The last years in Europe, the growing penetration of Distributed Generation (DG), (mainly q combination of heat and power (CHP) and renewable), has demonstrated the necessity of facing the impacts and opportunities of new distributed energy resources connected to medium and low voltage grids by means of research projects. The need of demonstration projects on voltage control with DG to increase the hosting capacity has been identified and a noteworthy number of initiatives have been carried out in the European Union. This paper presents the experience of Unión Fenosa Distribución in PRICE-GDI, a pilot project which aims for the integration of DG in active distribution systems. Besides the adopted solution for the monitoring and control of the generation, this paper explains the main results regarding the voltage control in low and medium voltage grids with distributed energy resources
Centralized voltage control in medium voltage distribution networks with dist...davidtrebolle
The growing shares of distributed generation represent new challenges to distribution grids operation regarding estimation and control of voltage profile along medium and low voltage feeders. This fact leads distribution networks to become active distribution systems in order to increase monitoring and control in medium and low voltage networks. In addition, Distributed Generation (DG) may be a new resource to provide a voltage control ancillary service to Distribution System Operators (DSOs). This issue is one of the main objectives of PRICE-GDI project. This paper presents analyses carried out within this project in order to determine the benefits of voltage control provided by DG.
The new regulatory framework which is being stated in
European Network Codes includes some requirements
for DSOs regarding voltage control. This paper analyses the impact of these requirements on voltage control provided by DG
A Generalized Multistage Economic Planning Model for Distribution System Cont...IJERD Editor
This document presents a generalized multistage economic planning model for distribution systems containing distributed generation (DG) units. The model minimizes total investment and operation costs over a planning horizon divided into multiple periods, taking into account load growth, equipment capacities and voltages limits. Constraints include power flow equations and logical constraints relating planning periods. The model is applied to a sample 11kV distribution network with one substation, 23 load buses and 32 feeders over 4 annual periods. The mixed integer nonlinear optimization problem is solved using LINGO software to obtain the least-cost expansion plan.
Critical Review of Different Methods for Siting and Sizing Distributed-genera...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Due to several benefits attached to distributed generators such as reduction in line losses,
improved voltage profile, reliable system etc., the study on how to optimally site and size distributed
generators has been on the increase for more than two decades. This has propelled several
researchers to explore various scientific and engineering powerful simulation tools, valid and reliable
scientific methods like analytical, meta-heuristic and hybrid methods to optimally place and size
distributed generator(s) for optimal benefits. This study gives a critical review of different methods
used in siting and sizing distributed generators alongside their results, test systems and gaps in
literature.
A hybrid approach for ipfc location and parameters optimization for congestio...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The deregulated power system operation with competitive electricity market environment has been created many challenging tasks to the system operator. The competition with strategic bidding has been resulted for randomness in generation schedule, load withdrawal and power flows across the network. The economic efficiency of electricity market is mainly dependent on network support. In the event of congestion, it is required to alter the base case market settlement and hence the economic inefficiency in terms of congestion cost can occur. In order to anticipate congestion and its consequences in operation, this paper has been considered Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC).This article proposed a tactical approach for optimal location and then its parameters in Decoupled Power Injection Modeling (DPIM) are optimized using Gravitational Search Algorithm (GSA). The case studies are performed on IEEE 30-bus test system and the results obtained are validating the proposed approach for practical implementations.
Keywords: Deregulated power system, competitive electricity market, congestion management, IPFC, Gravitational Search Algorithm (GSA)
Design methodology of smart photovoltaic plant IJECEIAES
In this article, we present a new methodology to design an intelligent photovoltaic power plant connected to an electrical grid with storage to supply the laying hen rearing centers. This study requires a very competent design methodology in order to optimize the production and consumption of electrical energy. Our contribution consists in proposing a robust dimensioning synthesis elaborated according to a data flow chart. To achieve this objective, the photovoltaic system was first designed using a deterministic method, then the software "Homer" was used to check the feasibility of the design. Then, controllers (fuzzy logic) were used to optimize the energy produced and consumed. The power produced by the photovoltaic generator (GPV) is optimized by two fuzzy controllers: one to extract the maximum energy and another to control the batteries. The energy consumed by the load is optimized by a fuzzy controller that regulates the internal climate of the livestock buildings. The proposed control strategies are developed and implemented using MATLAB/Simulink.
Allocation of Transmission Cost Using Power Flow Tracing MethodsIJERA Editor
In the open access restructured power system market, it is necessary to develop an appropriate pricing scheme that can provide the useful economic information to market participants, such as generation, transmission companies and customers. Though many methods have already been proposed, but accurately estimating and allocating the transmission cost in the transmission pricing scheme is still a challenging task. This work addresses the problem of allocating the cost of the transmission network to generators and demands. In this work four methods using DC Power flow and AC power flow have been attempted. They are MW-Mile Method, MVA-Mile Method, GGDF method and Bialek Tracing method.MVA-Mile method and Bialek Tracing method applies AC power flow and considers apparent power flows. The purpose of the present work is to allocate the cost pertaining to the transmission lines of the network to all the generators and demands. A load flow solution is run and, the proposed method determines how line flows depend on nodal currents. This result is then used to allocate network costs to generators and demands. The technique presented in this work is related to the allocation of the cost to GENCO‘s TRANSCO‘s and DISCO‘s. A technique for tracing the flow of electricity of lines among generators with GGDF and Bialek upstream looking algorithm is proposed. With these methods correct economic signals are generated for all players. All these methods are tested on IEEE 14 bus system.
Optimal cost allocation algorithm of transmission losses to bilateral contractsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
One of the trends in electricity reform is the involvement of bilateral contracts that will participate in electricity business development. Bilateral agreements require fair transmission loss costs compared with the integrated power system. This paper proposes a new algorithm in determining the optimal allocation of transmission loss costs for bilateral contracts based on the direct method in economic load dispatch. The calculation for an optimal power flow applies fast decoupled methods. At the same time, the determination of a fair allocation of transmission losses uses the decomposition method. The simulation results of the optimal allocation of power flow provide comparable results with previous studies. This method produces a fair allocation of optimal transmission loss costs for both integrated and bilateral parties. The proportion allocation of the transmission lines loss incurred by the integrated system and bilateral contracts reflects a fair allocation of R. 852.589 and R. 805.193, respectively.
The document discusses a final year project presentation on applying series capacitor compensation to distribution networks. The presentation covers the project background on series compensation and its benefits. It then discusses the problem statement of unfamiliarity with applying this method to distribution systems. The objectives are to compare series compensation to new line construction for increasing power transfer capability and reducing reactive power losses. The methodology section outlines the 4 project activities - proving the concept, determining optimal location, applying it to a distribution network, and economically evaluating alternatives. Key results found the best compensation level is 75% and optimal location is 2/3 to 3/4 of the line length. Series compensation significantly improved voltage profile and power transfer capability over the alternatives.
Centralized voltage control in medium voltage distribution networks with dist...davidtrebolle
The growing shares of distributed generation represent new challenges to distribution grids operation regarding estimation and control of voltage profile along medium and low voltage feeders. This fact leads distribution networks to become active distribution systems in order to increase monitoring and control in medium and low voltage networks. In addition, Distributed Generation (DG) may be a new resource to provide a voltage control ancillary service to Distribution System Operators (DSOs). This issue is one of the main objectives of PRICE-GDI project. This paper presents analyses carried out within this project in order to determine the benefits of voltage control provided by DG.
The new regulatory framework which is being stated in
European Network Codes includes some requirements
for DSOs regarding voltage control. This paper analyses the impact of these requirements on voltage control provided by DG
A Generalized Multistage Economic Planning Model for Distribution System Cont...IJERD Editor
This document presents a generalized multistage economic planning model for distribution systems containing distributed generation (DG) units. The model minimizes total investment and operation costs over a planning horizon divided into multiple periods, taking into account load growth, equipment capacities and voltages limits. Constraints include power flow equations and logical constraints relating planning periods. The model is applied to a sample 11kV distribution network with one substation, 23 load buses and 32 feeders over 4 annual periods. The mixed integer nonlinear optimization problem is solved using LINGO software to obtain the least-cost expansion plan.
Critical Review of Different Methods for Siting and Sizing Distributed-genera...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Due to several benefits attached to distributed generators such as reduction in line losses,
improved voltage profile, reliable system etc., the study on how to optimally site and size distributed
generators has been on the increase for more than two decades. This has propelled several
researchers to explore various scientific and engineering powerful simulation tools, valid and reliable
scientific methods like analytical, meta-heuristic and hybrid methods to optimally place and size
distributed generator(s) for optimal benefits. This study gives a critical review of different methods
used in siting and sizing distributed generators alongside their results, test systems and gaps in
literature.
