The document discusses the conflict in Libya and NATO intervention. It argues that while Gaddafi's regime had clear political issues, NATO intervention was not necessary and had ulterior motives of militarizing access to African resources. NATO bombing aided rebels in toppling Gaddafi but risks further instability in Libya and the region by empowering extremist groups. The intervention sets a precedent for Western powers to create conflicts and then profit from reconstruction, as seen in Iraq. African leaders should not monopolize political space and give Western powers pretexts for interfering in pursuit of African resources.
11-9-9-11- The Brave New World Order- Peace through Law - BeyondPatrick Bratton
This article discusses the geopolitical context surrounding two major events: the fall of the Berlin Wall on November 9, 1989 ("11/9") and the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001 ("9/11"). 11/9 marked the end of the Cold War but also increased instability as the balance of power shifted. 9/11 was an act of violence that undermined security. The article examines the challenges faced by the international community and the US in responding to threats in this "brave new world" and maintaining peace through existing legal and institutional frameworks.
My article published in Eurasia Review yesterday (March 9, 2013) has thrown some lights on how we are suffering in the world that is both leaderless and defenseless. It also gives some evidences and few suggestions that can help us to manage with.
Propensity for Intrastate Conflict in Four Carbon-Fuel Rich States. Measuring...James Darnbrook
This document provides an introduction and background to a study examining the relationship between four variables (wealth-poverty divide, environmental limitations, educational levels, and increased militarization) and the propensity for intrastate conflict in four carbon fuel producing states (Russia, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela). The study aims to develop a model to measure the effect of these four variables on regime stability. It outlines the reasons for undertaking the study, its objectives, and provides a literature review on related research.
This chapter discusses models of terrorism including rural, urban and insurgent models. It examines the evolution of terrorist organizational structures from cells to columns to umbrella organizations. Financing terrorism is also addressed, outlining legal and illegal sources of funds as well as underground financial networks like hawala used to transfer money. The chapter concludes that terrorist organizations are complex groups hampered by their need for secrecy but designed to accomplish missions through guerrilla or terrorist means.
Israel's Weapons of Mass Destruction: Justified or a Violation of Internation...Beatrice Sclapari
1) Israel possesses nuclear weapons but has not signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, unlike Iran. This creates a double standard where Israel criticizes other nations' nuclear ambitions.
2) The IAEA has tried to get Israel to declare its nuclear program but has given it slack, setting a precedent that undermines the authority of international treaties.
3) The U.S. provides billions in funding to Israel annually despite its failure to comply with the NPT, showing how powerful nations can abuse international agreements for their own interests.
This document discusses the geopolitical context surrounding the Arab Spring uprisings and the challenges facing the UN in its response. It makes three key points:
1) The role of the US cannot be discounted as US leaders have taken divergent stances toward human rights abuses in different countries for reasons of economic and security interests. This is exemplified by the differing responses to Sudan versus Egypt/Libya.
2) While social media and satellite TV amplified the uprisings, the influence of local political and religious movements like the Muslim Brotherhood should not be overlooked. Their actions have interacted with US policy and technology.
3) Lessons from the instability and violence following regime changes in Iraq and
The document discusses the international security environment and proposes a grand strategy for a new US administration. It identifies key threats such as weapons proliferation, terrorism, transnational crime, and economic and geopolitical challenges. It argues that while no threats currently jeopardize US supremacy, failing to address issues could undermine it long-term. The document proposes adopting a cooperative security strategy to deal flexibly with state and non-state actors in an interconnected world. This strategy would entail sharing burdens with partners through investment rather than military intervention alone. Transitioning to this strategy would require compromise but pay dividends over the long-run.
The Future Of War: U.S. National Security in the 21st CenturyDavid Williams
Essay on warfare in the 21st century; topics examined include: 4G warfare, 5G warfare, weaponization of space. Also includes list of most likely next attacks on United States.
11-9-9-11- The Brave New World Order- Peace through Law - BeyondPatrick Bratton
This article discusses the geopolitical context surrounding two major events: the fall of the Berlin Wall on November 9, 1989 ("11/9") and the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001 ("9/11"). 11/9 marked the end of the Cold War but also increased instability as the balance of power shifted. 9/11 was an act of violence that undermined security. The article examines the challenges faced by the international community and the US in responding to threats in this "brave new world" and maintaining peace through existing legal and institutional frameworks.
My article published in Eurasia Review yesterday (March 9, 2013) has thrown some lights on how we are suffering in the world that is both leaderless and defenseless. It also gives some evidences and few suggestions that can help us to manage with.
Propensity for Intrastate Conflict in Four Carbon-Fuel Rich States. Measuring...James Darnbrook
This document provides an introduction and background to a study examining the relationship between four variables (wealth-poverty divide, environmental limitations, educational levels, and increased militarization) and the propensity for intrastate conflict in four carbon fuel producing states (Russia, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela). The study aims to develop a model to measure the effect of these four variables on regime stability. It outlines the reasons for undertaking the study, its objectives, and provides a literature review on related research.
This chapter discusses models of terrorism including rural, urban and insurgent models. It examines the evolution of terrorist organizational structures from cells to columns to umbrella organizations. Financing terrorism is also addressed, outlining legal and illegal sources of funds as well as underground financial networks like hawala used to transfer money. The chapter concludes that terrorist organizations are complex groups hampered by their need for secrecy but designed to accomplish missions through guerrilla or terrorist means.
Israel's Weapons of Mass Destruction: Justified or a Violation of Internation...Beatrice Sclapari
1) Israel possesses nuclear weapons but has not signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, unlike Iran. This creates a double standard where Israel criticizes other nations' nuclear ambitions.
2) The IAEA has tried to get Israel to declare its nuclear program but has given it slack, setting a precedent that undermines the authority of international treaties.
3) The U.S. provides billions in funding to Israel annually despite its failure to comply with the NPT, showing how powerful nations can abuse international agreements for their own interests.
