A presentation from Aviat Networks explaining how microwave radio will play a key role in next-generation LTE networks and how it is the perfect complement to fiber.
Case for Layer 3 Intelligence at the Mobile Cell SiteAviat Networks
This document discusses the benefits of implementing Layer 3 intelligence at mobile cell sites through an integrated solution called SmartNode from Aviat Networks. SmartNode integrates microwave radios and routing functionality into a single system, simplifying network management and operations. It allows cell sites to efficiently deliver new services while supporting network densification goals through a more flexible, scalable and intelligent architecture. Implementing Layer 3 intelligence through unintegrated routers and radios can increase costs, complexity and management challenges for mobile operators. SmartNode provides a simpler approach through a nodal microwave solution with integrated Layer 3 routing capabilities.
LONG HAUL MULTI-GIGABIT MICROWAVE: A NEW APPROACHAviat Networks
As the data capacity demand on mobile phone and other wireless operator networks booms, their telecom backbones, or backhaul infrastructures, have struggled to keep pace. To get high volumes of data from coast to coast, operators have in more recent times relied on fiber optic technology for their voice and data traffic. However, for these long-haul operations, fiber lacks practicality, flexibility, cost effectiveness, security and quick time-to-market. Increasingly, operators are turning to the original long-haul telco solution to meet all these needs: microwave radio.
The Eclipse IDU GE3 is a smaller, faster, smarter indoor unit for mobile backhaul applications.
The IDU GE3 enables the deployment of cost-effective wireless tail-end cell-site connections and standalone point to point links.
Innovations for Better Performing NetworksAviat Networks
This document discusses how Aviat Networks provides solutions to help mobile network operators build smarter, smaller, simpler networks with lower total cost of ownership. It describes how Aviat's portfolio of intelligent packet nodes, compact microwave routers and radios, and network management software enable operators to cost-effectively support new IP and mobile services with greater network capacity, reliability, security and simplified operations. The document also emphasizes that Aviat's solutions combine hardware and software innovations to future-proof operators' networks and help maximize performance as network demands increase.
With worldwide mobile backhaul connections increasing from 5 to 10 Mbps in 2009 to 50 Mbps by 2012, mobile operators, network equipment vendors and others must implement new strategies to cope with the influx. Fiber, copper, microwave, millimeter wave—each backhaul medium has its own advantages and limitations in terms of availability, cost to deploy, operational cost, speed/distance and regulatory considerations. What is the right strategy for today’s 3G and emerging 4G ecosystem, and is there any hope of leveraging today's backhaul assets for three (let alone five) years?
In this webinar, Jennifer Pigg, Yankee Group research VP, examines the mobile backhaul solutions operators are deploying today and the emerging strategies for tomorrow.
This document discusses fronthaul solutions and wireless fronthaul applications. It summarizes EBlink's fronthaul products including the FrontLink 58 wireless fronthaul solution, which can transmit up to 7.5 Gbps over 5.8 GHz frequencies. The document also outlines various wireless fronthaul use cases for indoor and outdoor network densification as well as EBlink's roadmap and role in evolving fronthaul standards towards 5G.
In this presentation we discuss the following topics surrounding fronthaul:
1. Why fronthaul?
2. Capacity requirements
3. Latency requirements
4. Fronthaul and small cells
5. Transport for Fronthaul
LTE Backhaul Challenges, Small Cells and the Critical Role of MicrowaveAviat Networks
Aviat Networks's chief technology officer
(CTO), Paul Kennard, offers a presentation to IEEE's Communications Society on the critical role microwave networking will play in the deployment of Small Cell backhaul to service the throughput needs of LTE 4G mobile telecommunications providers.
Case for Layer 3 Intelligence at the Mobile Cell SiteAviat Networks
This document discusses the benefits of implementing Layer 3 intelligence at mobile cell sites through an integrated solution called SmartNode from Aviat Networks. SmartNode integrates microwave radios and routing functionality into a single system, simplifying network management and operations. It allows cell sites to efficiently deliver new services while supporting network densification goals through a more flexible, scalable and intelligent architecture. Implementing Layer 3 intelligence through unintegrated routers and radios can increase costs, complexity and management challenges for mobile operators. SmartNode provides a simpler approach through a nodal microwave solution with integrated Layer 3 routing capabilities.
LONG HAUL MULTI-GIGABIT MICROWAVE: A NEW APPROACHAviat Networks
As the data capacity demand on mobile phone and other wireless operator networks booms, their telecom backbones, or backhaul infrastructures, have struggled to keep pace. To get high volumes of data from coast to coast, operators have in more recent times relied on fiber optic technology for their voice and data traffic. However, for these long-haul operations, fiber lacks practicality, flexibility, cost effectiveness, security and quick time-to-market. Increasingly, operators are turning to the original long-haul telco solution to meet all these needs: microwave radio.
The Eclipse IDU GE3 is a smaller, faster, smarter indoor unit for mobile backhaul applications.
The IDU GE3 enables the deployment of cost-effective wireless tail-end cell-site connections and standalone point to point links.
Innovations for Better Performing NetworksAviat Networks
This document discusses how Aviat Networks provides solutions to help mobile network operators build smarter, smaller, simpler networks with lower total cost of ownership. It describes how Aviat's portfolio of intelligent packet nodes, compact microwave routers and radios, and network management software enable operators to cost-effectively support new IP and mobile services with greater network capacity, reliability, security and simplified operations. The document also emphasizes that Aviat's solutions combine hardware and software innovations to future-proof operators' networks and help maximize performance as network demands increase.
With worldwide mobile backhaul connections increasing from 5 to 10 Mbps in 2009 to 50 Mbps by 2012, mobile operators, network equipment vendors and others must implement new strategies to cope with the influx. Fiber, copper, microwave, millimeter wave—each backhaul medium has its own advantages and limitations in terms of availability, cost to deploy, operational cost, speed/distance and regulatory considerations. What is the right strategy for today’s 3G and emerging 4G ecosystem, and is there any hope of leveraging today's backhaul assets for three (let alone five) years?
In this webinar, Jennifer Pigg, Yankee Group research VP, examines the mobile backhaul solutions operators are deploying today and the emerging strategies for tomorrow.