A hybrid approach for ipfc location and parameters optimization for congestio...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The deregulated power system operation with competitive electricity market environment has been created many challenging tasks to the system operator. The competition with strategic bidding has been resulted for randomness in generation schedule, load withdrawal and power flows across the network. The economic efficiency of electricity market is mainly dependent on network support. In the event of congestion, it is required to alter the base case market settlement and hence the economic inefficiency in terms of congestion cost can occur. In order to anticipate congestion and its consequences in operation, this paper has been considered Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC).This article proposed a tactical approach for optimal location and then its parameters in Decoupled Power Injection Modeling (DPIM) are optimized using Gravitational Search Algorithm (GSA). The case studies are performed on IEEE 30-bus test system and the results obtained are validating the proposed approach for practical implementations.
Keywords: Deregulated power system, competitive electricity market, congestion management, IPFC, Gravitational Search Algorithm (GSA)
Design methodology of smart photovoltaic plant IJECEIAES
In this article, we present a new methodology to design an intelligent photovoltaic power plant connected to an electrical grid with storage to supply the laying hen rearing centers. This study requires a very competent design methodology in order to optimize the production and consumption of electrical energy. Our contribution consists in proposing a robust dimensioning synthesis elaborated according to a data flow chart. To achieve this objective, the photovoltaic system was first designed using a deterministic method, then the software "Homer" was used to check the feasibility of the design. Then, controllers (fuzzy logic) were used to optimize the energy produced and consumed. The power produced by the photovoltaic generator (GPV) is optimized by two fuzzy controllers: one to extract the maximum energy and another to control the batteries. The energy consumed by the load is optimized by a fuzzy controller that regulates the internal climate of the livestock buildings. The proposed control strategies are developed and implemented using MATLAB/Simulink.
Allocation of Transmission Cost Using Power Flow Tracing MethodsIJERA Editor
In the open access restructured power system market, it is necessary to develop an appropriate pricing scheme that can provide the useful economic information to market participants, such as generation, transmission companies and customers. Though many methods have already been proposed, but accurately estimating and allocating the transmission cost in the transmission pricing scheme is still a challenging task. This work addresses the problem of allocating the cost of the transmission network to generators and demands. In this work four methods using DC Power flow and AC power flow have been attempted. They are MW-Mile Method, MVA-Mile Method, GGDF method and Bialek Tracing method.MVA-Mile method and Bialek Tracing method applies AC power flow and considers apparent power flows. The purpose of the present work is to allocate the cost pertaining to the transmission lines of the network to all the generators and demands. A load flow solution is run and, the proposed method determines how line flows depend on nodal currents. This result is then used to allocate network costs to generators and demands. The technique presented in this work is related to the allocation of the cost to GENCO‘s TRANSCO‘s and DISCO‘s. A technique for tracing the flow of electricity of lines among generators with GGDF and Bialek upstream looking algorithm is proposed. With these methods correct economic signals are generated for all players. All these methods are tested on IEEE 14 bus system.
Optimal cost allocation algorithm of transmission losses to bilateral contractsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
One of the trends in electricity reform is the involvement of bilateral contracts that will participate in electricity business development. Bilateral agreements require fair transmission loss costs compared with the integrated power system. This paper proposes a new algorithm in determining the optimal allocation of transmission loss costs for bilateral contracts based on the direct method in economic load dispatch. The calculation for an optimal power flow applies fast decoupled methods. At the same time, the determination of a fair allocation of transmission losses uses the decomposition method. The simulation results of the optimal allocation of power flow provide comparable results with previous studies. This method produces a fair allocation of optimal transmission loss costs for both integrated and bilateral parties. The proportion allocation of the transmission lines loss incurred by the integrated system and bilateral contracts reflects a fair allocation of R. 852.589 and R. 805.193, respectively.
The document discusses a final year project presentation on applying series capacitor compensation to distribution networks. The presentation covers the project background on series compensation and its benefits. It then discusses the problem statement of unfamiliarity with applying this method to distribution systems. The objectives are to compare series compensation to new line construction for increasing power transfer capability and reducing reactive power losses. The methodology section outlines the 4 project activities - proving the concept, determining optimal location, applying it to a distribution network, and economically evaluating alternatives. Key results found the best compensation level is 75% and optimal location is 2/3 to 3/4 of the line length. Series compensation significantly improved voltage profile and power transfer capability over the alternatives.
Ericsson White Paper - Minimizing carbon intensity in telecom networks using TCO techniques
A methodology for optimizing energy efficiency in networks based on the total cost of ownership approach.
Electricity demand side management and end use efficiencyD.Pawan Kumar
This document discusses electricity demand side management and end use efficiency. It outlines the benefits of demand side management (DSM) programs for electric utilities, including optimizing generation and network utilization and meeting regulator efficiency mandates. It describes traditional utility planning tools like load forecasting and least cost planning, which consider both supply side and demand side alternatives. The document then provides details on DSM, including definitions, frameworks, program implementation methods, technologies and options for the industrial sector. Barriers to DSM programs and ways to enable greater DSM markets are also discussed. In conclusion, the document advocates for customized DSM programs targeting specific end users as a cost-effective alternative to supply side management.
Reliability Impacts of Behind the Meter Distributed Energy Resources on Trans...Power System Operation
The increasing amounts of customer-owned Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) limit the control and visibility of local Independent System Operators (ISOs) and utility operators. Most of these resources are non-curtailable and subject to several aggregation guidelines for wholesale participation. These units cannot be decoupled from the Transmission-Distribution (T-D) interface and have a direct impact on the economics and reliability of the grid. This paper reports the results of a study that investigated realistic dispatch conditions from a production and power flow co-simulation environment with increased behind-the-meter DER resources. The objectives of this study include: 1) understanding steady-state and transient voltage response of the system at the local T-D interface, 2) analyzing impacts on switching operations, 3) studying the system-wide frequency response of the Western Interconnection, and 4) examining scenarios that provide insight into the type of control strategies that best benefit local ISO and utility operations from a reliability perspective.
IRJET- Maximization of Net Profit by Optimal Placement and Sizing of DG in Di...IRJET Journal
This document presents an optimization of distributed generation placement and sizing in a distribution system to maximize net profit. It formulates the optimization problem considering electricity purchase costs, distributed generation investment and operating costs, and distribution system net savings. The objective is to maximize net savings by reducing electricity purchases through optimal distributed generation. Two stochastic algorithms, genetic algorithm and particle swarm optimization, are used to solve the optimization problem for a 9-bus test system considering multiple load levels. Both algorithms achieved reductions in electricity costs and power losses while maintaining voltage constraints.
This document summarizes two methods for allocating transmission line costs: the Generation Shift Distribution Factor (GSDF) method and the Bialek Tracing method. The GSDF method uses linear power flow approximations to calculate distribution factors that measure the incremental use of transmission lines by generators and loads. These factors can then be used to allocate total fixed transmission costs. The Bialek Tracing method is based on the proportional sharing principle and uses a topological approach to determine the contribution of individual generators or loads to every line flow. Both methods aim to generate appropriate economic signals to recover fixed transmission costs from market participants.
This document summarizes research on approaches to managing congestion in deregulated electricity markets. It reviews various congestion management methods that have been proposed, including nodal pricing, price area congestion management, available transfer capability based approaches, using thyristor controlled phase shifting transformers, and flexible AC transmission systems devices. It also discusses optimization techniques that have been applied to congestion management problems, such as genetic algorithms and particle swarm optimization. The document provides examples of research on applying these different congestion management methods and optimization techniques to address transmission network congestion issues in deregulated power systems.
Economic Impacts of Behind the Meter Distributed Energy Resources on Transmis...Power System Operation
The increasing penetration of customer-owned Distribution Energy Resources (DERs) will have an impact on the economics that govern market operation. Visibility and control of local Independent System Operators (ISOs) over these resources are currently restricted or available in some form of aggregation. Additionally, non-curtailable resources pose a serious problem while balancing the market with eminent risks of over-generation and added congestion to the system. This study attempts to decouple the model at the Transmission-Distribution interface and demonstrate the following: 1) economic implications of such resources under two control strategies, 2) aspects of market dynamics affected by several DER penetration levels, 3) Potential benefits of increased ISO visibility beyond the Transmission-Distribution(T-D) interface.
A New Solution to Improve Power Quality of Renewable Energy Sources Smart Gri...iosrjce
This document summarizes a research article that proposes a new solution to improve power quality from renewable energy sources in smart grids while also considering carbon footprint as a new element. The article presents a prototype carbon footprint control sub-protocol for a microbial fuel cell micro-grid setup that aims to minimize carbon footprint during electricity generation and distribution in order to meet climate change goals of improving power quality and efficiency in a sustainable way. Experimental results from a simulation of a five-level cascaded H-bridge inverter confirm that the proposed approach can significantly reduce computational efforts needed for voltage vector selection without impacting system performance or effectiveness.
