Mechanics and Classification of birds migration along with the needs to migrate. it is helpful to learn the mechanics involved in migration specifically elaborating the roles of environmental factors to force the birds to migrate.
migration is the movement of animal from one place to another and the migration is occured in all group of animals it include mammals invertebrates amphibians reptiles fishes birds...
Social organization and social behaviour in insectsPoojaVishnoi7
Introduction
Properties of a society
Advantages of a society
Disadvantages of a society
Social organisation and social behaviour in insects:-
1. Termites
2.Honeybees
3.Ants
4.Yellow wasp
migration is the movement of animal from one place to another and the migration is occured in all group of animals it include mammals invertebrates amphibians reptiles fishes birds...
Social organization and social behaviour in insectsPoojaVishnoi7
Introduction
Properties of a society
Advantages of a society
Disadvantages of a society
Social organisation and social behaviour in insects:-
1. Termites
2.Honeybees
3.Ants
4.Yellow wasp
When a perfectly harmless animal resembles in its colour and shape, with a well protected species, the phenomenon is called mimicry.
The concept of mimicry was first given by H. W. Bates in 1862.
Mimicry is an important feature of organism which protect the animals against enemies. Mimicry often used as self defense which increases the survival value of organisms.
ORIGIN OF CHORDATES
Animal kingdom is basically divided into two sub kingdoms:
Non-chordata- including animals without notochord.
Chordata- This comprising animals having notochord or chorda dorsalis.
Chordates were evolved sometime 500 million years ago during Cambrian period (invertebrates were also began to evolve in this period) .
Chamberlain (1900) pointed out that all modern chordates possess glomerular kidneys that are designed to remove excess water from body.
It is believed that Chordates have originated from invertebrates.
It is difficult to determine from which invertebrate group the chordates were developed.
Chordate ancestors were soft bodied animals. Hence they were not preserved as Fossils.
However, early fossils of chordates have all been recovered from marine sediments and even modern protochordates are all marine forms.
Also glomerular kidneys are also found in some marine forms such as myxinoids and sharks. That makes the marine origin of chordates more believable.
Chordates evolved from some deuterostome ancestor (echinoderms, hemichordates, pogonophorans etc.) as they have similarities in embryonic development, type of coelom and larval stages.
Many theories infers origin of chordates, hemichordates and echinoderms from a common ancestor.
Iczn(The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature )Al Nahian Avro
The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) acts as adviser and arbiter for the zoological community by generating and disseminating information on the correct use of the scientific names of animals. The ICZN is responsible for producing the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature - a set of rules for the naming of animals and the resolution of nomenclatural problems.
This presentation includes detailed explanation of Animal communication via different examples present in nature. It includes all the different methods animals use to convey information to their species or the other animals in nature.
Parental care in amphibians and reptilesayesha sahi
Any form of parental behavior that appears likely to increase the fitness of the parent’s offspring.
Parents of some animals go to great lengths to increase their offspring’s survival prospects by protecting them from predators, food shortages, desiccation, and a range of other environmental hazards.
First off all they decide the oviposition site.
Any place where small puddles of still water form can provide a suitable nesting site. Sites range from potholes, tapir tracks, and large leaves to human made ditches, road ruts, and even plastic bowls
Rheobatrachus females brooded tadpoles in their stomachs, and the young emerged from the females
In case of moor frogs, males stay to guard the clutch. They attack anyone who
approaches it! They do not leave the post until tadpoles hatch. Only then, starving fathers
go to land and may eat well.
Taxonomic Collections, Preservation and Curating of InsectsKamlesh Patel
Taxonomy: Taxonomy is the science of defining and naming groups of biological organisms on the basis of shared characteristics.
The classification of organisms is according to hierarchal system or in taxonomic ranks (eg; domain, kingdom, phylum class, order, family, genus and species) based on phylogenetic relationship established by genetic analysis.
Taxonomic Collection : Biological collection are typically preserved plant or animals specimens along with specimen documentations such as labels and notations.
Dry Collection - Dry collections consist of those specimens that are preserved in a dry state.
Wet Collection - Wet collections are specimens kept in a liquid preservative to prevent their deterioration.