This document discusses fronthaul solutions and wireless fronthaul applications. It summarizes EBlink's fronthaul products including the FrontLink 58 wireless fronthaul solution, which can transmit up to 7.5 Gbps over 5.8 GHz frequencies. The document also outlines various wireless fronthaul use cases for indoor and outdoor network densification as well as EBlink's roadmap and role in evolving fronthaul standards towards 5G.
In this presentation we discuss the following topics surrounding fronthaul:
1. Why fronthaul?
2. Capacity requirements
3. Latency requirements
4. Fronthaul and small cells
5. Transport for Fronthaul
LTE Backhaul Challenges, Small Cells and the Critical Role of MicrowaveAviat Networks
Aviat Networks's chief technology officer
(CTO), Paul Kennard, offers a presentation to IEEE's Communications Society on the critical role microwave networking will play in the deployment of Small Cell backhaul to service the throughput needs of LTE 4G mobile telecommunications providers.
Prof. Andy Sutton: Backhauling the 5G Experience3G4G
Presented by Prof. Andy Sutton, Principal Network Architect, BT Technology at The IET seminar, "5G 2020 - Unleashed" on 29 January 2020.
A companion paper is available from Academia.edu website here: https://www.academia.edu/41625209/Design_and_Deployment_of_the_EE_5G_Network
*** SHARED WITH PERMISSION ***
Microwave technology can provide ultra-low latency network transport that is comparable or faster than fiber under the right conditions. Key factors that influence latency include air latency, angular deviation from the direct line of sight path, regulatory constraints on spectrum availability and power levels, the number of hops, and modem and RF performance. While equipment latency is important, optimizing the overall route design, planning, and use of repeaters is more significant for achieving the lowest end-to-end latency. Emerging technologies such as specialized modems, all-outdoor radio repeaters, increased capacity solutions, and potential beyond-microwave options may further reduce latency in the future.
Microwave radio technology offers various configuration options that can impact key factors like capacity, reliability, and cost. All-indoor radios typically provide the highest reliability due to faster repair times, but they may have higher initial costs. Split mount configurations combine indoor and outdoor units, balancing reliability with lower costs. The best configuration depends on specific needs and factors like frequency band, distances, capacity demands, and whether indoor space is available. Higher power radios can reduce total cost of ownership over time regardless of configuration.
Yue Wang: AI in 5G –the Why and How - Jan 20193G4G
Presentation by Yue Wang, Samsung Research UK at IET 5G - the Advent conference on 30 January 2019 | IET London: Savoy Place
This presentation looks scalable and deployable AI solution in the 5G Infrastructure along with updates from ETSI. Use cases such as Energy Saving, Cell Selection, Fronthaul Management, Orchestration & more are discussed in this presentation.
*** SHARED WITH PERMISSION ***
These slides explain the Protocol Framework for 5G mmWave Backhaul Network, as a part of a project presentation for the course Telecom Architecture at Northeastern University.
Ceragon is a global wireless backhaul specialist that provides disruptive, high-capacity hauling solutions. It has experienced 35% revenue CAGR from 2004-2011 and has a portfolio of solutions including microwave radios, E-band radios, and small cell solutions to meet various capacity, coverage, and deployment needs for backhaul and fronthaul. Ceragon focuses on in-house radio technology development and sees the market evolving towards a holistic heterogeneous network hauling approach.
How to Put an 5G Elephant into a 4G Fridge?Huawei Network
The document discusses how to upgrade existing 4G transport networks to support 5G requirements. It proposes:
1. Upgrading cell site routers to support 50GE uplinks and 10GE downlinks to reuse existing equipment.
2. Boosting microwave link speeds to 10Gbps using technologies like XPIC, CA, and MIMO.
3. Simplifying fronthaul networks with centralized WDM to improve power efficiency and reliability.
4. Enabling real-time latency optimization using an Intent Driven Network with accurate latency measurement, analysis, and intelligent path selection.
Radio Challenges and Opportunities for Large Scale Small Cell Deployments3G4G
Presentation by Iris Barcia of Keima at Cambridge Wireless Event on Small Cells, 3rd Oct. 2012. Details here: https://blog.3g4g.co.uk/2012/10/summary-of-cambridge-wireless-event-on.html
*** Shared with Permission ***
NGFI (Next Generation Fronthaul Interface) native RoE (Radio over Ethernet)ITU
This is a presentation and a demo for both NGFI (Next Generation Fronthaul Interface) native RoE (Radio over Ethernet) with Intra PHY split implemented in it, and CPRI over Ethernet encapsulated in structure agnostic mode. Compared to CPRI, the NGFI native RoE implementation improves bandwidth usage greatly, which better supports 5G applications demanding for higher bandwidth. In the CPRI over Ethernet demonstration, bidirectional CPRI flows are recovered without error, which enables C-RAN (centralized radio access network) architecture by using Ethernet as a transport network.
Author : Anders Lund, Bomin Li, Thomas Nørgaard, Comcores
Presented at ITU-T Focus Group IMT-2020 Workshop and Demo Day, 7 December 2016.
More details on the event : http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-T/Workshops-and-Seminars/201612/Pages/Programme.aspx
Mobdiea lte overview_2nd_marketing_2014_0423_최종Kevin Kang
The document discusses LTE carrier aggregation technology. It describes Qualcomm's LTE carrier aggregation test projects in South Korea with various mobile device manufacturers. It also outlines Ericsson's LTE optimization projects with telecom operators in Saudi Arabia and South Korea. Finally, it provides background information on 3GPP LTE release 10 and release 11 specifications related to carrier aggregation configurations and bandwidth classifications.
The document discusses the new CBRS spectrum that has been freed up by the FCC for shared usage. It summarizes that 150MHz of spectrum from 3550-3700MHz has been identified for sharing. It also discusses that Amdocs offers an end-to-end solution for deploying CBRS small cells, including providing SAS administration services to manage access to the shared spectrum. Amdocs can help operators and other users accelerate deployment of CBRS networks and take advantage of the new shared spectrum opportunities.
Dr. Wenbing Yao from Huawei Technologies gave a presentation on 5G updates at the INCA Seminar in London on July 12th. The presentation discussed how networks and services need to be ready for 5G deployment, including having the proper spectrum, network infrastructure like small cells, and developing the 5G ecosystem. It also reviewed the progress of 5G standards development and initial trials and deployments by various operators worldwide. Huawei outlined its investments in 5G research and trials conducted with partners to help bring 5G networks and services to reality.