IRJET- Optimal Power Flow Solution of Transmission Line Network of Electric p...IRJET Journal
This document discusses using a genetic algorithm to solve the optimal power flow problem in large power transmission networks. The optimal power flow problem aims to minimize generation costs while meeting operational constraints. A genetic algorithm is proposed to solve this problem globally and efficiently. The controllable variables are divided into dynamic constraints directly impacting cost and static constraints maintained within limits by the load flow. The algorithm is tested on the IEEE 30-bus system and shown to effectively find the optimal solution. Genetic algorithms are well-suited for this problem as they can evaluate multiple solutions in parallel without requiring derivative information like traditional methods.
IRJET- A Comparative Study of Economic Load Dispatch Optimization MethodsIRJET Journal
This document presents a comparative study of different optimization methods for solving the economic load dispatch (ELD) problem in power systems. The ELD problem involves minimizing generation costs while meeting demand, and is formulated as a non-linear optimization problem with constraints. Various conventional and evolutionary algorithms have been used to solve ELD, but more recently bio-inspired algorithms like flower pollination algorithm and Jaya optimization have shown better performance. The paper evaluates these nature-inspired algorithms and compares their results for the ELD problem to demonstrate their effectiveness.
Single core configurations of saturated core fault current limiter performanc...IJECEIAES
Economic growth with industrialization and urbanization lead to an extensive increase in power demand. It forced the utilities to add power generating facilities to cause the necessary demand-generation balance. The bulk power generating stations, mostly interconnected, with the penetration of distributed generation result in an enormous rise in the fault level of power networks. It necessitates for electrical utilities to control the fault current so that the existing switchgear can continue its services without upgradation or replacement for reliable supply. The deployment of fault current limiter (FCL) at the distribution and transmission networks has been under investigation as a potential solution to the problem. A saturated core fault current limiter (SCFCL) technology is a smart, scalable, efficient, reliable, and commercially viable option to manage fault levels in existing and future MV/HV supply systems. This paper presents the comparative performance analysis of two single-core SCFCL topologies impressed with different core saturations. It has demonstrated that the single AC winding configuration needs more bias power for affecting the same current limiting performance with an acceptable steady-state voltage drop contribution. The fault state impedance has a transient nature, and the optimum bias selection is a critical design parameter in realizing the SCFCL applications.
IRJET- A Review on Grid Connected Multi Array PV Battery based Bi-Directi...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper on a grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) battery system with a bidirectional DC-DC converter. The proposed system aims to satisfy load demand, manage power flow from PV, battery, and grid sources, inject excess power to the grid, and charge the battery from the grid. A bidirectional buck-boost converter is used to harness power from PV and control battery charging/discharging. A single-phase full-bridge bidirectional converter feeds AC loads and interacts with the grid. The proposed converter architecture has fewer conversion stages and components than existing hybrid systems, improving efficiency and reliability.
Frequency regulation service of multiple-areas vehicle to grid application in...IJECEIAES
Regarding a potential of electric vehicles, it has been widely discussed that the electric vehicle can be participated in electricity ancillary services. Among the ancillary service products, the system frequency regulation is often considered. However, the participation in this service has to be conformed to the hierarchical frequency control architecture. Therefore, the vehicle to grid (V2G) application in this article is proposed in the term of multiple-areas of operation. The multiple-areas in this article are concerned as parking areas, which the parking areas can be implied as a V2G operator. From that, V2G operator can obtain the control signal from hierarchical control architecture for power sharing purpose. A power sharing concept between areas is fulfilled by a proposed adaptive droop factor based on battery state of charge and available capacity of parking area. A nonlinear multiplier factor is used for the droop adaptation. An available capacity is also applied as a limitation for the V2G operation. The available capacity is analyzed through a stochastic character. As the V2G application has to be cooperated with the hierarchical control functions, i.e. primary control and secondary control, then the effect of V2G on hierarchical control functions is investigated and discussed.
This document describes a flexible software-based distributed energy management system (DEMS) designed to investigate how controllable distributed energy units (CDEs) can be aggregated and integrated into the electric grid. The DEMS uses a hierarchical agent-based model to control different CDEs, including a wind turbine, combined heat and power plant, electric vehicle charging station, and industrial load. An experiment was conducted using the DEMS to demonstrate how it can aggregate these CDEs in different communication configurations to meet a secondary frequency control signal while maximizing profit from energy generation. Results showed the DEMS was able to successfully control the CDEs to closely track the required active power output.
This document provides an overview of congestion management in power systems. It discusses that congestion occurs when the physical or operational limits of the transmission network are reached. Congestion management aims to prioritize transactions to avoid overloading the network. It involves both precautionary actions by system operators to allow only transactions within limits, and remedial actions if congestion occurs in real-time due to unscheduled flows. The document then covers various congestion management methods including explicit auctions, implicit auctions, market splitting, counter trading, and re-dispatching. It compares the characteristics and examples of different market-based and non-market based approaches.
The Maui Smart Grid Project aims to demonstrate a distribution automation solution that integrates distribution and bulk power systems to reduce costs and improve reliability. It seeks to reduce distribution peak loading by 15% or more by enabling greater renewable energy utilization and improved service quality. The project will test integrated volt/var control, demand management through direct load control, and distributed energy resource management on Maui Electric Company's system. It faces challenges in integrating legacy equipment and avoiding overwhelming system operators. The project expects to provide benefits like reduced fossil fuel use, more renewable energy integration, improved grid stability and power quality, and lower customer energy bills.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The document discusses demand side management (DSM) strategies to efficiently manage electricity demand. It covers:
1. The goals of DSM including encouraging off-peak energy use and reducing environmental impacts.
2. Key steps in planning and implementing DSM programs including load forecasting, identifying target sectors and efficiency measures, and designing incentive programs.
3. Examples of DSM strategies for different sectors like encouraging efficient pump use in agriculture and promoting efficient appliances in residential and commercial buildings.
Congestion management in the context of deregulationPulakesh k kalita
This document discusses congestion management in the context of deregulated electricity markets. It begins by defining deregulation and describing the current deregulated scenario. Congestion occurs when there is insufficient transmission capacity to meet market demand. In deregulated markets with open transmission access, generation patterns can change rapidly based on market forces, requiring congestion management schemes. Various methods of congestion management are described, including re-dispatching transactions, priority-based rules, and auctioning of transmission capacity. Market splitting and market coupling are two approaches used to integrate markets across congested transmission lines. The role of an independent system operator in maintaining reliability while promoting economic efficiency is also outlined.
A NOVEL CONTROL STRATEGY FOR POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT USING ANN TECHNIQUE FO...IJERD Editor
The proposed system presents power-control strategies of a Micro grid-connected hybrid generation
system with versatile power transfer. This hybrid system allows maximum utilization of freely available
renewable energy sources like wind and photovoltaic energies. For this, an adaptive MPPT algorithm along with
standard perturbs and observes method will be used for the system.
The inverter converts the DC output from non-conventional energy into useful AC power for the
connected load. This hybrid system operates under normal conditions which include normal room temperature
in the case of solar energy and normal wind speed at plain area in the case of wind energy. However, designing
an optimal micro grid is not an easy task, due to the fact that primary energy carriers are changeable and
uncontrollable, as is the demand. Traditional design and optimization tools, developed for controlled power
sources, cannot be employed here. Simulation methods seem to be the best solution.
The dynamic model of the proposed system is first elaborated in the stationary reference frame and
then transformed into the synchronous orthogonal reference frame. The transformed variables are used in
control of the voltage source converter as the heart of the interfacing system between DG resources and utility
grid. By setting an appropriate compensation current references from the sensed load currents in control circuit
loop of DG, the active, reactive, and harmonic load current components will be compensated with fast dynamic
response, thereby achieving sinusoidal grid currents in phase with load voltages, while required power of the
load is more than the maximum injected power of the DG to the grid. In addition, the proposed control method
of this paper does not need a phase-locked loop in control circuit and has fast dynamic response in providing
active and reactive power components of the grid-connected loads.
This document discusses various control techniques for microgrids. It begins by defining microgrids and explaining their importance for distributed power generation. It then analyzes different control strategies for microgrids including grid-connected mode, islanded mode, peer-to-peer control, and master-slave control. Specific control methods like droop control, P/Q control and others are explained. The document also discusses central control methods and the role of power electronics devices in microgrid control. It concludes by emphasizing the importance of control strategies for stable and efficient operation of microgrids.