This document discusses the geopolitical context surrounding the Arab Spring uprisings and the challenges facing the UN in its response. It makes three key points:
1) The role of the US cannot be discounted as US leaders have taken divergent stances toward human rights abuses in different countries for reasons of economic and security interests. This is exemplified by the differing responses to Sudan versus Egypt/Libya.
2) While social media and satellite TV amplified the uprisings, the influence of local political and religious movements like the Muslim Brotherhood should not be overlooked. Their actions have interacted with US policy and technology.
3) Lessons from the instability and violence following regime changes in Iraq and
The document discusses the international security environment and proposes a grand strategy for a new US administration. It identifies key threats such as weapons proliferation, terrorism, transnational crime, and economic and geopolitical challenges. It argues that while no threats currently jeopardize US supremacy, failing to address issues could undermine it long-term. The document proposes adopting a cooperative security strategy to deal flexibly with state and non-state actors in an interconnected world. This strategy would entail sharing burdens with partners through investment rather than military intervention alone. Transitioning to this strategy would require compromise but pay dividends over the long-run.
The Future Of War: U.S. National Security in the 21st CenturyDavid Williams
Essay on warfare in the 21st century; topics examined include: 4G warfare, 5G warfare, weaponization of space. Also includes list of most likely next attacks on United States.
1. The document discusses how globalization has changed the nature of international security threats. Whereas states were previously the main security threats, new threats have emerged from global criminal networks and failed states.
2. It argues that the future of international security will be a "consociational" system with a bipolar structure dominated by the US and China as emerging hegemonic powers. States will align with Western or Eastern societies but there will be no single global identity.
3. Accepting conflicting ideologies through open trade, addressing the root causes that enable threats like terrorism, and developing a shared understanding of threats will be key to providing security within this new global structure.
This document discusses whether nuclear weapons are a necessity or just a precaution. It analyzes three key questions regarding nuclear weapons. First, it argues that nuclear weapons are unlikely to be used due to unprecedented peace between nations currently and international regulations. Second, it claims nuclear weapons bring mixed impacts to peace, as they can both deter conflicts but also provoke tensions. Lastly, it notes while nuclear weapons may maintain peace between superpowers by deterring war, they also risk escalating conflicts between nations with asymmetric arsenals. Overall, the document concludes nuclear weapons should be viewed as a precaution rather than a necessity.
The U.S. Military Industrial Complex: A Diagrammatic Representationelegantbrain
This document provides an overview of President Eisenhower's concept of the "military industrial complex" and how it has grown significantly since his warning. It describes the military industrial complex as a conglomerate of weapons manufacturers, suppliers, and intelligence agencies that influence policy and budget priorities through political lobbying. While initially dismissed, Eisenhower's warning has become increasingly relevant as the complex continues expanding and influencing foreign policy decisions and budgets, to the detriment of domestic priorities and quality of life. The document also discusses how U.S. militarism and interventions abroad have negatively impacted people in other countries and can result in "blowback" such as terrorist attacks on U.S. soil.
Democratic Great Power Support for Contested Autocracy: Understanding the U.S...Jason Fasano
Undergraduate honors thesis investigating the role homophily (ideological similarity) and expected utility play in US foreign policy formation, utilizing empirical evidence from the 2011 Arab Uprisings in Bahrain, Syria, Egypt, and Libya.
C05.8 gender roles, tactics, and force multipliers in terrorMatthew Boutross
This document outlines the key learning objectives and content covered in Chapter 5, which discusses gender roles, tactics, and force multipliers in terrorism. The chapter covers modern terrorism tactics, four common force multipliers, the roles and impacts of women in terrorism, technological threats like cyberterrorism and weapons of mass destruction, the roles of the media and targeting of industries like tourism and transportation, and theories of suicide bombing. Discussion questions are provided throughout to enhance understanding of the concepts.
The New York Times is well-suited to provide citizens with essential information during times of crisis for three reasons: 1) It effectively prepares readers beforehand through in-depth coverage of developing situations; 2) It thoroughly and accurately reports on crises as they unfold; and 3) It continues coverage afterwards to keep readers updated and ensure reporting accuracy. Additionally, the NYT has adapted to its audience's needs through improvements to its website and use of social media.
The New York Times is well-suited to provide citizens with essential information during times of crisis for three key reasons: 1) It effectively prepares readers beforehand through in-depth coverage of developing situations; 2) It thoroughly and accurately reports on crises as they unfold; and 3) It continues coverage afterwards to keep readers updated and ensure reporting accuracy. Additionally, the NYT has adapted to its audience's needs through improvements to its website and use of social media.
This research led us to conclude that American soil is under a real threat with Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD). The historical momentum, the facts, and the evidence supporting them, which are described in a chronological context, are sufficient to persuading us about this premise, although some skeptical consider this is just another conspiracy theory.
This document summarizes the dynamics that will shape future warfare over the next century. It discusses the current state of 4th generation warfare defined by non-state actors challenging nation-states. It then outlines how 5th generation warfare may evolve with total government surveillance and control over digital networks in response to threats. Nation-states that can secure control over their populations both physically and digitally while also gaining dominance over space-based assets will be best positioned to maintain stability over the coming decades according to the document.
Venezuela Today A Failed Criminal Narco State by Cristal Montanez published i...Cristal Montañéz
Cristal’s publication in IF (International Focus) Magazine “Venezuela Today A Failed Criminal Narco State” strongly condemns the narco-terrorist state that has befallen her country under Nicolás Maduro, who succeeded Hugo Chávez. Both men, following orders from Castro controlled Cuba, have pushed the country from democracy to dictatorship.