Andy sutton - Multi-RAT mobile backhaul for Het-Netshmatthews1
At our 5th Telecoms Evangelist meet up Andy Sutton of EE gave a fantastic presentation reviewing the latest trends and developments in mobile backhaul architecture, strategy and technology. Starting with a review of backhaul capacity, performance requirements and protocol architecture, the presentation initially focused on the macro cell layer before going on to discuss options for evolving towards a true multi-layered heterogeneous network. Take a look!
Fronthaul technologies kwang_submit_to_slideshareKwangkoog Lee
5G Fronthaul Technologies (Especially, this document specifies the e-CPRI technology, because many telcos are now considering the eCPRI for the next fronthaul.)
E blink Wireless Fronthaul Technology as a key enabler for C-RANstaubin
breakthrough technology with revolutionary spectral efficiency carrying 7Gbps CPRI over the air within a narrow bandwidth. Describing numerous use cases for network densification and coverage by means of remote radio heads (Micro or macro RRHs).
Why should higher-layer applications care about software-defined optics?ADVA
At Netnod Meeting in Stockholm, Torbjörn Rium explored the latest transmission technology set to enable dynamic capacity that adapts to connectivity network conditions. He discussed the potential of software-defined optics to optimize transmission bandwidth between nodes depending on parameters like link distance and quality. Torbjörn also outlined how higher-layer applications will be able to utilize these dynamic bandwidth offerings, adapting traffic and content flow to available bandwidth, as well as the role that SDN and APIs will play in enabling the necessary communication between lower connectivity and higher application layers.
Reducing RAN infrastructure resources by leveraging 5G RAN Transport Technolo...Michael Gronovius
This presentation describes the 5G transport requirements and discusses how to prepare today's mobile transport network for 5G in the most cost efficient way.
This document provides an overview of digital microwave communication principles and concepts. It begins with an introduction explaining that the course is intended to educate engineers on the basics of digital microwave communications. It then outlines the learning objectives, which include explaining the concepts, components, networking modes, propagation principles, anti-fading technologies, and design of microwave transmission links. The document also includes sections on the history and development of microwave communication, definitions of key terms, modulation techniques, frame structures, equipment types, and antenna technology.
WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is a wireless technology that provides broadband connections over long distances. It can deliver last mile wireless broadband as an alternative to cable and DSL. WiMAX uses OFDMA technology which utilizes multiple subcarriers to transmit wide bandwidth signals efficiently. It has further evolved through several IEEE 802.16 standards to support higher data rates and frequencies. WiMAX has a longer range than Wi-Fi, with expected speeds between 1-100 Mbps for fixed and mobile use. It is being deployed worldwide for various applications and paving the way for 5G networks in the future.
Prof. Andy Sutton: Backhauling the 5G Experience3G4G
Presented by Prof. Andy Sutton, Principal Network Architect, BT Technology at The IET seminar, "5G 2020 - Unleashed" on 29 January 2020.
A companion paper is available from Academia.edu website here: https://www.academia.edu/41625209/Design_and_Deployment_of_the_EE_5G_Network
*** SHARED WITH PERMISSION ***
Microwave technology can provide ultra-low latency network transport that is comparable or faster than fiber under the right conditions. Key factors that influence latency include air latency, angular deviation from the direct line of sight path, regulatory constraints on spectrum availability and power levels, the number of hops, and modem and RF performance. While equipment latency is important, optimizing the overall route design, planning, and use of repeaters is more significant for achieving the lowest end-to-end latency. Emerging technologies such as specialized modems, all-outdoor radio repeaters, increased capacity solutions, and potential beyond-microwave options may further reduce latency in the future.
Microwave radio technology offers various configuration options that can impact key factors like capacity, reliability, and cost. All-indoor radios typically provide the highest reliability due to faster repair times, but they may have higher initial costs. Split mount configurations combine indoor and outdoor units, balancing reliability with lower costs. The best configuration depends on specific needs and factors like frequency band, distances, capacity demands, and whether indoor space is available. Higher power radios can reduce total cost of ownership over time regardless of configuration.
Yue Wang: AI in 5G –the Why and How - Jan 20193G4G
Presentation by Yue Wang, Samsung Research UK at IET 5G - the Advent conference on 30 January 2019 | IET London: Savoy Place
This presentation looks scalable and deployable AI solution in the 5G Infrastructure along with updates from ETSI. Use cases such as Energy Saving, Cell Selection, Fronthaul Management, Orchestration & more are discussed in this presentation.
*** SHARED WITH PERMISSION ***
These slides explain the Protocol Framework for 5G mmWave Backhaul Network, as a part of a project presentation for the course Telecom Architecture at Northeastern University.
Ceragon is a global wireless backhaul specialist that provides disruptive, high-capacity hauling solutions. It has experienced 35% revenue CAGR from 2004-2011 and has a portfolio of solutions including microwave radios, E-band radios, and small cell solutions to meet various capacity, coverage, and deployment needs for backhaul and fronthaul. Ceragon focuses on in-house radio technology development and sees the market evolving towards a holistic heterogeneous network hauling approach.
How to Put an 5G Elephant into a 4G Fridge?Huawei Network
The document discusses how to upgrade existing 4G transport networks to support 5G requirements. It proposes:
1. Upgrading cell site routers to support 50GE uplinks and 10GE downlinks to reuse existing equipment.
2. Boosting microwave link speeds to 10Gbps using technologies like XPIC, CA, and MIMO.
3. Simplifying fronthaul networks with centralized WDM to improve power efficiency and reliability.
4. Enabling real-time latency optimization using an Intent Driven Network with accurate latency measurement, analysis, and intelligent path selection.
Radio Challenges and Opportunities for Large Scale Small Cell Deployments3G4G
Presentation by Iris Barcia of Keima at Cambridge Wireless Event on Small Cells, 3rd Oct. 2012. Details here: https://blog.3g4g.co.uk/2012/10/summary-of-cambridge-wireless-event-on.html
*** Shared with Permission ***
NGFI (Next Generation Fronthaul Interface) native RoE (Radio over Ethernet)ITU
This is a presentation and a demo for both NGFI (Next Generation Fronthaul Interface) native RoE (Radio over Ethernet) with Intra PHY split implemented in it, and CPRI over Ethernet encapsulated in structure agnostic mode. Compared to CPRI, the NGFI native RoE implementation improves bandwidth usage greatly, which better supports 5G applications demanding for higher bandwidth. In the CPRI over Ethernet demonstration, bidirectional CPRI flows are recovered without error, which enables C-RAN (centralized radio access network) architecture by using Ethernet as a transport network.