Renewable Energy Integration in Smart Grids: A Review of Recent Solutions to ...IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of recent solutions to integrating renewable energy into smart grids. It identifies the most prevalent issues with renewable energy integration, such as the intermittency of sources like solar and wind power, and issues with grid voltage and frequency stability. It then summarizes several selected solutions that have been proposed to address these challenges, including using energy storage systems, advanced inverters, machine learning for power forecasting, and systems to improve grid stability like synchronverters. The review concludes that while progress has been made in renewable energy integration, continued work is still needed to fully address the multidimensional problems involved.
Ericsson White Paper - Minimizing carbon intensity in telecom networks using TCO techniques
A methodology for optimizing energy efficiency in networks based on the total cost of ownership approach.
Electricity demand side management and end use efficiencyD.Pawan Kumar
This document discusses electricity demand side management and end use efficiency. It outlines the benefits of demand side management (DSM) programs for electric utilities, including optimizing generation and network utilization and meeting regulator efficiency mandates. It describes traditional utility planning tools like load forecasting and least cost planning, which consider both supply side and demand side alternatives. The document then provides details on DSM, including definitions, frameworks, program implementation methods, technologies and options for the industrial sector. Barriers to DSM programs and ways to enable greater DSM markets are also discussed. In conclusion, the document advocates for customized DSM programs targeting specific end users as a cost-effective alternative to supply side management.
Reliability Impacts of Behind the Meter Distributed Energy Resources on Trans...Power System Operation
The increasing amounts of customer-owned Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) limit the control and visibility of local Independent System Operators (ISOs) and utility operators. Most of these resources are non-curtailable and subject to several aggregation guidelines for wholesale participation. These units cannot be decoupled from the Transmission-Distribution (T-D) interface and have a direct impact on the economics and reliability of the grid. This paper reports the results of a study that investigated realistic dispatch conditions from a production and power flow co-simulation environment with increased behind-the-meter DER resources. The objectives of this study include: 1) understanding steady-state and transient voltage response of the system at the local T-D interface, 2) analyzing impacts on switching operations, 3) studying the system-wide frequency response of the Western Interconnection, and 4) examining scenarios that provide insight into the type of control strategies that best benefit local ISO and utility operations from a reliability perspective.
IRJET- Maximization of Net Profit by Optimal Placement and Sizing of DG in Di...IRJET Journal
This document presents an optimization of distributed generation placement and sizing in a distribution system to maximize net profit. It formulates the optimization problem considering electricity purchase costs, distributed generation investment and operating costs, and distribution system net savings. The objective is to maximize net savings by reducing electricity purchases through optimal distributed generation. Two stochastic algorithms, genetic algorithm and particle swarm optimization, are used to solve the optimization problem for a 9-bus test system considering multiple load levels. Both algorithms achieved reductions in electricity costs and power losses while maintaining voltage constraints.
This document summarizes two methods for allocating transmission line costs: the Generation Shift Distribution Factor (GSDF) method and the Bialek Tracing method. The GSDF method uses linear power flow approximations to calculate distribution factors that measure the incremental use of transmission lines by generators and loads. These factors can then be used to allocate total fixed transmission costs. The Bialek Tracing method is based on the proportional sharing principle and uses a topological approach to determine the contribution of individual generators or loads to every line flow. Both methods aim to generate appropriate economic signals to recover fixed transmission costs from market participants.
This document summarizes research on approaches to managing congestion in deregulated electricity markets. It reviews various congestion management methods that have been proposed, including nodal pricing, price area congestion management, available transfer capability based approaches, using thyristor controlled phase shifting transformers, and flexible AC transmission systems devices. It also discusses optimization techniques that have been applied to congestion management problems, such as genetic algorithms and particle swarm optimization. The document provides examples of research on applying these different congestion management methods and optimization techniques to address transmission network congestion issues in deregulated power systems.
Economic Impacts of Behind the Meter Distributed Energy Resources on Transmis...Power System Operation
The increasing penetration of customer-owned Distribution Energy Resources (DERs) will have an impact on the economics that govern market operation. Visibility and control of local Independent System Operators (ISOs) over these resources are currently restricted or available in some form of aggregation. Additionally, non-curtailable resources pose a serious problem while balancing the market with eminent risks of over-generation and added congestion to the system. This study attempts to decouple the model at the Transmission-Distribution interface and demonstrate the following: 1) economic implications of such resources under two control strategies, 2) aspects of market dynamics affected by several DER penetration levels, 3) Potential benefits of increased ISO visibility beyond the Transmission-Distribution(T-D) interface.
A New Solution to Improve Power Quality of Renewable Energy Sources Smart Gri...iosrjce
This document summarizes a research article that proposes a new solution to improve power quality from renewable energy sources in smart grids while also considering carbon footprint as a new element. The article presents a prototype carbon footprint control sub-protocol for a microbial fuel cell micro-grid setup that aims to minimize carbon footprint during electricity generation and distribution in order to meet climate change goals of improving power quality and efficiency in a sustainable way. Experimental results from a simulation of a five-level cascaded H-bridge inverter confirm that the proposed approach can significantly reduce computational efforts needed for voltage vector selection without impacting system performance or effectiveness.
IRJET- Optimal Power Flow Solution of Transmission Line Network of Electric p...IRJET Journal
This document discusses using a genetic algorithm to solve the optimal power flow problem in large power transmission networks. The optimal power flow problem aims to minimize generation costs while meeting operational constraints. A genetic algorithm is proposed to solve this problem globally and efficiently. The controllable variables are divided into dynamic constraints directly impacting cost and static constraints maintained within limits by the load flow. The algorithm is tested on the IEEE 30-bus system and shown to effectively find the optimal solution. Genetic algorithms are well-suited for this problem as they can evaluate multiple solutions in parallel without requiring derivative information like traditional methods.
IRJET- A Comparative Study of Economic Load Dispatch Optimization MethodsIRJET Journal
This document presents a comparative study of different optimization methods for solving the economic load dispatch (ELD) problem in power systems. The ELD problem involves minimizing generation costs while meeting demand, and is formulated as a non-linear optimization problem with constraints. Various conventional and evolutionary algorithms have been used to solve ELD, but more recently bio-inspired algorithms like flower pollination algorithm and Jaya optimization have shown better performance. The paper evaluates these nature-inspired algorithms and compares their results for the ELD problem to demonstrate their effectiveness.
Single core configurations of saturated core fault current limiter performanc...IJECEIAES
Economic growth with industrialization and urbanization lead to an extensive increase in power demand. It forced the utilities to add power generating facilities to cause the necessary demand-generation balance. The bulk power generating stations, mostly interconnected, with the penetration of distributed generation result in an enormous rise in the fault level of power networks. It necessitates for electrical utilities to control the fault current so that the existing switchgear can continue its services without upgradation or replacement for reliable supply. The deployment of fault current limiter (FCL) at the distribution and transmission networks has been under investigation as a potential solution to the problem. A saturated core fault current limiter (SCFCL) technology is a smart, scalable, efficient, reliable, and commercially viable option to manage fault levels in existing and future MV/HV supply systems. This paper presents the comparative performance analysis of two single-core SCFCL topologies impressed with different core saturations. It has demonstrated that the single AC winding configuration needs more bias power for affecting the same current limiting performance with an acceptable steady-state voltage drop contribution. The fault state impedance has a transient nature, and the optimum bias selection is a critical design parameter in realizing the SCFCL applications.
IRJET- A Review on Grid Connected Multi Array PV Battery based Bi-Directi...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper on a grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) battery system with a bidirectional DC-DC converter. The proposed system aims to satisfy load demand, manage power flow from PV, battery, and grid sources, inject excess power to the grid, and charge the battery from the grid. A bidirectional buck-boost converter is used to harness power from PV and control battery charging/discharging. A single-phase full-bridge bidirectional converter feeds AC loads and interacts with the grid. The proposed converter architecture has fewer conversion stages and components than existing hybrid systems, improving efficiency and reliability.
Frequency regulation service of multiple-areas vehicle to grid application in...IJECEIAES
Regarding a potential of electric vehicles, it has been widely discussed that the electric vehicle can be participated in electricity ancillary services. Among the ancillary service products, the system frequency regulation is often considered. However, the participation in this service has to be conformed to the hierarchical frequency control architecture. Therefore, the vehicle to grid (V2G) application in this article is proposed in the term of multiple-areas of operation. The multiple-areas in this article are concerned as parking areas, which the parking areas can be implied as a V2G operator. From that, V2G operator can obtain the control signal from hierarchical control architecture for power sharing purpose. A power sharing concept between areas is fulfilled by a proposed adaptive droop factor based on battery state of charge and available capacity of parking area. A nonlinear multiplier factor is used for the droop adaptation. An available capacity is also applied as a limitation for the V2G operation. The available capacity is analyzed through a stochastic character. As the V2G application has to be cooperated with the hierarchical control functions, i.e. primary control and secondary control, then the effect of V2G on hierarchical control functions is investigated and discussed.