Morality VS International Law - A Brief Case Study of UN Interventions in Som...Jenny Lafaurie
The document provides an analysis of UN military interventions in Somalia, Bosnia, and Kosovo in order to examine how the UN's approach changed over time. It discusses two key trends: 1) the UN Security Council prioritized moral claims over legal justifications for interventions, and 2) the UN increasingly delegated military responsibilities to other groups like NATO and the US. The Somalia intervention showed the failures of UN peacekeeping compared to the successes of the initial US-led mission. In Bosnia, NATO air power helped resolve the conflict while the UN struggled. Kosovo highlighted the US disregard for the UN and set a precedent for future unilateral actions.
The document is a report on war and terrorism submitted by students of mechanical engineering. It begins with an introduction to the topics of war and terrorism, including definitions, history and types. It then discusses some major wars in world history, the effects of war, and ongoing conflicts. It also covers the topics of terrorism, wars and terrorist attacks in India, Naxalism in India, and concludes with a bibliography.
Venezuela has experienced profound political and economic transformations under Hugo Chavez and now Nicolas Maduro, moving from a pluralistic democracy to a hybrid regime blending democratic and autocratic elements. The country faces an unprecedented crisis including high inflation, debt, and shortages of basic goods. Supporters argue Chavismo has reduced poverty and redistributed wealth, while critics blame its policies for current problems and warn that its foreign policy of allying with countries like Iran and Russia threatens regional and global stability.
The document discusses President Bush's vision of a "New World Order" emerging after the end of the Cold War. The key aspects of this vision are democratic principles, shared responsibility among nations, and international cooperation to address global issues. The document examines the historical context and dimensions of this new world order, including implications for U.S. foreign policy, which aims to promote stability, security, freedom and human rights globally through international organizations and alliances.
The document analyzes how five Pan-Arab newspapers - The Daily Star (Lebanon), Al-Ahram (Egypt), Al-Sharq Al-Awsat and Al-Jazeera (Qatar), and The National (UAE) - covered Israel's blockade of Gaza and the Freedom Flotillas between 2010-2011. It finds that while the newspapers attempted to appear neutral, they ultimately took pro-Palestinian stances to varying degrees. The Daily Star focused on Israel's aggression and brutality, diplomatic allegiances, and calls for peace by Hamas. Coverage of the blockade highlighted the conflict, international allegiances, and leadership positions on the issue.
War and Peace in the 21st century, or Will the World Collapse in the Next 10-...Azamat Abdoullaev
the World Government for the World of Tomorrow
Science, Art, and Practice of War and Peace
MAD (Mutually Assured Destruction) PhilosophyWorld Peace and World Government Post-Information Age > Post-Nuclear Epoch > Post-Human Era
Rise and Dominance of Peace-Making Intelligent Machinery
Homo Sapiens or Homo Barbarus: “all men are always at war with on another”
The document analyzes whether the US is winning the war on terror. It discusses the US campaigns in Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Iraq since 2001, which have cost over $1.4 trillion and resulted in hundreds of thousands of civilian casualties. However, terrorist activities and attacks have increased over 600% according to some reports. Military force alone has not been able to eradicate terrorism. Education of children to prevent the rise of new terrorists is also needed but has not been adequately addressed. Overall, the conclusion is that the US is not winning the war on terror.
Beverly Umali is applying for an accountant position. She has over 5 years of experience as both a junior accountant and accountant. Her responsibilities have included daily accounting, handling bank reconciliations, preparing financial reports, and coordinating with internal and external stakeholders. She holds a Bachelor's degree in Accountancy from the University of Batangas and is a licensed CPA in the Philippines.
Use your credit cards wisely and you can keep your credit score in great shape....it's when you don't that can lead to trouble!
Our latest slideshow looks into this...
This document provides a strategic plan for Nico360, a 360-degree camera company, to establish its brand and customer base. Key points include:
Nico360 aims to target millennial early adopters through social media marketing and events. Its smallest 360 camera will retail for $199 and includes live streaming capabilities. The company is based in Hong Kong and partners with major tech brands. The strategic plan suggests promoting through word-of-mouth and social media while maximizing limited funds.
This document provides tips for taking out a loan, beginning with definitions of loans and the types of loans available. It identifies four key tips: 1) Debt can be both good and bad, explaining the differences. 2) Consider carefully the purpose of the loan and your ability to repay it. 3) Understand how your credit score affects your ability to get a loan. 4) Check your credit score and report to ensure you are aware of your creditworthiness before applying for a loan. The document emphasizes understanding the costs and risks of loans to determine if borrowing money is justified.
1. The document discusses how globalization has changed the nature of international security threats. Whereas states were previously the main security threats, new threats have emerged from global criminal networks and failed states.
2. It argues that the future of international security will be a "consociational" system with a bipolar structure dominated by the US and China as emerging hegemonic powers. States will align with Western or Eastern societies but there will be no single global identity.
3. Accepting conflicting ideologies through open trade, addressing the root causes that enable threats like terrorism, and developing a shared understanding of threats will be key to providing security within this new global structure.
This document discusses whether nuclear weapons are a necessity or just a precaution. It analyzes three key questions regarding nuclear weapons. First, it argues that nuclear weapons are unlikely to be used due to unprecedented peace between nations currently and international regulations. Second, it claims nuclear weapons bring mixed impacts to peace, as they can both deter conflicts but also provoke tensions. Lastly, it notes while nuclear weapons may maintain peace between superpowers by deterring war, they also risk escalating conflicts between nations with asymmetric arsenals. Overall, the document concludes nuclear weapons should be viewed as a precaution rather than a necessity.
The U.S. Military Industrial Complex: A Diagrammatic Representationelegantbrain
This document provides an overview of President Eisenhower's concept of the "military industrial complex" and how it has grown significantly since his warning. It describes the military industrial complex as a conglomerate of weapons manufacturers, suppliers, and intelligence agencies that influence policy and budget priorities through political lobbying. While initially dismissed, Eisenhower's warning has become increasingly relevant as the complex continues expanding and influencing foreign policy decisions and budgets, to the detriment of domestic priorities and quality of life. The document also discusses how U.S. militarism and interventions abroad have negatively impacted people in other countries and can result in "blowback" such as terrorist attacks on U.S. soil.