Author : Anders Lund, Bomin Li, Thomas Nørgaard, Comcores
Presented at ITU-T Focus Group IMT-2020 Workshop and Demo Day, 7 December 2016.
More details on the event : http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-T/Workshops-and-Seminars/201612/Pages/Programme.aspx
Mobdiea lte overview_2nd_marketing_2014_0423_최종Kevin Kang
The document discusses LTE carrier aggregation technology. It describes Qualcomm's LTE carrier aggregation test projects in South Korea with various mobile device manufacturers. It also outlines Ericsson's LTE optimization projects with telecom operators in Saudi Arabia and South Korea. Finally, it provides background information on 3GPP LTE release 10 and release 11 specifications related to carrier aggregation configurations and bandwidth classifications.
The document discusses the new CBRS spectrum that has been freed up by the FCC for shared usage. It summarizes that 150MHz of spectrum from 3550-3700MHz has been identified for sharing. It also discusses that Amdocs offers an end-to-end solution for deploying CBRS small cells, including providing SAS administration services to manage access to the shared spectrum. Amdocs can help operators and other users accelerate deployment of CBRS networks and take advantage of the new shared spectrum opportunities.
Dr. Wenbing Yao from Huawei Technologies gave a presentation on 5G updates at the INCA Seminar in London on July 12th. The presentation discussed how networks and services need to be ready for 5G deployment, including having the proper spectrum, network infrastructure like small cells, and developing the 5G ecosystem. It also reviewed the progress of 5G standards development and initial trials and deployments by various operators worldwide. Huawei outlined its investments in 5G research and trials conducted with partners to help bring 5G networks and services to reality.
Andy sutton - Multi-RAT mobile backhaul for Het-Netshmatthews1
At our 5th Telecoms Evangelist meet up Andy Sutton of EE gave a fantastic presentation reviewing the latest trends and developments in mobile backhaul architecture, strategy and technology. Starting with a review of backhaul capacity, performance requirements and protocol architecture, the presentation initially focused on the macro cell layer before going on to discuss options for evolving towards a true multi-layered heterogeneous network. Take a look!
Fronthaul technologies kwang_submit_to_slideshareKwangkoog Lee
5G Fronthaul Technologies (Especially, this document specifies the e-CPRI technology, because many telcos are now considering the eCPRI for the next fronthaul.)
E blink Wireless Fronthaul Technology as a key enabler for C-RANstaubin
breakthrough technology with revolutionary spectral efficiency carrying 7Gbps CPRI over the air within a narrow bandwidth. Describing numerous use cases for network densification and coverage by means of remote radio heads (Micro or macro RRHs).
Why should higher-layer applications care about software-defined optics?ADVA
At Netnod Meeting in Stockholm, Torbjörn Rium explored the latest transmission technology set to enable dynamic capacity that adapts to connectivity network conditions. He discussed the potential of software-defined optics to optimize transmission bandwidth between nodes depending on parameters like link distance and quality. Torbjörn also outlined how higher-layer applications will be able to utilize these dynamic bandwidth offerings, adapting traffic and content flow to available bandwidth, as well as the role that SDN and APIs will play in enabling the necessary communication between lower connectivity and higher application layers.
Reducing RAN infrastructure resources by leveraging 5G RAN Transport Technolo...Michael Gronovius
This presentation describes the 5G transport requirements and discusses how to prepare today's mobile transport network for 5G in the most cost efficient way.
This document provides an overview of digital microwave communication principles and concepts. It begins with an introduction explaining that the course is intended to educate engineers on the basics of digital microwave communications. It then outlines the learning objectives, which include explaining the concepts, components, networking modes, propagation principles, anti-fading technologies, and design of microwave transmission links. The document also includes sections on the history and development of microwave communication, definitions of key terms, modulation techniques, frame structures, equipment types, and antenna technology.
WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is a wireless technology that provides broadband connections over long distances. It can deliver last mile wireless broadband as an alternative to cable and DSL. WiMAX uses OFDMA technology which utilizes multiple subcarriers to transmit wide bandwidth signals efficiently. It has further evolved through several IEEE 802.16 standards to support higher data rates and frequencies. WiMAX has a longer range than Wi-Fi, with expected speeds between 1-100 Mbps for fixed and mobile use. It is being deployed worldwide for various applications and paving the way for 5G networks in the future.
OFDM and WiMAX. OFDM is a digital modulation technique that divides the available spectrum into multiple sub-channels and transmits low-rate signals over each one. It allows high-speed data transmission over wireless networks. WiMAX is an emerging broadband wireless technology that uses OFDM and provides "last mile" wireless broadband connectivity.
This document discusses the overall radio access network (RAN) architecture for LTE networks. It describes the key protocol layers including the packet data convergence protocol (PDCP), radio link control (RLC), medium access control (MAC), and physical (PHY) layers. It then focuses on the physical layer, explaining how orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) is used to mitigate inter-symbol interference (ISI) caused by frequency-selective fading, thereby improving performance over single carrier transmission. A cyclic prefix is added to each OFDM symbol to eliminate ISI while selecting subcarriers spaced to avoid inter-carrier interference (ICI).
The document describes a project to wirelessly charge mobile phones using microwaves. It discusses the transmitter and receiver designs, including the use of a magnetron oscillator and rectenna made of a Schottky diode and antenna. Some advantages are wireless charging anywhere and eliminating different chargers. Disadvantages include the need for powerful devices over long distances and potential health effects of radiation. The conclusion describes a novel method of mobile phone charging without wires using microwave power.
NVK provides WiFi hotspot solutions using EnGenius access points and switches along with the iBSG WiFi gateway and cloud management platform. The solutions include centralized management of APs, monitoring of network performance and traffic, and secure authentication of users through a captive portal. NVK's newest solution leverages the cloud-based iBSG platform which provides centralized license management, monitoring from maps, and scalable user management through a RADIUS server to support an unlimited number of users across multiple hotspot networks.