This document describes a flexible software-based distributed energy management system (DEMS) designed to investigate how controllable distributed energy units (CDEs) can be aggregated and integrated into the electric grid. The DEMS uses a hierarchical agent-based model to control different CDEs, including a wind turbine, combined heat and power plant, electric vehicle charging station, and industrial load. An experiment was conducted using the DEMS to demonstrate how it can aggregate these CDEs in different communication configurations to meet a secondary frequency control signal while maximizing profit from energy generation. Results showed the DEMS was able to successfully control the CDEs to closely track the required active power output.
This document provides an overview of congestion management in power systems. It discusses that congestion occurs when the physical or operational limits of the transmission network are reached. Congestion management aims to prioritize transactions to avoid overloading the network. It involves both precautionary actions by system operators to allow only transactions within limits, and remedial actions if congestion occurs in real-time due to unscheduled flows. The document then covers various congestion management methods including explicit auctions, implicit auctions, market splitting, counter trading, and re-dispatching. It compares the characteristics and examples of different market-based and non-market based approaches.
The Maui Smart Grid Project aims to demonstrate a distribution automation solution that integrates distribution and bulk power systems to reduce costs and improve reliability. It seeks to reduce distribution peak loading by 15% or more by enabling greater renewable energy utilization and improved service quality. The project will test integrated volt/var control, demand management through direct load control, and distributed energy resource management on Maui Electric Company's system. It faces challenges in integrating legacy equipment and avoiding overwhelming system operators. The project expects to provide benefits like reduced fossil fuel use, more renewable energy integration, improved grid stability and power quality, and lower customer energy bills.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The document discusses demand side management (DSM) strategies to efficiently manage electricity demand. It covers:
1. The goals of DSM including encouraging off-peak energy use and reducing environmental impacts.
2. Key steps in planning and implementing DSM programs including load forecasting, identifying target sectors and efficiency measures, and designing incentive programs.
3. Examples of DSM strategies for different sectors like encouraging efficient pump use in agriculture and promoting efficient appliances in residential and commercial buildings.
Congestion management in the context of deregulationPulakesh k kalita
This document discusses congestion management in the context of deregulated electricity markets. It begins by defining deregulation and describing the current deregulated scenario. Congestion occurs when there is insufficient transmission capacity to meet market demand. In deregulated markets with open transmission access, generation patterns can change rapidly based on market forces, requiring congestion management schemes. Various methods of congestion management are described, including re-dispatching transactions, priority-based rules, and auctioning of transmission capacity. Market splitting and market coupling are two approaches used to integrate markets across congested transmission lines. The role of an independent system operator in maintaining reliability while promoting economic efficiency is also outlined.
A NOVEL CONTROL STRATEGY FOR POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT USING ANN TECHNIQUE FO...IJERD Editor
The proposed system presents power-control strategies of a Micro grid-connected hybrid generation
system with versatile power transfer. This hybrid system allows maximum utilization of freely available
renewable energy sources like wind and photovoltaic energies. For this, an adaptive MPPT algorithm along with
standard perturbs and observes method will be used for the system.
The inverter converts the DC output from non-conventional energy into useful AC power for the
connected load. This hybrid system operates under normal conditions which include normal room temperature
in the case of solar energy and normal wind speed at plain area in the case of wind energy. However, designing
an optimal micro grid is not an easy task, due to the fact that primary energy carriers are changeable and
uncontrollable, as is the demand. Traditional design and optimization tools, developed for controlled power
sources, cannot be employed here. Simulation methods seem to be the best solution.
The dynamic model of the proposed system is first elaborated in the stationary reference frame and
then transformed into the synchronous orthogonal reference frame. The transformed variables are used in
control of the voltage source converter as the heart of the interfacing system between DG resources and utility
grid. By setting an appropriate compensation current references from the sensed load currents in control circuit
loop of DG, the active, reactive, and harmonic load current components will be compensated with fast dynamic
response, thereby achieving sinusoidal grid currents in phase with load voltages, while required power of the
load is more than the maximum injected power of the DG to the grid. In addition, the proposed control method
of this paper does not need a phase-locked loop in control circuit and has fast dynamic response in providing
active and reactive power components of the grid-connected loads.
This document discusses various control techniques for microgrids. It begins by defining microgrids and explaining their importance for distributed power generation. It then analyzes different control strategies for microgrids including grid-connected mode, islanded mode, peer-to-peer control, and master-slave control. Specific control methods like droop control, P/Q control and others are explained. The document also discusses central control methods and the role of power electronics devices in microgrid control. It concludes by emphasizing the importance of control strategies for stable and efficient operation of microgrids.
Renewable Energy Integration in Smart Grids: A Review of Recent Solutions to ...IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of recent solutions to integrating renewable energy into smart grids. It identifies the most prevalent issues with renewable energy integration, such as the intermittency of sources like solar and wind power, and issues with grid voltage and frequency stability. It then summarizes several selected solutions that have been proposed to address these challenges, including using energy storage systems, advanced inverters, machine learning for power forecasting, and systems to improve grid stability like synchronverters. The review concludes that while progress has been made in renewable energy integration, continued work is still needed to fully address the multidimensional problems involved.
The document presents a novel approach for implementing secondary control in droop-controlled microgrids in a distributed manner rather than through a central microgrid controller. The proposed distributed secondary control approach is able to restore frequency and voltage deviations in the microgrid while also ensuring accurate reactive power sharing between distributed generation units. Experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of the distributed secondary control approach. Communication latency and data dropouts are also studied to evaluate the impact on the control system performance.
This document describes a smart home energy management system that monitors and schedules home appliances using Zigbee technology. The system consists of an energy management center (EMC) with a graphical user interface to view energy usage data and control appliances. It also includes a load scheduling algorithm based on the knapsack problem to optimize scheduling and reduce electricity costs by shifting loads to off-peak times. The system was implemented using hardware with a microcontroller and Zigbee transceiver to interface appliances and communicate with the EMC software.
A deterministic method of distributed generation hosting capacity calculatio...IJECEIAES
Global warming has become a significant concern over the past decades. As a result, governments have shifted their policies toward renewable energy sources and environmentally friendly industries. This approach requires a renewal of the electrical networks to accommodate this new intermittent generation (from solar and wind sources) while remaining stable and reliable. In this vision, the notion of hosting capacity has been introduced to define the amount of new distributed generation that an electrical network can host without affecting its stability and reliability. This study proposes a deterministic method based on the π model of cables to estimate the underground feeder's hosting capacity. This method considers reverse power flow, overvoltage, reconfiguration, overloading, and the physical characteristics of lines. It is applied to the Moroccan medium voltage underground radial feeder. Through DIgSILENT power factory software, the power flow analysis is carried out to validate its effectiveness in overcoming overvoltage and cable overload problems. The results validate the relevance of our method, its reliability, its fluidity of application, and its ability to maintain performance indices within the acceptable range.
Two-way Load Flow Analysis using Newton-Raphson and Neural Network MethodsIRJET Journal
The document presents a study comparing two-way load flow analysis using the Newton-Raphson method and a neural network method for networked microgrids. The optimal power flow problem is solved using both a conventional Newton-Raphson method and an artificial intelligence neural network method. Results show that the neural network method achieves minimum losses and higher efficiency compared to the Newton-Raphson method, with efficiencies of 99.3% and 97% respectively for the test networked microgrid system.
The strategy is based on an autonomous distributed control
scheme in which the DC bus voltage level is used as an indicator of the power balance in the
microgrid. The autonomous control strategy does not rely on communication links or a
central controller, resulting in reduced costs and enhanced reliability. As part of the control
strategy, an adaptive droop control technique is proposed for PV sources in order to
maximize the utilization of power available from these sources while ensuring acceptable
levels of system voltage regulation
IRJET- Voltage Stability, Loadability and Contingency Analysis with Optimal I...IRJET Journal
This document discusses contingency analysis and optimal placement of renewable distributed generators (RDGs) using continuation power flow analysis to improve voltage stability and loadability. It presents a methodology to determine the optimal location and mix of different RDG technologies (solar, wind, fuel cells) on the IEEE 9-bus test system using the Power System Analysis Toolbox (PSAT). Reactive power performance indices are calculated for different line contingencies to identify critical buses. The results show that optimally placing RDGs can enhance voltage stability and increase the maximum loadability point compared to the base case without RDGs.
This document presents a two-stage model for daily volt/var control (VVC) of distribution systems that includes distributed energy resources (DERs) like wind turbines and synchronous machine-based distributed generations. The first stage is a day-ahead market that minimizes electrical energy costs and gas emissions from generation units to determine an initial schedule. The second stage examines this schedule from an operational perspective to determine optimal daily dispatches of VVC devices while minimizing losses, adjustment of scheduled active powers, and depreciation costs. It uses Benders decomposition to solve the mixed integer nonlinear programming problem, and tests the approach on two distribution test networks.