When a perfectly harmless animal resembles in its colour and shape, with a well protected species, the phenomenon is called mimicry.
The concept of mimicry was first given by H. W. Bates in 1862.
Mimicry is an important feature of organism which protect the animals against enemies. Mimicry often used as self defense which increases the survival value of organisms.
ORIGIN OF CHORDATES
Animal kingdom is basically divided into two sub kingdoms:
Non-chordata- including animals without notochord.
Chordata- This comprising animals having notochord or chorda dorsalis.
Chordates were evolved sometime 500 million years ago during Cambrian period (invertebrates were also began to evolve in this period) .
Chamberlain (1900) pointed out that all modern chordates possess glomerular kidneys that are designed to remove excess water from body.
It is believed that Chordates have originated from invertebrates.
It is difficult to determine from which invertebrate group the chordates were developed.
Chordate ancestors were soft bodied animals. Hence they were not preserved as Fossils.
However, early fossils of chordates have all been recovered from marine sediments and even modern protochordates are all marine forms.
Also glomerular kidneys are also found in some marine forms such as myxinoids and sharks. That makes the marine origin of chordates more believable.
Chordates evolved from some deuterostome ancestor (echinoderms, hemichordates, pogonophorans etc.) as they have similarities in embryonic development, type of coelom and larval stages.
Many theories infers origin of chordates, hemichordates and echinoderms from a common ancestor.
Iczn(The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature )Al Nahian Avro
The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) acts as adviser and arbiter for the zoological community by generating and disseminating information on the correct use of the scientific names of animals. The ICZN is responsible for producing the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature - a set of rules for the naming of animals and the resolution of nomenclatural problems.
This presentation includes detailed explanation of Animal communication via different examples present in nature. It includes all the different methods animals use to convey information to their species or the other animals in nature.
Parental care in amphibians and reptilesayesha sahi
Any form of parental behavior that appears likely to increase the fitness of the parent’s offspring.
Parents of some animals go to great lengths to increase their offspring’s survival prospects by protecting them from predators, food shortages, desiccation, and a range of other environmental hazards.
First off all they decide the oviposition site.
Any place where small puddles of still water form can provide a suitable nesting site. Sites range from potholes, tapir tracks, and large leaves to human made ditches, road ruts, and even plastic bowls
Rheobatrachus females brooded tadpoles in their stomachs, and the young emerged from the females
In case of moor frogs, males stay to guard the clutch. They attack anyone who
approaches it! They do not leave the post until tadpoles hatch. Only then, starving fathers
go to land and may eat well.
Taxonomic Collections, Preservation and Curating of InsectsKamlesh Patel
Taxonomy: Taxonomy is the science of defining and naming groups of biological organisms on the basis of shared characteristics.
The classification of organisms is according to hierarchal system or in taxonomic ranks (eg; domain, kingdom, phylum class, order, family, genus and species) based on phylogenetic relationship established by genetic analysis.
Taxonomic Collection : Biological collection are typically preserved plant or animals specimens along with specimen documentations such as labels and notations.
Dry Collection - Dry collections consist of those specimens that are preserved in a dry state.
Wet Collection - Wet collections are specimens kept in a liquid preservative to prevent their deterioration.
Effect of climate change on migration of birds A Presentation By Mr. Allah d...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
Effect of climate change on migration of birds A Presentation By Mr. Allah dad Khan Visiting Professor the University of Agriculture Peshawar allahdad52@gmail.com
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2. Contents
Introduction
Why birds need to Migrate?
What triggers migration?