Democratic Great Power Support for Contested Autocracy: Understanding the U.S...Jason Fasano
Undergraduate honors thesis investigating the role homophily (ideological similarity) and expected utility play in US foreign policy formation, utilizing empirical evidence from the 2011 Arab Uprisings in Bahrain, Syria, Egypt, and Libya.
C05.8 gender roles, tactics, and force multipliers in terrorMatthew Boutross
This document outlines the key learning objectives and content covered in Chapter 5, which discusses gender roles, tactics, and force multipliers in terrorism. The chapter covers modern terrorism tactics, four common force multipliers, the roles and impacts of women in terrorism, technological threats like cyberterrorism and weapons of mass destruction, the roles of the media and targeting of industries like tourism and transportation, and theories of suicide bombing. Discussion questions are provided throughout to enhance understanding of the concepts.
The New York Times is well-suited to provide citizens with essential information during times of crisis for three reasons: 1) It effectively prepares readers beforehand through in-depth coverage of developing situations; 2) It thoroughly and accurately reports on crises as they unfold; and 3) It continues coverage afterwards to keep readers updated and ensure reporting accuracy. Additionally, the NYT has adapted to its audience's needs through improvements to its website and use of social media.
The New York Times is well-suited to provide citizens with essential information during times of crisis for three key reasons: 1) It effectively prepares readers beforehand through in-depth coverage of developing situations; 2) It thoroughly and accurately reports on crises as they unfold; and 3) It continues coverage afterwards to keep readers updated and ensure reporting accuracy. Additionally, the NYT has adapted to its audience's needs through improvements to its website and use of social media.
This research led us to conclude that American soil is under a real threat with Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD). The historical momentum, the facts, and the evidence supporting them, which are described in a chronological context, are sufficient to persuading us about this premise, although some skeptical consider this is just another conspiracy theory.
This document summarizes the dynamics that will shape future warfare over the next century. It discusses the current state of 4th generation warfare defined by non-state actors challenging nation-states. It then outlines how 5th generation warfare may evolve with total government surveillance and control over digital networks in response to threats. Nation-states that can secure control over their populations both physically and digitally while also gaining dominance over space-based assets will be best positioned to maintain stability over the coming decades according to the document.
Venezuela Today A Failed Criminal Narco State by Cristal Montanez published i...Cristal Montañéz
Cristal’s publication in IF (International Focus) Magazine “Venezuela Today A Failed Criminal Narco State” strongly condemns the narco-terrorist state that has befallen her country under Nicolás Maduro, who succeeded Hugo Chávez. Both men, following orders from Castro controlled Cuba, have pushed the country from democracy to dictatorship.
Morality VS International Law - A Brief Case Study of UN Interventions in Som...Jenny Lafaurie
The document provides an analysis of UN military interventions in Somalia, Bosnia, and Kosovo in order to examine how the UN's approach changed over time. It discusses two key trends: 1) the UN Security Council prioritized moral claims over legal justifications for interventions, and 2) the UN increasingly delegated military responsibilities to other groups like NATO and the US. The Somalia intervention showed the failures of UN peacekeeping compared to the successes of the initial US-led mission. In Bosnia, NATO air power helped resolve the conflict while the UN struggled. Kosovo highlighted the US disregard for the UN and set a precedent for future unilateral actions.
The document is a report on war and terrorism submitted by students of mechanical engineering. It begins with an introduction to the topics of war and terrorism, including definitions, history and types. It then discusses some major wars in world history, the effects of war, and ongoing conflicts. It also covers the topics of terrorism, wars and terrorist attacks in India, Naxalism in India, and concludes with a bibliography.
Venezuela has experienced profound political and economic transformations under Hugo Chavez and now Nicolas Maduro, moving from a pluralistic democracy to a hybrid regime blending democratic and autocratic elements. The country faces an unprecedented crisis including high inflation, debt, and shortages of basic goods. Supporters argue Chavismo has reduced poverty and redistributed wealth, while critics blame its policies for current problems and warn that its foreign policy of allying with countries like Iran and Russia threatens regional and global stability.
The document discusses President Bush's vision of a "New World Order" emerging after the end of the Cold War. The key aspects of this vision are democratic principles, shared responsibility among nations, and international cooperation to address global issues. The document examines the historical context and dimensions of this new world order, including implications for U.S. foreign policy, which aims to promote stability, security, freedom and human rights globally through international organizations and alliances.
The document analyzes how five Pan-Arab newspapers - The Daily Star (Lebanon), Al-Ahram (Egypt), Al-Sharq Al-Awsat and Al-Jazeera (Qatar), and The National (UAE) - covered Israel's blockade of Gaza and the Freedom Flotillas between 2010-2011. It finds that while the newspapers attempted to appear neutral, they ultimately took pro-Palestinian stances to varying degrees. The Daily Star focused on Israel's aggression and brutality, diplomatic allegiances, and calls for peace by Hamas. Coverage of the blockade highlighted the conflict, international allegiances, and leadership positions on the issue.
War and Peace in the 21st century, or Will the World Collapse in the Next 10-...Azamat Abdoullaev
the World Government for the World of Tomorrow
Science, Art, and Practice of War and Peace
MAD (Mutually Assured Destruction) PhilosophyWorld Peace and World Government Post-Information Age > Post-Nuclear Epoch > Post-Human Era
Rise and Dominance of Peace-Making Intelligent Machinery
Homo Sapiens or Homo Barbarus: “all men are always at war with on another”
The document analyzes whether the US is winning the war on terror. It discusses the US campaigns in Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Iraq since 2001, which have cost over $1.4 trillion and resulted in hundreds of thousands of civilian casualties. However, terrorist activities and attacks have increased over 600% according to some reports. Military force alone has not been able to eradicate terrorism. Education of children to prevent the rise of new terrorists is also needed but has not been adequately addressed. Overall, the conclusion is that the US is not winning the war on terror.
