MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA

1. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY CONTRIBUTION
AND DISCOVERIES
MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICAN
MIDDLE EAST AFRICAN
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2. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY CONTRIBUTION AND DISCOVERIES
MIDDLE EAST
1.The Middle East's Early
Contributions
4. Capsule Endoscopy
2. Taqi ad-Din Muhammad
ibn Ma'ruf ash-Shami al-
Asadi
5. Inventions
3. Gas Lasers & CSI
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3. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY CONTRIBUTION AND DISCOVERIES
AFRICAN
The overlooked history of
African technology
Stone tool Stone age
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4. THE MIDDLE EAST'S EARLY CONTRIBUTIONS
• THE MIDDLE EAST IS AN AREA OF THE WORLD THAT
INCLUDES MANY COUNTRIES, SUCH AS TURKEY, ISRAEL,
SAUDI ARABIA, IRAN, AND IRAQ. THROUGHOUT ITS
HISTORY, THESE PEOPLE HAVE EITHER INVENTED OR
CONTRIBUTED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF IMPORTANT
TECHNOLOGIES THAT HAVE IMPACTED THE FIELDS OF
ASTRONOMY, MEDICINE, AND MUCH MORE.
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5. TAQI AD-DIN MUHAMMAD IBN MA'RUF ASH-SHAMI AL-ASADI
 One of the world's most famous
polymaths
 He was born in Damascus, now located
in Syria, in 1526.
 His knowledge and observations
contributed much to the field of
astronomy
 Important properties related to vision
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6. TAQI AD-DIN MUHAMMAD IBN MA'RUF ASH-SHAMI AL-ASADI
 Coordinates of stars
 Rudemintary steam turbine
 Reflection and refraction

7. CELESTIAL SPHERE
 Celestial coordinate system is a system
for specifying positions of celestial
objects: satellites, planets, stars, galaxies
and so on. Coordinate systems can
specify an object's position in three-
dimensional space or plot merely its
direction on a celestial sphere, if the
object's distance is unknown or trivial.
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8. RUDIMENTARY STEAM TURBINE
 A steam turbine is a machine that
gets thermal
energy from pressurise steam
 It uses the energy to
do mechanical work by rotation.
 It is usually connected to a generator to
produce electricity.
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9. REFLECTION AND REFRACTION
 Reflection involves a change in direction
of waves when they bounce off a
barrier. Refraction of waves involves a
change in the direction of waves as they
pass from one medium to another.
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10. GAS LASERS & CSI
TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS THAT AROSE IN THE MIDDLE EAST
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11. ALI JAVAN
 Iranian-born physicist who was the
co-inventor of the gas laser
 Iranian-born medical engineer Tofy
Mussivand has invented a device that
is able to extract and analyze DNA
from just a single skin cell.