COORDINATED CONTROL AND ENERGY MANAGEMENT OF DISTRIBUTED GENERATION INVERTERS...ijiert bestjournal
In modern world,our entire life moves around Computers. Most of our tasks are dependent on the Computers,like Communication,Ticket Reservations,Researches,Printing,and Education etc. When we communicate with each other by using Computers through E Mails,a number of Computers are used for this purpose and the collection of these computers forms a network,which is called a Computer Network. As more and more peoples are going to be connected through the general network (INTERNET),the problem of security arises. Now a day,a number of security issues occur in networks which include Sniffing,Spoofing,Security Attacks,Malwares,Unauthorized Access,etc. This will create havoc for the users,who wants to communicate with each other through these networks. So,to make the communication between two users via the Computer Networks,we have to follow some security measures,which include using the Firewalls,Anti Malicious Software,Intrusion Detection Systems,Cryptography Techniques,et c. This paper is basically focused on how the communication between two users has been performed by using Computer Networks and how to make such a communication
IRJET- Optimization of Renewable Energy Sources for DC MicrogridIRJET Journal
The document discusses optimization of renewable energy sources for DC microgrids. It proposes integrating wind and solar energy generation with battery storage in a microgrid connected to buildings. This hybrid system improves reliability by reducing storage needs when the generation sources have opposing output cycles. The document models and simulates such a system, showing the wind and solar outputs, storage controller, and grid connection. Integrating distributed renewable sources with storage in microgrids helps stabilize grids with intermittent generation and maximize use of transmission infrastructure.
Power-Sharing of Parallel Inverters in Micro-Grids via Droop control and Virt...IRJET Journal
This document discusses two power-sharing control strategies - droop control and virtual impedance - for parallel inverters in microgrids. Droop control simulates the frequency-power characteristics of conventional power systems but has limitations like load-dependent voltage regulation. Virtual impedance modifies the output impedance of inverters to improve current sharing. The document analyzes these approaches and compares their performance in sharing power between parallel inverters through MATLAB simulations under different weather conditions. It finds that both techniques effectively share load power while improving system stability and response, with virtual impedance providing better voltage regulation.
This document describes a simulation model developed for testing microgrid and distributed energy resource (DER) control methods. The simulation model was built in PSIM software to emulate a hardware test bench consisting of a synchronous generator, DC motor prime mover, and CPT E13 inverter controller. The simulation allows development of automatic voltage regulation (AVR) and governor control methods to regulate the generator's output voltage and frequency. Software controllers developed using the simulation model were then tested on the physical hardware system to validate the simulation as a design tool.
Improving Control Performance in DC Micro-Grids with Distributed GenerationsIJAPEJOURNAL
DC micro-grids are attracting more and more attention due to their capability to lead to more efficient integration of distributed generation compared with traditional AC micro-grids. In this paper, a hierarchical control architecture is proposed to improve the control performance of DC micro-grid with distributed generations (DGs), which utilize a global controller (GC) to optimize the overall process and a number of distributed local controllers (LCs) associated with each subsystem. The measurement reliability of each LC is guaranteed by an associated measurement validation module which is developed based on Polynomial Chaos Theory (PCT). The system efficiency and robust is counted in the design of GC, where synergetic control theory is adopted. Numerical simulations have been done to verify the proposed method, and the simulation results show good consistency with theoretical analysis.
Active and reactive power sharing in micro grid using droop control IJECEIAES
The development of renewable energy contributes to the global objectives of reducing our greenhouse gas emissions, obtaining and increasing our energy efficiency. In the face of these changes, the electric-network must adapt, while maintaining a high level of reliability and a quality of energy production. To meet this objective, it is recommended to use highly developed electrical network by integrating renewable energy sources in order to adapt the energy consumption to their production, using electrotechnical software information and telecommunications technologies. We are talking about intelligent grids (Smart Grid). The main objective of the work presented in this paper is the contribution to the study of intelligent network for efficient management of energy produced by several sources linked to the AC bus via the voltage inverters. Numerical simulations have been presented to validate the performance of the proposed active and reactive power controller (Droop Control).
An Adaptive Virtual Impedance Based Droop Control Scheme for Parallel Inverte...IAES-IJPEDS
This document presents an adaptive virtual impedance based droop control scheme for parallel inverters in a microgrid. The scheme uses an impedance estimator to monitor changes in line impedances between inverters and the point of common coupling. It estimates the line impedance in real time using output voltages and currents of the inverters as well as voltages at the point of common coupling. The estimated line impedance is then fed into a virtual impedance loop to adjust the virtual impedance value and compensate for reactive power mismatches due to changing line impedances, improving power sharing performance. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed adaptive scheme compared to conventional control methods.
The paper highlights the need for an Active System Management (ASM) of distribution networks as a key tool for the efficient and secure integration of a high share of Distributed Energy Resources (DER). The paper provides technical and regulatory recommendations that mainly focus on distributed generation but are also largely applicable to flexible loads, electric vehicles and storage.
Massive Energy Saving Systems and Strategies at Equipment Level in the Highes...IJERA Editor
The document discusses strategies implemented by Grameenphone in Bangladesh to reduce operational expenditures through energy savings. Some key techniques discussed include:
1. Installing DC ventilation systems in base stations to reduce reliance on energy-intensive air conditioners for cooling, saving over 50% of energy costs.
2. Using energy saving controllers that shut off commercial power during peak pricing hours and instead use stored battery power, cutting energy bills by 15%.
3. Developing voltage dependent timer circuits to reduce generator run-hours by 30% and fuel costs.
4. Incorporating solar power systems to provide up to 20% of daily energy needs and reduce reliance on diesel generators.
5. Optimizing
Interconnecting industrial multi-microgrids using bidirectional hybrid energy...IJECEIAES
Sharing and exchange energy among nearby industrial microgrids are crucial, especially with high energy requirements for their production targets and costly energy storage systems that may be oversized for their operations. Facilitating energy exchange can provide an economic advantage for industrial production by utilizing cheaper energy sources and reducing production costs. This manuscript presents an efficient approach for transferring large energy packets with minimal energy losses using
high-voltage direct current (HVDC) energy transmission. The manuscript methodology focuses on implementing an industrial multi-microgrid using a modular multilevel converter. This converter utilizes two power link channels: a three-phase AC and an HVDC link, creating a hybrid energy transmission between microgrids. When a substantial amount of energy to transfer, the HVDC method enhances overall efficiency by reducing copper losses and mitigating issues associated with the AC link, such as harmonics and skin effects. The modular multilevel converter topology offers high flexibility and the use of fewer converters. Additionally, the HVDC link eliminates distance restrictions for energy transfer between industrial microgrids. A case study illustrates the functionality of this topology, demonstrating optimized power transfer and decreased energy losses. This methodology allows industrial microgrids to enhance energy efficiency and productivity while minimizing operational costs.
Similar to A Pilot Experience for the Integration of Distributed Generation in Active Distribution Systems (20)
ENTSO-E Draft Network Code for Operational Planning & Schedulingdavidtrebolle
This document provides comments on the ENTSO-E draft Network Code for Operational Planning & Scheduling from EURELECTRIC. Some key points made include:
- The draft code does not sufficiently require inter-TSO cooperation and harmonization of methodologies, and more needs to be done to align rules across TSOs.
- Proper regulatory oversight from NRAs and ACER is needed for unilateral TSO decisions.
- Consistency with other network codes needs to be ensured, including harmonizing definitions.
- Information requirements for generators should not duplicate what is already provided and should respect technical capabilities.
ENTSO-E Draft Network Code for Operational Securitydavidtrebolle
- The draft Network Code on Operational Security lacks harmonization and leaves too much autonomy to individual TSOs, which could undermine security of supply across Europe and is inconsistent with the target model of an integrated EU electricity market.
- The code lacks clear and precise parameters and guidelines for TSO actions, using vague terms like "sufficient" instead of defined limits. This could result in unjustified actions by TSOs and loss of generation capacity.
- The code does not sufficiently consider the impact on electricity markets or refer clearly to other related framework guidelines and network codes on issues like balancing and capacity allocation. There is a need for greater coherence and consistency across codes.
The paper outlines key considerations that should be taken on board in the European network codes currently being drafted by ENTSO-E within the scope of the ACER Framework Guidelines on System Operation published in December 2011.
Decentralised storage: impact on future distribution gridsdavidtrebolle
Decentralised storage systems could affect the management of the distribution grid in a number of functional areas, including energy management, system services and the internal business of the DSO:
Energy management refers to energy arbitrage by decoupling electricity generation from its instantaneous consumption, as delivered by electricity storage facilities.