Beverly Umali is applying for an accountant position. She has over 5 years of experience as both a junior accountant and accountant. Her responsibilities have included daily accounting, handling bank reconciliations, preparing financial reports, and coordinating with internal and external stakeholders. She holds a Bachelor's degree in Accountancy from the University of Batangas and is a licensed CPA in the Philippines.
Use your credit cards wisely and you can keep your credit score in great shape....it's when you don't that can lead to trouble!
Our latest slideshow looks into this...
This document provides a strategic plan for Nico360, a 360-degree camera company, to establish its brand and customer base. Key points include:
Nico360 aims to target millennial early adopters through social media marketing and events. Its smallest 360 camera will retail for $199 and includes live streaming capabilities. The company is based in Hong Kong and partners with major tech brands. The strategic plan suggests promoting through word-of-mouth and social media while maximizing limited funds.
This document provides tips for taking out a loan, beginning with definitions of loans and the types of loans available. It identifies four key tips: 1) Debt can be both good and bad, explaining the differences. 2) Consider carefully the purpose of the loan and your ability to repay it. 3) Understand how your credit score affects your ability to get a loan. 4) Check your credit score and report to ensure you are aware of your creditworthiness before applying for a loan. The document emphasizes understanding the costs and risks of loans to determine if borrowing money is justified.
Michael Bethard is a U.S. Air Force veteran with 19 years of experience in aerospace engineering and maintenance. He has held various roles including aerospace engineering technician, safety coordinator, climatic and dynamic test technician, project lead, safety manager, and aircraft mechanic. Bethard has extensive experience using technical drawings, specifications, and procedures to inspect, test, troubleshoot, and repair aerospace and aircraft systems. He is dedicated to performing duties with integrity and helping others succeed.
Bindia is a Project Coordinator and Procurement Engineer with over 3 years of experience. She has skills in business intelligence, project engineering, procurement, project management, AutoCAD, Microsoft Office, and programming software for PLC, SCADA and HMI systems. She has a Bachelor's degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering and has worked on industrial projects in food manufacturing. Her responsibilities include requirements analysis, cost evaluation, design, documentation, supervision, and being a team leader.
Seek4media: There is a Strong Moral Case for the End of Muammar Ghaddafi's 42...Seek4media
As jubilant crowds machine-gun the sky in Tripoli's Green Square, and forces formerly loyal to a tyrant evaporate into the North African heat, the conflict in Libya looks to have reached the end for which it was always, inevitably, bound.
AUSISTest_NSDM Take Home (10 Jun 2011)_Jeff HoffmannJeff Hoffmann
1. The document discusses the situation in Libya in 2011 during the civil war and international intervention. It provides background on Libya's history under Gaddafi's rule and assessments of Libya as a threat. It also discusses debates around the international coalition's goals and strategies in Libya.
2. The document analyzes US and international policy towards Libya over decades, from economic sanctions in the 1980s to normalization of relations in the 2000s. It notes Libya's shifting status from threat to partner and back again following the 2011 uprising.
3. Views are presented on the effectiveness and goals of the international coalition in Libya. While their decision-making is criticized as vague, regime change appears to be an aim in order to weaken Gaddafi
Military/Activities Checklist - 17.SU.HIS.2215.pdf
201774 Activities Checklist 17.SU.HIS.2215.500 SURVEY OF AFRICAN HISTORY
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To meet the learning objectives for this topic, you will complete these activities. Print this page and use
it as a checklist.
Review the Introduction and Objectives page.
Read pages 360404 in your textbook.
Read the lesson, The War to End All Wars.
Read the lesson, Ethiopia and World War II.
Read the lesson, Civil Wars.
Complete all activities on the Learning Activities page.
Read the Spotlight: Libya page.
Participate in Discussion: Military.
Post any questions about the course or assignments in the Help! Discussion.
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Military/Civil War - 17.SU.HIS.2215.pdf
201774 Civil War 17.SU.HIS.2215.500 SURVEY OF AFRICAN HISTORY
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With the exception of Syria, African
countries currently get the worst rep
when it comes to violence and conflict.
Virtually every story coming out of the
continent of Africa seems to showcase
one atrocity or another. This narrative
is both true and false. In 2014, Africa
experienced more than half of
worldwide conflict incidents, despite
having only about 16 percent of the
world population. This is a slightly
larger share of the world’s conflicts
than even during the chaotic years of
the postCold War 1990s.
But there are two important caveats.
One, the absolute number of conflicts
worldwide has greatly decreased over
the last two decades. So despite
shouldering a larger share of the
conflict burden, in absolute terms,
Africa has become more peaceful as
well. And secondly, the remaining
conflicts seem to cluster in specific
regions and involve only a few of
Africa’s 54 nationstates. According to the Uppsala Conflict Data Program, 12 African countries
experienced armed conflict in 2014. Three additional countries — Burundi, Niger and Chad — will likely be
added to the list for the 2015 data.
Geographically Africa’s conflicts are tightly clustered along an arc stretching from northern Mali through
southern Algeria and Libya into Egypt, extending into the Sinai Peninsula. The Boko Haram conflict in
northeastern Nigeria is another epicenter and situated in relative proximity to an area of conflict hot
spots in the Central African Republic, Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, Burundi, South Sudan
and Darfur. On Africa’s eastern coast, the Somali civil war is still going strong in its third decade.
Modern conflicts in Africa are thus highly localized, and they defy simplistic explanations based on
stereotypes. That being said, these are our predictions for Africa’s conflicts in 2016.
Boko Haram
Frequent conflict between Boko Haram and the Nigerian government throughout 2015 has been
reported. The insurgency is the deadliest conflict that Africa is ...