Best Practices for Building Ultra-Low Latency Microwave NetworksAviat Networks
This document discusses best practices for building ultra-low latency microwave networks. It outlines the progression of low latency networks from messenger services and physical delivery in the pre-1970s to fiber and microwave networks today. Microwave networks are faster than fiber for ultra-low latency applications and are becoming the de facto standard. The document discusses technical considerations like equipment latency, end-to-end latency, modem technology, and how to reduce latency. It emphasizes evaluating end-to-end latency and focusing on reliability while managing the latency-reliability tradeoff. The full microwave network lifecycle and best practices are outlined, including planning, site acquisition, deployment, and ongoing network management.
This document discusses wireless power transmission using microwaves and solar power satellites. It begins with an introduction explaining the need for wireless power transmission. Then it covers the history of wireless power transmission pioneered by Nikola Tesla and experiments by NASA. It describes how space-based wireless power transmission can use microwaves or lasers. The key components of a microwave wireless power transmission system are a DC to microwave converter, transmitting antenna, and rectenna to convert microwaves back to DC. A conceptual solar power satellite system is shown. Efficiencies are low currently but may improve with metamaterials.
A microwave oven works by using a magnetron to generate microwave radiation that vibrates the water molecules in food, causing them to heat up and cook the food. Specifically, (1) a magnetron generates microwaves around 2.45 GHz, (2) these microwaves cause polar molecules like water to rotate and produce heat through dielectric heating, and (3) a waveguide and stirrer distribute the microwaves evenly inside the oven cavity to cook the food quickly and efficiently. Microwave ovens offer advantages like saving time and energy compared to conventional cooking methods.
One of the major issue in power system is the losses occurs during the transmission and distribution of electrical power. As the demand increases day by day, the power generation increases and the power loss is also increased. The major amount of power loss occurs during transmission and distribution. The percentage of loss of power during transmission and distribution is approximated as 26%. The main reason for power loss during transmission and distribution is the resistance of wires used for grid. The efficiency of power transmission can be improved to certain level by using high strength composite overhead conductors and underground cables that use high temperature super conductor. But, the transmission is still inefficient. According to the World Resources Institute (WRI), India’s electricity grid has the highest transmission and distribution losses in the world – a whopping 27%. Numbers published by various Indian government agencies put that number at 30%,40% and greater than 40%. This is attributed to technical losses (grid’s inefficiencies) and theft. Any problem can be solved by state of the art technology. The above discussed problem can be solvedby choose an alternative option for power transmission which could provide much higher efficiency, low transmission cost and avoid power theft. Microwave Power Transmission is one of the promising technologies and may be the righteous alternative for efficient power transmission.
The document discusses the challenges faced by mobile network operators in keeping up with increasing demand for mobile data and the need to upgrade networks. It notes massive growth in mobile traffic driven by smartphones and mobile applications. Operators must expand their networks and services to meet this demand but often lack resources and expertise. The document then introduces Aviat Networks as a company that provides wireless backhaul solutions to help operators overcome these challenges and smoothly migrate networks to support new technologies like 4G/LTE.
The document provides a brief history of the evolution of microwave communications from its early days to modern digital microwave systems. It discusses [1] the pioneering work of scientists and inventors in the late 19th century exploring wireless technologies, debates around who invented radio, and the development of the first analog microwave radio links; [2] the evolution of the U.S. microwave industry and transition from analog to digital microwave technologies starting in the 1970s; and [3] how Aviat Networks evolved from earlier microwave equipment companies to be a leader in digital microwave systems today.
This document discusses wireless power transmission (WPT) and compares microwave and laser transmission methods. It describes how a rectenna works to receive microwaves with 85% efficiency within 5km. Solar power satellites that transmit power via microwaves from space are also discussed, including their advantages over earth-based solar like constant sunlight. Current development of a low-cost Japanese demonstration project by 2025 and potential applications of WPT like electric vehicles are mentioned.
Crucial backhaul economics - the latest Total Cost of Ownership comparison o...CBNL
Backhaul economics have never been out of the spotlight and with millions of small cells on the horizon how will operators cope?
This presentation provides:
• The latest financial comparison of backhaul solutions
• An insight as to what options and challenges operators face next
• An overview of the total cost of ownership model used to create the analysis
Senza Fili has completed one of the most thorough analyses of backhaul technologies ever attempted.
It is based on a total cost of ownership model and compares the capex and opex of fibre, microwave and E-band point-to-point, and microwave point-to-multipoint backhaul for different configurations of LTE, 3G, and small-cell networks over a period of five years.
The model also takes into account architectural differences and, for perhaps the first time, takes aggregation benefits into account. The cost of backhaul per site and per Mb/s is compared.
The findings are summarised in the recent Senza Fili white paper ‘Crucial economics for mobile data backhaul’.
What to do until the fibre arrives – profitable backhaul strategies for today...CBNL
This presentation was used in the 'What to do until the fibre arrives' webinar.
The presentation examines how mobile operators can lower backhaul costs by using wireless backhaul now, and investing in fibre later.
This strategy uses wireless as an interim solution for operators planning to move to fibre that need to increase backhaul capacity, but cannot move to fibre today.
The presentation shows over ten years, operators can save 27% when deploying wireless first, and building a fibre network later - or save 31% when deploying wireless initially and leasing fibre later.
The full white paper with more detailed analysis can be downloaded from: http://cbnl.com/resources/wireless-backhaul-can-ease-transition-fibre
Microwave wireless power transmission systemUday Wankar
One of the major issue in power system is the losses occurs during the transmission and distribution of electrical power. As the demand increases day by day, the power generation increases and the power loss is also increased. The major amount of power loss occurs during transmission and distribution. The percentage of loss of power during transmission and distribution is approximated as 26%. The main reason for power loss during transmission and distribution is the resistance of wires used for grid. The efficiency of power transmission can be improved to certain level by using high strength composite overhead conductors and underground cables that use high temperature super conductor. But, the transmission is still inefficient. According to the World Resources Institute (WRI), India’s electricity grid has the highest transmission and distribution losses in the world – a whopping 27%. Numbers published by various Indian government agencies put that number at 30%,40% and greater than 40%. This is attributed to technical losses (grid’s inefficiencies) and theft. Any problem can be solved by state of the art technology. The above discussed problem can be solved by choose an alternative option for power transmission which could provide much higher efficiency, low transmission cost and avoid power theft. Microwave Power Transmission is one of the promising technologies and may be the righteous alternative for efficient power transmission.
