by fami

ne and influenza which raved the
continent in 1918. Along the coast and along the railway lines, i
nfluenza struck hardest where the
people and land was already weakened by warfare, in adequate f
ood supply and inadequate
employment. In areas of east, west and central Africa, up to 3 p
ercent of the population was lost. While
in Rhodesia about 7 percent of the mineworkers were lost to the
disease.
Former German colonies were formally taken over by other Eur
opean powers. While the Europeans
nations were mandated by the newly formed United Nations to s
afeguard the interests of the native
population and prepare them for eventual self-government, the r
eality was that the colonial powers
treated their new territory the exact same way they treated their
old colonies. The French and British
shared Togo and Cameroon, the Belgians got Rwanda and Burun
di, the British Tanzania and British
South-Africans were awarded South West-Africa.

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