The document discusses several factors that could lead to World War 3, including an ongoing global arms race between superpowers, the continued development of nuclear weapons and technology, the ongoing Israel-Palestine conflict, China's policy of non-interference in other countries' affairs, attempts to democratize Arab states through violence, and the emergence of new "war mongers" like the US, France and UK. The document argues that these factors are increasing tensions, mistrust and the potential for a large-scale global conflict.
What role does liberalism play within security studiesCalum Rogers
Liberalism plays a key role in security studies by advocating for an international system of order, liberty, justice and toleration. Liberal theories emphasize free trade between nations, democratic peace, and international organizations to resolve conflicts constitutionally. However, critics argue international institutions have limited ability to prevent war between powerful states. Additionally, some countries view liberal policies as detrimental to their security interests.
This document summarizes and compares the civil wars that occurred in Zimbabwe (then Rhodesia) and South Africa as they transitioned from white minority rule to black majority rule. It discusses theories that civil wars are caused by either realist motives like economics or ideological reasons like addressing grievances against the government. While both countries experienced economic difficulties and grievances against the white minority governments, Zimbabwe experienced a 15-year civil war whereas South Africa's transition of power was relatively peaceful. The document argues that geopolitical factors like a country's conduciveness to war and international relations played a larger role than ideological shifts or individual leaders.
The American General Wesley Clark and NATO's Intervention in Libyaiakovosal
The document discusses the NATO intervention in Libya during the Arab Spring and counters conspiracy theories about it. It notes that the Arab League, not the US, pushed for the intervention and that France, not the US, led the attacks against Gaddafi. The document provides context about regional politics, including that Syria and Algeria opposed intervention due to their ties with Libya and Iran, while other Arab countries and the Arab League supported action. It argues the intervention cannot be characterized as an American or French conspiracy given these regional dynamics.
War and peace are two powerful forces that have been shaping civilizations. Every nation has gone through various degrees of conflicts. In this paper, the author asks what history lessons can be used to educate the public and policy makers on conflict prevention. If we were to avoid repeating the mistakes and wars of the past, the author believes new innovative approaches are needed for solving old problems of conflicts within a nation and between nations. Alongside current steps to promote social order, the psychology of war and peace must be adequately looked into and utilized in forming the needed policies.
Libya experienced a revolution in 2011 that overthrew the long-time authoritarian rule of Colonel Muammar el-Qaddafi after six months of fighting. Qaddafi was killed in October 2011 as rebels took control of the country. However, the new transitional government faces major challenges from armed militias that are refusing to disband and human rights issues like torture in unofficial prisons. The interim administration is working to establish a new constitution and hold elections for a national assembly by June 2012 to form a permanent democratic government.
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The League of Nations was formed after World War 1 to promote peace but failed to prevent World War 2. The United Nations was then established with the aims of maintaining international peace and security through peaceful dispute resolution and promoting human rights. Protests first began in Northern Africa like Tunisia and Egypt due to issues of unemployment and poverty, with some citizens setting themselves on fire, and spread to Libya against Colonel Gaddafi. NATO is discussing military options in Libya, like a no-fly zone, while the UN condemned Gaddafi's actions against his own people and many parts of Libya are now out of his control.
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The International Relations Discussion Document reflects on the ANC’s historic mandate of progressive internationalism that shaped South Africa’s current foreign policy outlook
The clash of civilizations and the advancement of terrorismFernando Alcoforado
The terrorist attack in Paris on November 13 near past whose responsibility was assumed by the Islamic State (EI or ISIS) seems to confirm the prediction of Samuel Huntington, exposed in the book O Choque de Civilizações (The Clash of Civilizations) (HUNTINGTON, Samuel. O Choque de Civilizações (The Clash of Civilizations). Objetiva, 1997). According to the theory proposed by Huntington, there was an imminent risk of a clash between the eight civilizations, classified as Western, Islamic, Confucian Buddhist, African, Shinto Nippon, Slavic-Orthodox, Hindu and Latin American, and such conflict would take place in the period post-Cold War. The conflict between these cultures so different was inevitable because of the differences between these civilizations, especially that concerning the particular values of each. Huntington points out a particularly profound divergence between the Western and Islamic civilizations.
Mercenaries and African Conflicts: A CritiqueKayode Fayemi
This document provides a critique of the involvement of mercenaries in post-Cold War African conflicts. It discusses how mercenaries have historically played a role in African conflicts dating back to colonial times. It notes that while Cold War era mercenaries were often lone actors, modern mercenary groups operate as corporate entities and are increasingly linked to business interests in mining and oil extraction. The document argues that a holistic approach is needed to address the root causes of conflicts that fuel mercenary activity in Africa.
The New Nonaligned Movement Is Having a Moment.pdfAndrewCheatham7
The nonaligned movement (NAM) is experiencing a resurgence as countries look to avoid taking sides in great power competition between the US, Russia, and China. While fence-sitting and neutrality can benefit NAM countries by allowing them to leverage relationships, they should not be excuses for refusing to condemn clear violations of international law like Russia's invasion of Ukraine. The NAM was founded in the 1950s and 1960s by countries that did not want to align with either the capitalist West or communist East and saw itself as advocating for decolonized nations. Today, the NAM includes over 100 countries and its members have been reluctant to criticize Russia's actions, though the movement was founded on principles of sovereignty and non
The New Nonaligned Movement Is Having a Moment.pdf
Libya paper
1. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Vol. 2 No. 8 [Special Issue – April 2012]
43
The Libya Crisis: The Militarisation of the New Scramble and More
Ronald Chipaike
Lecturer-Peace and Governance and International Relations
Bindura University of Science Education, Zimbabwe.
Department of Social Sciences
Private Bag 1020, Bindura
Zimbabwe.