The document discusses the history and principles of wireless power transfer. It describes Nikola Tesla's pioneering work in the late 19th century developing methods of wireless power transmission. Various wireless power transfer methods are outlined, including inductive coupling, resonant inductive coupling, and microwave power transmission. Both advantages and health concerns of wireless power are addressed. A wide range of applications are presented, such as charging electric vehicles, powering medical devices and LED lighting wirelessly. The document concludes that wireless power transmission will become more efficient and widely used in the future.
This document compares the total cost of ownership (TCO) of point-to-multipoint (PMP) microwave backhaul systems versus point-to-point (PTP) microwave systems. It finds that PMP systems have lower TCO than PTP systems for backhauling multiple sites due to shared equipment and installation costs at hub sites in PMP networks. A sample TCO calculation shows equipment, installation, site rental and power costs are lower to backhaul 5 sites using PMP versus PTP microwave. The document concludes that PMP microwave can offer significant TCO savings compared to PTP for dense, last mile backhaul networks.
Nec neo microwave equipment introductionAdnan Munir
The document introduces the NEC NEO Microwave equipment, including PASOLINK NEO. It discusses microwave communication concepts and applications in mobile networks. It provides an overview of PASOLINK equipment, including the indoor and outdoor units. Key specifications of the indoor unit such as interface cards and configuration are described. The document also covers performance parameters of the outdoor unit such as modulation modes and operating frequencies.
Managing OPEX and CAPEX in small cell backhaulCBNL
1. The presentation discusses breaking the perceived "backhaul barrier" to small cell deployment by addressing concerns about availability, capacity, and cost of backhaul solutions.
2. It analyzes various backhaul options and concludes that microwave and millimeter wave technologies can provide sufficient capacity.
3. A total cost of ownership model shows that microwave multipoint solutions offering bandwidth sharing across links can provide significant savings compared to point-to-point approaches which require dedicated equipment for each small cell.
The road-to-5 g-the-inevitable-growth-of-infrastructure-costAurelio Machado
1) Mobile network operators will need to significantly increase infrastructure investments between 2020-2025 to support growing data demand and deploy 5G networks. This is estimated to double total network costs during this period.
2) To enable 5G and meet the higher performance standards required, operators will need to invest across all network domains including acquiring new spectrum, upgrading the radio access network with small cells and fiber backhaul, and evolving the core network.
3) While operators can initially upgrade existing 4G networks, they will eventually need to build new macro sites and deploy many small cells, especially in dense urban areas, which will be the primary driver of rising infrastructure costs on the road to 5G.
The document is a marketing report from the Broadband Forum that discusses:
1) The growing demand for mobile data and the need for service providers to adopt new technologies like LTE and Ethernet backhaul to handle this traffic growth in a more cost efficient way.
2) How MPLS can be used in mobile backhaul networks to provide Ethernet services with quality of service while allowing a gradual migration from older technologies to a pure IP packet-based network.
3) The Broadband Forum's MPLS in Mobile Backhaul Initiative which aims to define reference architectures and specifications for MPLS in mobile backhaul to help with interoperability between vendor products and reduce risks for service providers.
This document discusses the key technologies, challenges, and trends related to the development of 4G wireless networks. It covers topics like network convergence, next generation networks using IP Multimedia Subsystem, the use of technologies like cognitive radio and MIMO to improve spectrum usage. It outlines challenges around seamless connectivity, latency, complexity, interference and discusses potential solutions. The conclusion is that 4G promises to revolutionize wireless communication but overcoming technical challenges will be difficult.
Fiber to the home (FTTH) and fixed wireless networks both provide high-speed internet but have different capabilities. 5G networks will require many small cells connected by fiber due to the short range of millimeter wave frequencies. An ideal future-proofed network would converge FTTH and fixed wireless, providing truly high-speed internet to premises while allowing seamless mobility between networks. A modular, plug-and-play approach can cost-effectively build out such a blended FTTH and fixed wireless network.
1) Microwave backhaul is a viable solution to support the high capacity, reliability, and low latency requirements of 5G networks. E-band usage and microwave spectrum are expected to transform significantly with 5G rollout.
2) Microwave technology currently supports up to 10 Gbps traffic per radio site and can support 100 Gbps links using new frequencies and technologies, making it well-suited for 5G backhaul demands. Over 65% of networks worldwide still rely on microwave backhaul and this is expected to remain similar through 2022.
3) The introduction of 5G will require microwave spectrum to undergo major changes as 5G networks operate in microwave bands for higher bandwidth and performance. E-, W-,
1) Microwave backhaul is a viable solution to support the high capacity, reliability, and low latency requirements of 5G networks. E-band usage and multi-band combinations will allow microwave to support capacities of 100Gbps.
2) Microwave currently provides backhaul for over 65% of networks worldwide and this percentage is expected to remain steady as microwave evolves to support 5G capacities. While fiber is used for core networks, microwave is well-suited for long haul and remote backhaul where fiber deployment is challenging.
3) The spectrum used by microwave will transform significantly for 5G, utilizing higher bands such as E, W, and D bands that support 5G throughput needs, while lower bands
Gsma mobile backhaul an overview - future networksamilak123
This document provides an overview of mobile backhaul, which refers to the transport network connecting mobile network core and radio access networks. It discusses key challenges for mobile backhaul including evolving LTE and 5G technologies, subscriber and data traffic growth, stringent latency requirements, and network densification. The document also outlines different technology choices for mobile backhaul, including copper lines, fiber optics, microwave radios, and satellite. Copper lines were commonly used for earlier generation networks but do not scale well to support increasing bandwidth demands, while fiber, microwave, and satellite are better suited for current and future needs.