System services cover the support storage could offer to quality of service and security of supply in the electric power system.
Finally, for some special and well defined applications which cannot be provided by the market, storage devices could be installed as a grid asset to primarily support the core operational tasks of the grid operator.
Voltage control of active distribution networks by means of disperse generationdavidtrebolle
The aim of this paper is to analyze how the dispersed generators can be used to effectively control the voltage of the distribution network. The technical and economical viability of this proposal can be assessed throughout a systematic analysis of how the voltage of the point of common coupling (PCC) increases as a function of the injected active power, and the required reactive power needed to maintain the voltage of the PCC to a given value
EURELECTRIC Views on Demand-Side Participationdavidtrebolle
In our vision of demand-side participation, smart grids will provide the infrastructure that enables decentralised producers, customers/‘prosumers’, suppliers and service providers to meet on an open market place, while giving grid operators more advanced tools to manage their grids.
El acoplamiento de transformadores es una actividad habitual en la red de distribución. Las principales razones que obligan al acoplamien- to de dos transformadores son la mejora de la continuidad en el suministro, evitar la sobrecar- ga de instalaciones y la realización de manio- bras en la red de distribución. Previamente al acoplamiento de dos transformadores el distri- buidor debe responder a dos criterios básicos: el aprovechamiento de potencia útil debido a posibles diferencias en el reparto de carga y las tomas óptimas de acoplamiento que minimi- cen la intensidad de circulación en transforma- dores y por ende, las pérdidas. En el presente artículo se van a analizar los fundamentos teó- ricos del acoplamiento de transformadores y los resultados prácticos sobre transformadores reales en la red de distribución.
This EURELECTRIC report addresses a number of fundamental questions that arise from the integration of distributed generation (DG) and other distributed energy resources (DER) into the energy system:
How can DSOs make the most efficient use of the existing network?
When are new infrastructure and changes in system architecture needed to better
integrate DG and DER?
Which types of system services are needed and how can they be procured?
How can renewable energy sources (RES), DG, and DER contribute to system security?
How should the regulatory framework develop?
Analysis of Distribution System Operator Unbundlingdavidtrebolle
One of the key regulatory changes as consequence of the liberalisation of the electricity industry has been the unbundling regime. This organisation model aims to separate the potentially competitive core activities from the natural monopoly distribution and transmission activities and other coordination activities like system and market operation.
Since then, European Directives oblige Member States to adopt unbundling requirements in the electricity sector. In particular since the European Commission proposed the option of full ownership unbundling for Transmission System Operators (TSO), there is some uncertainty around Distribution System Operators (DSO) unbundling.
In light of all this changes, this Master Thesis reviews the regulatory and legislative context for unbundling in Distribution System Operators, in both Europe and Spain.
Besides, identifies the current performance of distribution companies, mainly in terms of distributed power, customers served, market influence and compliance of unbundling requirements. Moreover, analyses how some particular countries have experienced the implementation of unbundling regime. All this experiences reveal a still clear insufficient level of Distribution System Operators unbundling and as a consequence a seriously limit on network operation effectiveness and market well-functioning.
In addition, a regulatory methodology is proposed for allowing Regulatory Authorities to monitor the unbundling process. This approach analyses the performance of current unbundling regime in the distribution business and provides regulatory changes when needed. A set of Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) and a benchmarking technique (DataEnvelopment Analysis-DEA) are the tools identified to measure the companies’ behaviour
towards their organisation model. These tools provide regulators an acknowledgement of the performance of Distribution System Operators and rank the companies according to efficiency ratios.
To test the robustness of the methodology designed, a case study is carried out. In particular, this practical survey aims to contribute to the discussion on current model of
unbundling in Spanish electricity distributors in comparison with other European distributors with both similar and different unbundling regimes. In this study, 10 Distribution System Operators, from 6 European Member States, are benchmarked by using DEA model. The results or technical efficiency scores rank distribution companies
according to efficient frontier firms. The main two findings rated Legal Unbundling DSOs slightly more efficient in terms of costs, and Ownership Unbundling DSOs remarkable more efficient in terms of market orientation.
El uso que hacemos de la electricidad depende fundamentalmente de nuestra actividad en los distintos ámbitos, indus- tria, comercio, residencial, etc. Esta activi- dad presenta unos patrones que varían con el calendario laboral, la estacionalidad o climatología, y en menor medida con el coste de la energía. En otras palabras, la demanda presenta una baja elasticidad.
El aumento de los costes de la ener- gía, la cada vez mayor penetración de energías de carácter renovable y dis- tribuido, y una necesidad de mejorar el aprovechamiento de las infraestruc- turas, junto con el despliegue de solu- ciones de comunicación y de los con- tadores inteligentes y la aparición del vehículo eléctrico, están impulsando soluciones tecnológicas y mecanismos que permiten flexibilizar la demanda e integrarla en el mercado eléctrico (de energía y de reservas), es decir, impul- sando la gestión de la demanda.
PLANNING OF THE DISTRIBUTION GRIDS WITH DISTRIBUTED GENERATION AND DEMAND SID...davidtrebolle
The document discusses planning for electricity distribution networks with distributed generation and active demand management. It analyzes alternatives for addressing overloads on a distribution network, including traditional network investment, doing no investment and incurring penalties, and investing in distributed energy resources through auctions. It models these options for a case study network, finding that distributed energy resources can provide firm capacity at lower cost than traditional solutions if periods requiring firmness are low. However, distributed resources require mechanisms to ensure reliability of supply.
Regulatory analysis for the integration of Distributed Generation and Demand-...davidtrebolle
This document is a regulatory analysis project for the integration of distributed generation and demand-side participation in Spain. It was completed by Breogán Pardo Álvarez for the Pontifical University of Comillas under the direction of David Trebolle Trebolle in May 2013. The project analyzes the regulatory challenges to integrating distributed energy resources like distributed generation, demand response, electric vehicles, and energy storage onto Spain's electric grid. It discusses how the current regulatory framework in Spain provides incentives for renewable distributed generation but makes integrated planning and operation of the grid more difficult for distribution system operators. The project concludes that Spain needs to move from a "fit and forget" connection approach for distributed generation to more active management that considers the
La planificación de la distribución con Generación Distribuida y Gestión Acti...davidtrebolle
Este documento describe un método para evaluar cómo la generación distribuida y la gestión activa de la demanda pueden retrasar las inversiones en la red de distribución. El método valora si es más rentable para el distribuidor invertir en contratos de firmeza con generadores distribuidos o en elementos de red, considerando también la opción de no invertir y pagar penalizaciones. Se aplica el método a una red real de Madrid analizando dos escenarios y se concluye que la generación distribuida puede proporcionar una alternativa a las inversiones tradicionales
El control de tensión en redes de distribución con generación distribuida (3/3)davidtrebolle
El documento describe el marco regulatorio del control de tensión en España. Explica que la normativa establece límites de tensión para las redes de transporte y distribución, así como requisitos de factor de potencia para generadores, consumidores y distribuidores. También describe el servicio obligatorio de control de tensión que deben prestar estos agentes, así como el servicio adicional remunerado que pueden ofrecer.
El control de tensión en redes de distribución con generación distribuida (1/3)davidtrebolle
El documento describe el control de tensión en redes de distribución con generación distribuida. Explica que el control de tensión es un servicio importante para mantener la tensión cerca de valores nominales y optimizar los flujos de reactiva. Detalla los diferentes elementos que participan en el control de tensión como generadores, compensación pasiva, líneas eléctricas y transformadores. Asimismo, explica la operativa llevada a cabo por el operador del sistema en redes de transporte y por los gestores de distribución en redes de distribución.
Case Studies Of System Costs Of Distribution Areasdavidtrebolle
This document summarizes the methodology and results of a study assessing the impact of distributed generation (DG) on electricity system costs in three European areas.
The study defines scenarios with varying DG penetration levels and models their impact on distribution, generation, balancing, transmission and external costs. Distribution costs are modeled using planning tools considering network investments, operations and losses. Generation costs are split into variable costs modeled via economic dispatch and fixed costs based on capacity needs. Balancing costs consider increased needs with higher wind and external costs use emission factors.
The results show that distribution costs initially decrease but then increase with high DG levels as network upgrades are needed. Generation fixed costs rise as DG has higher investment costs than conventional plants.
Regulatory Strategies For Selected Member Statesdavidtrebolle
This document provides an overview of regulatory strategies for integrating distributed generation and renewable energy sources into electricity networks and markets in selected European Member States, including Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, Spain, and the UK. It discusses regulatory approaches related to network cost recovery, innovation, planning, and charging. It also summarizes country-specific strategies for each of the five Member States, focusing on support mechanisms, distribution system operator regulation, demand response, active network management, and other relevant policies.