Abstract
The conflict in Libya that invited involvement of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) and the
demonisation of Colonel Gaddafi as a ruthless tyrant clearly showed the desire of the West to militarise the New
Scramble for African resources, a process which has become so pervasive in the current age. This paper argues
that while the political misgivings of the Libyan regime under Gaddafi were clear for all to see, the problem did
not need the intervention of NATO. The paper also advances the opinion that the Libya crisis will cause instability
domestically and regionally. Finally the paper also holds that the Libya war is the same as the Iraqi and Afghan
wars whose other objective is the creation of conflict in the hope of making huge profits in post-conflict
reconstruction, a phenomenon called for profit war. The paper recommends that African leaders should not hold
their people at ransom by monopolising political space as this creates room for the entrance of World powers
who thrive on creating chaos in the hope of gaining scores in the New Scramble for African Resources.
Key words: Africa, Libya, Conflict, Resources, militarisation.
Introduction
The year 2011 dawned with revolutionary seeds in most of North Africa and some parts of the Middle East.
Indeed, once sown in Tunisia and ripening in the deposition of Ben Ali, the seeds of this revolution were blown to
Egypt accounting for Mubarak’s seat. Morocco was also not spared as it witnessed sporadic mass protests. The
revolutionary wind continues to blow in Yemen, Syria and Bahrain. In all these revolutions, the basic objective
has been to depose dictatorial regimes and replace them with those that are more open and responsive to basic
demands for human rights and political space. Among all these countries, however, Libya was worst affected.
Instead of the revolution swiftly sending Muammar Gaddafi packing, the incumbent put a fight of resistance,
eventually turning the revolution into a full blown war between the government and the rebels (revolutionaries).
What differentiates Libya and the other affected countries is that the United Nations Security Council (UNSC)
overwhelmingly approved a resolution that eventually led to the imposition of a ‘no-fly zone’ over Libya, but
giving NATO the responsibility to bomb strategic government military installations and arsenals.
By passing Resolution (1973), the UNSC gave NATO-deliberately or unwittingly- the right to aid rebels in their
fight against Gaddafi under the Responsibility to protect (R2P) facade. However the real ambitions of NATO
were not simply protecting civilians from the savage that Gaddafi was but to lay their hands on Libya’s oil, which
they have already done, and to get profitable reconstruction contracts. Implicit in all this supposed benevolence is
disaster capitalism spreading its tentacles to Africa and a militarisation of the New Scramble for Africa’s
resources.
However, though Libya is an opportunity for those who made or are making profits from Iraq and Afghanistan to
further line their pockets, there is a risk that the conflict in Libya might have opened a can of worms not only for
the country but for the whole North African region. Islamic fundamentalists are likely to join hands with the
deceased leader’s followers together with sympathetic tribes. This will create chaos that might reach the levels of
Afghanistan. Suicide bombs against Western elements and establishments will increase and general discord might
be sown in society because of these elements. However NATO countries and other profit driven countries will
maintain covert and overt presence in the country in order to gain access to Libyan oil and spill over benefits.
China will also increase its influence to access the spoils; its delayed recognition of the TNC authority is a
reflection of its refusal to play catch up to Europe and the United States of America (USA) in the scramble for
African resources. Faced with these problems the African Union seems to be out of solutions to stop the new
phenomenon of the New Scramble’s militarisation.
3. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Vol. 2 No. 8 [Special Issue – April 2012]
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The Libya crisis was arguably initiated, covertly or otherwise, for profit making purposes. Being the country with
the sixth largest oil reserves in the world (Smith, 2011), Libya became an automatic target for destabilisation,
especially when there is so much competition for access to African resources between the US led western block
and China on the other hand. Libya’s historically checkered relationship with the west, worsened by involvement
of the country’s secret agents in the Lockerbie airplane bombing, Gaddafi’s aborted nuclear weapons programme
and his penchant for nationalisation, always pointed to a future of uncertainty, though relations had just begun to
thaw somehow. It is no surprise hence that at the earliest opportunity, Gaddafi, undependable as he was, had to be
taken out of the way.
In addition to the need for oil and related benefits, there is a great deal of reconstruction required in the immediate
aftermath of the war. Certainly contractors from neigbouring countries will also benefit but it is mainly western
and Chinese contractors who will get most of the tenders. Though the situation might be a bit different from Iraq
where the USA was the ‘governing authority’, no significant difference will be seen since the NTC will always be
indebted to those who supported them in the war. China, not so clean in its role in the new scramble, would seek
to use its capability as a construction power house to get some impressive deals. However its hesitancy to
recognise the NTC might leave it counting losses.
It is apparent, then, that the popular uprising against Gaddafi in February 2011 gave the west a perfect facade
under which they could overthrow the Gaddafi regime and install a client regime that would serve their interests.
As reported by Press TV on 14 June 2011, in Mid-May 2011, a few weeks after the NATO bombing campaign
commenced, leaders of the NTC went to Washington for diplomatic talks. On June 8, 2011, the first shipment of
Libyan oil arrived in the USA. This immediate establishment of oil relations between the two parties is aptly
summarised in the following statement by a delegate at the ‘Rebuilding Iraq 2’ conference, ‘The best time to
invest is when there is still blood on the ground’ (Klein, 2007: 326). Thus as the Libyan conflict raged on
(assuming now that it is over with the death of Gaddafi), various secret deals were being made to ensure a
profitable future for those helping in the removal of the dictator. The Libyan crisis thus had a dual character. It
served as a reminder to African peoples that the new scramble is becoming militarised and that those able to make
war and win have a profitable urge over their counterparts who spend much of their time defending values.
With the militarisation of the new scramble, the Africa Command (AFRICOM) will become very visible on the
continent. Though its role has been touted as improving the defense capacity of various countries in the continent,
the military command might be a pentagon instrument for the identification of countries to be targeted for
destabilisation or outright invasion on the pretext of lack of democracy, crimes against humanity and related
accusations. Sudan might actually be the next country in line for a Libya scenario since Al Bashir and Gaddafi
were more or less alike. Gaddafi had a kind of love- hate relationship with the west, so does Al Bashir. Libya has
vast oil resources, so does Sudan (though not so much now after the country’s division into North and South).