Fifth-generation small cell backhaul capacity enhancement and large-scale par...IJECEIAES
The proliferation of handheld devices has continued to push the demand for higher data rates. Network providers will use small cells as an overlay to macrocell in fifth-generation (5G) for network capacity enhancement. The current cellular wireless backhauls suffer from the problem of insufficient backhaul capacity to cater to the new small cell deployment scenarios. Using the 3D digital map of Lagos Island in the Wireless InSite, small cells are deployed on a street canyon and in high-rise scenarios to simulate the backhaul links to the small cells at 28 GHz center frequency and 100 MHz bandwidth. Using a user-defined signal to interference plus noise ratiothroughput (SINR-throughput) table based on an adaptive modulation and coding scheme (MCS), the throughput values were generated based on the equation specified by 3GPP TS 38.306 V15.2.0 0, which estimates the peak data rate based on the modulation order and coding rate for each data stream calculated by the propagation model. Finding shows achieved channel capacity is comparable with gigabit passive optical networks (GPON) used in fiber to the ‘X’ (FTTX) for backhauling small cells. The effect of channel parameters such as root mean squared (RMS) delay spread and RMS angular spread on channel capacity are also investigated and explained.
This presentation discusses ultra dense networks (UDN) in 5G mobile communications. UDN aims to meet the requirements of explosive data traffic growth by deploying many more small cells than previous networks. Key challenges of UDN include interference management due to frequency reuse, efficient multi-hop routing, and significantly increased energy consumption unless efficiency is improved. Future research opportunities exist for companies, universities, and countries to address these challenges and realize the full benefits of UDN for 5G networks.
the file is related to my online seminars over Instagram.
this is first presentation about 5G
5G is the 5th generation mobile network. It is a new global wireless standard after 1G, 2G, 3G, and 4G networks. 5G enables a new kind of network that is designed to connect virtually everyone and everything together including machines, objects, and devices.
#5G
#5GNR
#Massive MIMO
#tactile_internet
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This document discusses the global status of 3G/4G networks and provides recommendations for Pakistan. It summarizes the evolution of cellular standards from 2G to 4G technologies like LTE. It also discusses spectrum auctioning and allocation practices in various countries for 3G and digital dividend spectrum. The document recommends that Pakistan explore possibilities to vacate spectrum in the 700-800MHz and 2.5-2.69GHz bands for 4G and encourage local content development and vendors. It suggests initiating consultations with stakeholders to identify spectrum needs for 4G services in Pakistan by 2015.
Millimeter wave mobile communications for 5 g CellularPoornima E.G.
This document summarizes research on using millimeter wave frequencies for 5G cellular networks as a solution to address increasing bandwidth demands. It discusses how directional antennas and wider channel bandwidth at mm-wave frequencies could enable multi-gigabit mobile data speeds. The document also reviews myths around rain attenuation at mm-wave bands and shows that for small cell sizes of 200m, rain impact is minimal. It presents motivation, methodology and initial measurement results showing 28GHz and 38GHz can be used for cellular with directional antennas.
IRJET - Comparative Study of Rural Macrocell (RMA) and Urban Macrocell (U...IRJET Journal
This document provides a comparative study of rural macrocell (RMa) and urban macrocell (UMa) propagations for millimeter wave 5G cellular networks. It analyzes the performance of RMa and UMa based on their power delay profiles (PDP) for specific frequencies between 16-82 GHz. The study is done for line of sight communication. Simulations are performed using the NYUSIM software which uses MATLAB. Parameters like pathloss, pathloss exponent, and received power are used to measure performance. The results show characteristic curves for each frequency band in both RMa and UMa propagations. The outcomes are compared to determine the most effective frequency bands for 5G cellular communication based on propagation type.
Power saving and optimal hybrid precoding in millimeter wave massive MIMO sys...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The proliferation of wireless services emerging from use cases offifth-generation(5G) technology is posing many challenges on cellular communicationinfrastructure. They demand to connect a massive number of devices withenhanced data rates. The massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO)technology at millimeter-wave (mmWave) in combination with hybrid precodingemerges as a concrete tool to address the requirements of 5G networkdevelopments. But Massive MIMO systems consume significant power fornetwork operations. Hence the prior role is to improve the energy efficiency byreducing the power consumption. This paper presents the power optimizationmodels for massive MIMO systems considering perfect channel state information(CSI) and imperfect CSI. Further, this work proposes an optimal hybrid precodingsolution named extended simultaneous orthogonal matchingpursuit (ESOMP).Simulation results reveal that a constant sum-rate can be achieved in massiveMIMO systems while significantly reducing the power consumption. Theproposed extended SOMPhybrid precoder performsclose to the conventionaldigital beamforming method. Further, modulation schemes compatible withmassive MIMO systems are outlined and their bit error rate (BER) performance isinvestigated
This document provides an overview of 5G technology and its development. It discusses how 5G will utilize higher frequency spectrum, including millimeter waves, to enable faster data speeds and lower latency compared to previous generations. Key points discussed include:
- 5G will use spectrum both below and above 6 GHz, including millimeter wave bands, to support its high bandwidth and low latency capabilities.
- The architecture of 5G networks will be more distributed utilizing small cells and beamforming to manage connectivity as traditional cell towers become less effective at higher frequencies.
- Modulation techniques beyond OFDM are being explored to improve spectral efficiency for 5G, such as FBMC, which reduces interference between signals.
- 5
The document discusses whether 3G networks will be able to handle increasing mobile data traffic volumes. It notes that traffic is increasing rapidly for many operators but forecasts for future demand vary widely. While some operators have reported capacity issues already, the real capacity of 3G networks and how traffic patterns will evolve remain uncertain. The document concludes that 3G traffic is expected to increase by a factor of 20 and some operators may face bottlenecks by 2010, requiring complementary solutions like WiFi offloading to help cope with rising traffic demands.
As smartphones and dongles drive unprecedented growth in wireless network traffic, what are the options for mobile network operators and will they be able to cope?
Efficient Vertical Handoff Management in LTE Cellular NetworksIRJET Journal
This document proposes a neuro-fuzzy based approach for efficient vertical handover management in LTE cellular networks. It discusses how single criteria handover decisions can cause inefficient handovers. It then describes a neuro-fuzzy system that uses fuzzy logic and neural networks to make multi-criteria handover decisions based on parameters like RSS, network load, bandwidth, and jitter. The system collects input values, evaluates them using fuzzy rules, aggregates the outputs, and selects the best network. Simulation results show that this approach can improve handover performance and QoS in heterogeneous wireless networks.
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UiPath Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI webinar offers an in-depth exploration of leveraging cutting-edge technologies for test automation within the UiPath platform. Attendees will delve into the integration of generative AI, a test automation solution, with Open AI advanced natural language processing capabilities.