Patterns of Migration
Types of Migration
Migratory Adaptations in Birds
Advantages & Disadvantages of Migration
Conclusion
References
3. Introduction
Bird migration is the regular seasonal movement, often north and south along a
flyway, between breeding and wintering grounds
The path followed is known as flyway
Directed from Arctic to Antarctic and vice versa
Quite ancient activity practiced by Birds
Recorded as many as 3,000 years ago by Ancient Greek authors,
including Homer and Aristotle
4. Migration
It is a collective term of Immigration and Emigration
Immigration occurs when new individuals are introduced
It results in the increase in population size
Emigration is when individuals leave a population
It results the decrease in population size
5. Why Birds need to Migrate?
Birds need to migrate for
1. Food
2. Shelter
3. Reproduction
4. Predator Avoidance
5. To Avoid Climate Extremes
6. What triggers migration? Species specific physiological conditions
The Photoperiod
Gonadal development
Increasing Day length
Changes in Food Supply
Lowering temperatures
7. Patterns of Migration
The Old birds that have traveled many times in their life forms the front line
Then comes the Young ones Traveling for the first time
Next are the females
Injured and old Birds are present in the back rows
Birds tend to fly in flocks rather than to fly alone
More Obvious pattern is V shaped
It helps to save energy and provides max Speed
8. Types of migration
Distance based
1. Long Distance Migrations
Long distance travelled
Non Stop Journey
Energy is met by stored Fat
2. Short Distance Migrations
Short Distance is travelled
Journey Starts from dawn and ends at Dusk
Birds Feed during the stop
9. How Birds find the flyway?
Sun Compass Cues
The sun rises in the east, over headed at noon sets in the west
Celestial Cues
Angle between the north star and horizon decreases towards the equator
Magnetic Compasses
Birds orient themselves by using earth magnetic Field
10. Types of Migrations
Seasonal migration is predictable based on seasonal changes
Latitudinal: This migration is between areas of different latitudes from north to
south and vice versa
Longitudinal movement between different longitudes from east to west or west
to east.
Altitudinal Birds that breed in tall mountains often exhibit altitudinal migration
Loop birds that follow an annual circle are loop migrants.
Nomadic movement is less predictable and can be erratic depending on available
food and water resources.
11. Types of Migrations (Continue)
Irruptive migrations that bring large numbers of birds into unusual areas, most
often in winter
Dispersal juvenile birds are forced away from their hatching grounds and must
seek out their own territories as their parents continue to use the same range.
A leap frog or skip migration is a unique pattern where a northern population
will migrate a greater distance to skip over a sedentary population of the same
species.
Molt: Some birds migrate only to accommodate their annual molting periods.
12. Mechanics of Migration
Long distance migrants store fat 50% of their body weight
Some species start journey early and stop frequently to feed and rest
In clear weather birds fly at altitude 1000 meters
It helps them to prevent strike with any obstacle
Many birds have specific migration routes
13. Disadvantages of Migration
Many young are not, able to reach the destination because they die during the
course of the continuous and tiresome journey.
Sudden changes in the climate such as storms and hurricanes, strong current of
wind, fog are the causes for the death of a sizeable number of migrants.
Sometimes man-made high tours and light houses cause the death of migratory
birds.
Man themselves are responsible for the death of the migrants. They shoot at these
poor birds just for their own leisure and amusement.
14. Advantages of Birds Migration
Migration provides birds with
I. New environment provides them with greater supply of food
II. They are provided with shelter and territory
III. Better suited environment
IV. Avoidance from the Predators
V. Reproductive success as more offspring are produced
VI. .In this way they face different environmental conditions and can meet the needs
of their young ones more efficiently.
VII. Moreover ,their survival chance occur more by evolution.
15. What we can do for migratory birds
Eliminate the poison in your Yard
Protect , restore & Create Habitat
Help Migratory birds in your own yard
Provide them food sources
Provide them Water sources
Provide shelter either natural or artificial
16. Conclusion
Birds Migrate to survive
Migration plays important role in their Evolution
Several Climatic Factors triggers the process of Migration
Migration is not always advantageous
Birds have adapted themselves for Migrations either short or
long distances
Not all the birds migrate but some of the individuals of a population migrates
17. References
Newton, I. (2008). The Migration Ecology of Birds. Elsevier.
Chan K (2001). "Partial migration in Australian landbirds: a
review". Emu. 101 (4): 281–292
Edwards, Darryl B.; Forbes, Mark R. (2007). "Absence of protandry in the spring
migration of a population of Song Sparrows Melospiza melodia". Ibis. 149 (4):
715–720
Berthold, Peter (2001). Bird Migration: A General Survey. Oxford University
Press. p. 67
Guillemain, M.; Sadoul, N.; Simon, G. (2005). "European flyway permeability
and abmigration in Teal Anas crecca, an analysis based on ringing
recoveries". Ibis. 147: 688