Gaddafi was accused of human rights abuses and possibly war crimes, so is Al Bashir. The list of similarities goes
on and on. Despite oil concerns, there is always profit in reconstruction. So the militarisation of the new scramble
and for profit war might seriously be upon Africa now.
Other concerns
Despite being the first example of the militarisation of the new scramble for African resources, the Libya crisis
also has ingredients of instability both internally and in the North African belt. Certainly Libya under Gaddafi was
somehow peaceful, with no major threats from Islamic fundamentalist elements in the region. Tuareg forces that
operate in the Sahel region and that have traditionally threatened countries such as Mali, Niger, Mauritania and
their neigbours will certainly now pose a threat to Libya as well. In fact, McTernan (2011: 45) notes that, ‘As
Gaddafi was a financier of past Tuareg rebellions, there is a risk that groups of the nomadic people of West Africa
will continue to be a source of instability’. Gaddafi’s death has an effect of introducing feelings of hostility into
the Tuareg groups against the NTC and its western backers. According to McTernan (2011:44) the Tuareg
fighters are also believed to have fought on the side of Gaddafi forces against the rebels and the concern is that
they returned with weapons to their respective bases after the fall of the Gaddafi regime. This unfortunate scenario
poses grave threats to the stability both West Africa and the North African belt. This is already occurring
following sporadic skirmishes between the Malian military and the Tuareg forces. The other concern has to do
with the threat of the Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM). This group of Islamic fundamentalists has been a
thorn in the flesh for Algeria and Western companies for a considerable time. The group thrives on hostage
taking, especially of Westerners, demanding ransom payments for their release.
5. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Vol. 2 No. 8 [Special Issue – April 2012]
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‘The position is that the NTC is required to set up an inclusive government before they can occupy an AU seat’.
This position did not materialise because the NTC aimed at totally defeating Gaddafi and establishing a new
government, setting the path to democracy. The AU’s insistence on inclusive governments as a conflict
management or resolution strategy has outlived its usefulness. It indicates a poverty of alternatives to solve the
ever increasing conflicts in Africa. The eventual ouster of Gbagbo in Ivory Coast by Quattara’s military forces
repudiates the effectiveness of governments of national unity as transition mechanisms. The continual feuding
between parties in Zimbabwe’s inclusive government and the animosity in the Kenyan government of national
unity point to a bleak future in terms of power transition. Violence may break out again. The AU’s position on the
crisis in Libya was also made weak by the fact that the General Assembly had already voted to give the NTC a
seat hence though some AU members wanted the establishment of a Zimbabwe or Kenya style inclusive
government, they would eventually get into line with what the UN wanted in Libya. However implicit in the AU’s
call for an inclusive government in Libya is the idea that Gaddafi had to be included in any political arrangement
set up to bring peace in the country. Obviously this is a position that was certainly not welcome to the NTC and
could have adverse repercussions for relations between the new leadership in Libya and the African Union.
However, since a considerable number of AU members have recognised the NTC, relations between these
members, and hypothetically, with the AU are set to improve. What is not certain is whether the NTC will seek to
align more with AU or the Arab League. However, prospects for relations with both sides are balanced since both
sides committed the same crime; giving too much undeserved respect to Gaddafi. However, the NTC may become
more aligned to the Arab League as a result of the Islamic factor. That notwithstanding, the AU needs the
membership of the NTC as well. Libya’s oil money under the NTC is still valuable to AU as much as it was
important during the Gaddafi era. Various benefits can also accrue to AU members as a result of trade and
investment. Libya also plays a significant role in intra-COMESA trade. There is therefore need for constructive
engagement between the AU and the Libyan government for the benefit of both parties. The AU can also try to
apply itself more in the political development of the new Libya. Indeed technical experts in the field of
governance need not come from the USA or Europe alone, the AU can also send its experts to Libya to help in the
establishment of effective government institutions. Experts can also be send for purposes of peace building,
conflict transformation and post conflict reconstruction. This will make the NTC feel more acceptable to the
continental body and further relations can be built on that foundation. It is better to do a little something than not
to do anything at all.
Conclusions
The Libyan conflict has left an indelible imprint on the African continent. While the greater number of Libyans
celebrated the downfall of Gaddafi, it is the West who seem to be celebrating more. The military help given by
NATO in the NTC’s ouster of Gaddafi gave the Westerners especially France, the United Kingdom and the
United States the room to both invest in Libya’s oil industry and to beef up their oil stockpiles in view of an
uncertain energy future. It is the submission of this paper that NATO’s involvement in Libya marked the first
attempt by the West to militarise the new scramble for African resources in the present age. It is also the
submission of this paper that if African leaders continue with their mostly dictatorial tendencies, resource hungry
western countries will use the grievances brewed by such a style of rule as a ruse to intervene militarily to uphold
and protect human rights and liberties. The moment people rise against their government, out of their own will or
because of external machinations, there is likelihood that Governments will use force to quell the protests as is
rampant in the continent. This is the process that can attract the intervention of the West as happened in Libya.
African governments should therefore be democratic, transparent and should respect the people’s will. The nexus
between economic and political freedom is very strong, hence the need to avail both economic and political
opportunities. Gaddafi’s mistake is that he concentrated much on the economic and social aspects and left out the
political in an attempt to create a socialist utopia.
It should also be born in mind that the search for markets, investment opportunities and most importantly profit
continues to push especially corporates into new areas. With the debilitating phenomenon of for profit war taking
the Middle East by storm, in the not so distant future Sub Saharan Africa will also be a victim. There is money to
be made in the reconstruction of the ruins of war hence the belief by some authorities that war has actually
become a nakedly profit seeking venture. So in Libya, besides gaining access to crude oil and other spin offs, the
Western corporates will be making profits through reconstruction tenders. However this does not imply that able
African corporates will not benefit. Further, this paper has also submitted that the Libyan conflict might brew
insecurity and more conflict in the Maghreb.