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Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
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Microwave Solutions for LTE Networks
1. Microwave Solutions for LTE Wireless Networks Presented By: Stuart Little, Director of Global Corporate Marketing, AviatNetworks Taking the ‘haul’ out of backhaul
2. The Mobile Internet Tsunami meets the Backhaul Bottleneck Backhaul is the central battleground for LTE network migration Even now backhaul is not meeting the demand of 3G/HSPA LTE backhaul requirements are still not well understood by operators* 2 MARCH 23, 2010 AVIAT NETWORKS | * Source: Heavy Reading, 4th Annual Multi-Client Study On Mobile Backhaul, December 2009
3. Hybrid fiber/microwave backhaul Nearly 1 million new sites worldwide by 2013 Fiber is the natural choice for LTE backhaul, but connects less than 20% of NA sites today Copper lines will not provide the capacity scalability needed Microwave is the natural choice for sites where fiber cannot reach economically 3 Source: Ovum, Wireless Backhaul Forecast 2009-2015, November, 2009 MARCH 23, 2010 AVIAT NETWORKS |
9. Microwave can play a key role, but wholesalers generally lack microwave expertise4 MARCH 23, 2010 AVIAT NETWORKS |
10. Mobile Network Evolution, not Revolution Mobile backhaul networks must evolve Maintain essential high-quality TDM voice services Gradual migration path to all-IP for next generation 4G/LTE There’s no silver bullet or one size fits all 5 Transition Maintain Transform MARCH 23, 2010 AVIAT NETWORKS |
11. 4th Generation Microwave for 4G Backhaul Multi-gigabit aggregate IP capacity Efficient nodal architecture reduces cost, space Integrated Layer 2 Ethernet switching Hybrid support for both TDM and Ethernet/IP traffic Ultra bandwidth efficiency Compact, power efficient 6 MARCH 23, 2010 AVIAT NETWORKS |
12. Global Microwave Market Microwave market worth $4-6 billion/yr >75% is mobile backhaul >1 million units/yr globally Nearly 50% of the world’s base stations are connected by microwave Global Cell Site Connectivity (2009) Microwave 48 % Copper 15 % Fibre 37 % Source: Heavy Reading’s Ethernet Backhaul Quarterly Tracker Service MARCH 23, 2010 7 AVIAT NETWORKS |
13. Packet Microwave Market Growth Packet (Ethernet/IP) microwave is the fastest growing market segment Packet microwave can also support TDM (Hybrid) New technologies enable much more efficient use of available spectrum Source: Heavy Reading’s Ethernet Backhaul Quarterly Tracker Service MARCH 23, 2010 8 AVIAT NETWORKS |
15. There’s no one size fits all in backhaul With the right backhaul technology, Operators can turn the growth in bandwidth demand into an opportunity for competitive advantage Fiber will not be the only answer to the next generation backhaul challenge Microwave combines smooth network migration with LTE-readiness, and is a perfect compliment to fiber. 10 MARCH 23, 2010 AVIAT NETWORKS |
16. About AviatNetworks….. Formerly known as Harris Stratex Networks The largest turnkey microwave provider in the US. 50 year wireless legacy HQ, R&D, Manufacturing, Service and Support Market Leading LTE-Ready Wireless Backhaul solutions 11 MARCH 23, 2010 AVIAT NETWORKS |
Backhaul is now the central battleground for LTE network migration, after years where backhaul was never an issue.But even now backhaul is not meeting the demand of 3G/HSPA in parts of the USA and Europe, so that users are now being seriously affected by bottlenecks in the backhaul network.Even now at this advanced stage, LTE backhaul requirements are still not well understood by operators. Three quarters of respondents to a Heavy Reading survey believed either that LTE backhaul requirements are not well understood or that whatever people believe now may change significantly over the next couple of years. Operators are divided over the expected capacity needs for typical LTE sites, and over what transport technology is best deployed in the access/low RAN and metro aggregation/high RAN – whether Carrier Ethernet (L2/VPN) or L3 IP/MPLS.
According to Infonetics (July 2009) total installed cell sites grew 10% from 2007 to 2008, from 2.0M to 2.2M, and will grow to 3.1M by 2013, a 2008-2013 CAGR of 7%. They also predict that microwave will dominate the mobile backhaul market, overshadowing nearly all other technologysolutions. Two thirds of mobile operators expect that microwave will account for more than 25% of their last mile backhaul to the cell site three years from now. 42% of operators believe that microwave will account for more than 50% of their last mile backhaul to the cell site in that timeframe. Heavy Reading Backhaul Survey 2009It offers mobile operators smooth migration from TDMto Ethernetbackhaul, as well as:• T1/E1 lines do not scale for bandwidth needs, and are not cost-efficient, even in NA where they are much cheaper• Fiber is not available or cost-effective to deploy for the majority of cell sites – can cost > $1million per mile.• The capacities can be 'turned up' as the mobile operator needs it• A single product can support voice on TDM, data on Ethernet• Microwave is the most appropriate solution for remote/rural base stations• Microwave is likely to also be widely used for microcell/picocell deployment• Microwave is usually quicker to deploy than landline
There is no “one-size-fits-all” situation that leads to the conclusion that fiber will be the sole media used for cellular backhaul in North America.Although fiber may be the preferred media by many operators, many of the major US operators are buying an Ethernet transport service rather than owning their own backhaul. Mobile operators that lease backhaul capacity from local exchange carriers (LECs) or from alternative transport carriers do not view backhaul transport as a core competency. Ovum’s carrier interviews for this report showed no material shift from buy to build and thus the lease-line model is likely to continue — with the difference being Ethernet will be substituted for traditional T1.
Mobile backhaul networks must evolve to support the introduction of IP transport to support new broadband services, increase network capacity and flexibility and support lower overall operational costs.Optimizing the network to support hybrid TDM+IP helps maintain high quality TDM voice services – the bread and butter, while enabling network expansion and gradual migration path to the next generation 4G
MW is well placed to meet LTE backhaul network requirements. Cost as well as time to establish links is very competitive.
“In the middle of difficulty lies opportunity.” Albert Einstein3.5G HSPA+ and LTE require Ethernet backhaul to decouple network capacity increases from network cost increases