12. GAS LASER
 A gas laser is a laser in which an
electric current is discharged through
a gas to produce coherent light.
The gas laser was the first continuous-
light laser and the first laser to operate
on the principle of converting electrical
energy to a laser light output.
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13. DNA EXTRACTER
 DNA isolation is a process of purification of
DNA from sample using a combination of
physical and chemical methods. The first
isolation of DNA was done in 1869
by Friedrich Miescher. Currently it is a routine
procedure in molecular
biology or forensic analyses.
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14. CAPSULE ENDOSCOPY
TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS THAT AROSE IN THE MIDDLE EAST
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15. CAPSULE ENDOSCOPY
 In Israel, medical engineers
developed capsule endoscopy
 Which is the visual examination of the
digestive tract via a pill-like device
 This has given doctors and patients a
much easier way to detect problems or
the causes of problems in the digestive
tract, like pain in the abdomen,
bleeding from the abdominal tract, as
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16. CAPSULE ENDOSCOPY
 Capsule endoscopy is a procedure
used to record internal images of
the gastrointestinal tract for use
in medical diagnosis. The capsule is
similar in shape to a
standard pharmaceutical capsule,
although a little larger, and contains
a tiny camera and an array
of LEDs powered by a battery.
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17. INVENTIONS
TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS THAT AROSE IN THE MIDDLE EAST
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18. TIN GLAZING
 8th century
 Tin-glazing: The tin-glazing of ceramics
was invented by Muslim potters in 8th-
century Basra, Iraq. The oldest fragments
found to-date were excavated from the
palace of Samarra about 80 kilometers
(50 miles) north of Baghdad.
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19. LUSTWARE
 Lusterware: Lustre glazes were
applied to pottery in Mesopotamia in
the 9th century; the technique soon
became popular
in Persia and Syria. Earlier uses of
lustre are known.
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20. VERTICAL – AXLE WINDMILL
 Vertical-axle windmill: A small wind wheel
operating an organ is described as early as
the 1st century AD by Hero of
Alexandria. The first vertical-axle windmills
were eventually built in Sistan, Persia as
described by Muslim geographers. These
windmills had long vertical driveshafts with
rectangle shaped blades.
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21. THE OVERLOOKED HISTORY OF AFRICAN
TECHNOLOGY
THE AFRICAN CONTRIBUTIONS
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22. ZIMBABWE, MOZAMBIQUE, AND SOUTH AFRICA
 Indigenous hunters have for centuries
made and used an impressive array of
tools
 There is the bow, made from giant
raisin trees and called the “vurha” or
“uta” in the languages of two ethnic
groups in the area.
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23. HUNTING
 Hunting is the practice of killing or
trapping animals, or pursuing or
tracking them with the intent of
doing so. Hunting wildlife or feral
animals is most commonly done by
humans for food, recreation, to
remove predators that are
dangerous to humans or domestic
animals, or for trade.
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24. ZIMBABWE, MOZAMBIQUE, AND SOUTH AFRICA
 Local craftsmen make arrows (“matlhari”
or “miseve”), knives (“mukwanga” or
“banga”), and axes (“xihloka” or “demo”).
 Until the advent of colonial rule, villagers
also dug pits lined with poison-tipped
stakes (“goji” or “hunza”), where animals
as big as elephants were captured.
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25. THE GREAT RIFT VALLEY OF AFRICA
 The evolution of early hominins. The
earliest tools in the world can be found
there as well:
 An unidentified hominin, possibly
Australopithecus afarensis or
Kenyanthropus platyops, created stone
tools dating to 3.3 million years ago at
Lomekwi in the Turkana Basin, eastern
Africa.
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26. THE GREAT RIFT VALLEY OF AFRICA
 Homo habilis, residing in eastern
Africa, developed another early
toolmaking industry, the Oldowan,
around 2.3 million years ago.
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27. THE GREAT RIFT VALLEY OF AFRICA
 The Oldowan is the earliest
widespread stone tool archaeological
industry in prehistory.
 They're fairly simple tools, usually made
with one or a few flakes chipped off with
another stone. Oldowan tools were used
during the Lower Paleolithic period,
 This technological industry was followed
by the more
sophisticated Acheulean industry.
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28. THE GREAT RIFT VALLEY OF AFRICA
 Homo erectus developed the Acheulean
stone tool industry, specifically hand-axes,
at 1.5 million years ago. This tool industry
spread to the Middle East and Europe
around 800,000 to 600,000 years ago.
Homo erectus also begins using fire.
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29. THE GREAT RIFT VALLEY OF AFRICA
 The beginning of early human evolution
reaches back to the earliest innovations
of primitive technology and tool culture.
H. erectus were the first to use fire to
cook and to make hand axes out of
stone
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30. THE GREAT RIFT VALLEY OF AFRICA
 Homo sapiens, or modern
humans, created bone tools and
backed blades around 90,000 to
60,000 years ago, in southern
and eastern Africa. The use of
bone tools and backed blades
eventually became characteristic
of Later Stone Age tool
industries
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31. STONE TOOL
 Stone tool industry, any of several assemblages
of artifacts displaying humanity’s earliest technology,
beginning more than 2 million years ago. These stone tools
have survived in great quantities and now serve as the
major means to determine the activities of hominids.
Archaeologists have classified distinct stone tool industries
on the basis of style and use.
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32. THE GREAT RIFT VALLEY OF AFRICA
 The first appearance of abstract art
is during the Middle Stone Age,
however. The oldest abstract art in
the world is a shell necklace dated to
82,000 years ago from the Cave of
Pigeons in Taforalt, eastern Morocco.
 The second oldest abstract art and
the oldest rock art is found at
Blombos Cave in South Africa, dated
to 77,000 years ago.
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33. STONE AGE
 The Stone Age was an ancient time when people made tools from
stone. Wood, bones, and other materials were also used for tools, but
those things don't last as long, so more stone tools are found. Stone
(especially a hard kind of stone called flint) was used to cut things.
 The period began with the first stone tools, about 750,000 years ago.
Some groups of people were still in the stone age into the 20th
century. They also killed animals for food and clothing. They used
animal skin for their shelters.
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