Market And Regulatory Incentives For Cost Efficient Integration Of Dgdavidtrebolle
This document provides a summary of the IMPROGRES project, which aims to identify improvements for integrating distributed generation and renewable energy sources into European electricity networks and markets in a socially optimal way. The project involves analyzing support mechanisms, network regulation, power markets and integration issues across multiple countries. Key findings include that countries are transitioning support schemes toward more market-based mechanisms and varying in their network regulation approaches. Scenarios are developed for renewable energy growth through 2030 and case studies assess potential network costs from distributed generation integration. Response options are also identified for network operators to minimize integration costs.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
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A Pilot Experience for the Integration of Distributed Generation in Active Distribution Systems
1. PRICE-GDI: A Pilot Experience for the
Integration of Distributed Generation in Active
Distribution Systems
Alezeia González Juan A. Saavedra Jorge Tello-Guijarro David Trebolle Marta Casas
Boslan Ingeniería y Consultoría
Madrid, Spain
Unión Fenosa Distribución
Madrid, Spain
Abstract—The last years in Europe, the growing
penetration of Distributed Generation (DG), (mainly q
combination of heat and power (CHP) and renewable), has
demonstrated the necessity of facing the impacts and
opportunities of new distributed energy resources connected
to medium and low voltage grids by means of research
projects. The need of demonstration projects on voltage
control with DG to increase the hosting capacity has been
identified and a noteworthy number of initiatives have been
carried out in the European Union. This paper presents the
experience of Unión Fenosa Distribución in PRICE-GDI, a
pilot project which aims for the integration of DG in active
distribution systems. Besides the adopted solution for the
monitoring and control of the generation, this paper
explains the main results regarding the voltage control in
low and medium voltage grids with distributed energy
resources (DER; understood as DG, Demand Response and
Storage).
Keywords—Distributed Generation, Active Distribution
Systems, Distributed Energy Resources, Voltage Control, KPI.
I. INTRODUCTION
The growing penetration of Distributed Energy
Resources (DER), mainly Distributed Generation (DG),
and its impacts have become one of the main research
topics during the last years in the European power sector.
Research has commonly focused on theoretical power
system analyses regarding the impact of the injection of
generated active power to the medium and low voltage
grids on the voltage profiles. For its part, power
electronics industry has focused on providing voltage
control solutions both for DG and the Distribution System
Operator (DSO).
In the meanwhile, a “fit and forget” approach for
connection, access and operation requirements for DG has
been incentivized by the regulatory framework,, so DG
has represented a tight and not flexible resource to
network operation. These requirements may mean a hard
barrier for the generation hosting capacity in medium
voltage (MV) and low voltage (LV) networks.
The very last years, the need of pilot projects related to
voltage control with DG, with the aim of increasing the
hosting capacity has been identified. As a result, a
noteworthy number of initiatives have been carried out in
the European Union. PRICE-GDI is a Spanish
demonstration project which aims to explore smart grids
functionalities for the DG monitoring and control in MV
and LV networks. Thank to this, the enhancement of the
hosting capacity has been studied, not only avoiding the
negative impacts of DG on voltage profiles but
understanding DG as a new resource for an optimal
distribution system operation, so studying the new
possibilities that this may bring.
A wide set of solutions have been proposed for
Distribution Management Systems (DMS). Commercial
products have been developed for monitoring and network
control systems. Several functionalities have been
explored for DMS [1]. Most innovative developments face
demand control and the generation forecasting [2-3].
Some DG voltage control solutions have been proposed
within recent pilot projects carried out in the EU [4-6].
II. PRICE-GDI MONITORING AND CONTROL
SOLUTION
The solution proposed by PRICE-GDI is based on a
distribution management system (DMS), developed by the
engineering company Indra, where voltage and power
analogue values are monitored in real time, as shown in
Fig 1. The control room center is able to send voltage and
reactive power set points to generators and power
electronics devices which take part on a centralized
voltage control. Optimal set points are calculated by a
voltage control algorithm, developed by the Institute for
Research in Technology (Comillas Pontifical University),
fed by a state estimator algorithm [3], developed by the
University of Seville, which obtains the most probable
value of the voltage and the active and reactive power
flows.
The solution described above is applied to three
different scenarios. The first scenario is a real MV
network with distributed generation connected to MV and
LV, and a STATCOM device specifically designed by the
manufacturer Ingeteam for PRICE-GDI. The STATCOM
enables the voltage stabilization and the generation power
factor compensation by means of a reactive power/voltage
control. This device has been tested in a MV network site
owned by Unión Fenosa Distribución. The second
scenario is a LV network sited in a laboratory called
LINTER, at Unión Fenosa Distribución facilities, where a
generator and another STATCOM, manufactured by
2. Tecnalia and ZIV, have been connected in order to test the
reactive power/voltage functionality in LV grids. Finally,
the third scenario is a scaled network designed and
developed by the University of Seville within PRICE-GDI
project and which is able to emulate the behavior of a MV
network with several types of loads and generators
connected to it [8], overcoming the technical and
regulatory barriers which affects to the other scenarios.
III. METHODOLOGY
PRICE-GDI has adopted the methodology set in the
European project Grid + (Supporting the Development of
the European Electricity Grids Initiative) for the analysis
of the results [9]. Grid + aims to define a common route
map for demo projects execution in the EEGI European
environment in order to guarantee their replicability and
scalability, as well as obtaining comparable results.
The analysis of the results entails the definition and
computation of a set of Key Performance Indicators (KPI).
KPI measure the most representative variables of the
performance of a system where the proposed solution is
implemented, with respect to the performance of the
system without the proposed solution, allowing an
objective comparison of different solutions or scenarios.
Besides, PRICE-GDI is part of the European Project
IGREENGrid (IntegratinG Renewables in the EuropEaN
Electricity Grid) [10], which aims to search and compare
different solutions which increase the distributed
generation hosting capacity. IGREENGrid inputs are the
KPI of the different projects involved.
Table I presents the KPI defined in the PRICE-GDI
frame (where t stands for the scenario and i for the bus
where they are measured). The objective of a centralized
voltage control is to impact on the voltage profile in order
to reduce power losses observing the voltage magnitudes
fixed by the quality of service regulation. In case of
quality of service problems (under or overvoltages), the
centralized voltage control allows the system to reduce
them. The solution implemented in PRICE-GDI lies in
controlling the reactive power injection and consumption
in order to optimally affect to the voltage profile and the
power losses. In order to explore the benefits of this
solution, the Effectiveness and the Power losses KPI have
been defined. Effectiveness measures the impact of the
TABLE I. DEFINITION OF KEY PERFORMANCE INDICATORS
KPI Description Calculation
Effectiveness of Q/V
control
Maximum voltage increment obtained by the
Q/V control.
ܧ௧
= max
୧
ቆ
|ܸ
௧
− ܸ0
௧
|/ܸ0
௧
ܳݐ
ቇ
Impact of Q/V control
on the active power
losses
Active power losses decrement obtained by
means of the centralized Q/V control. ∆݈ܲݏݏ௧
=
൫݈ܲݏݏ௧
− ݈ܲ0ݏݏ௧
൯/݈ܲ0ݏݏ௧
ܳ௧
Unfulfilment of reactive
power flow
Reactive power exported to the high voltage
network, limited by ENTSO-E Network
Code on Demand Connection.
ܷ݂݊ݐ݈݂݈݊݁݉݅ݑ௧
= ቐ
ܳ௧
< ܳ݉݅݊ → ܳ݉݅݊ − ܳ௧
ܳ݉݅݊ < ܳ௧
< ܳ݉ܽݔ → 0
ܳ݉ܽݔ < ܳ௧
→ ܳ௧
− ܳ݉ܽݔ
Fig. 1. DG monitoring and control solution implemented in PRICE-GDI
3. reactive power management on the voltage profile. The
Impact of Q/V control on active power losses quantifies
the losses reduction obtained by means of the Q/V control.
In addition, PRICE-GDI has addressed the effect of
using a reactive power flow constraint at the distribution
to the transmission network connection point, regarding
the integration of distributed generation. In order to
evaluate this impact, the Unfulfillment of reactive power
flow KPI has been defined as the reactive power flow out
of the limits set by the aforementioned requirements,
measures before and after implemented the Q/V control
solution.
IV. RESULTS
The increasing penetration of distributed generation
drives the distribution network to a new paradigm of
planning, design and operation towards an active
management of a distribution system. PRICE-GDI has
demonstrated that the negative impacts that the massive
integration of renewable and distributed generation could
have on the distribution system may be an opportunity if
those new resources are managed in a coordinated way by
the DSO by means of a centralized dispatch with voltage
control functionality.
Results of PRICE-GDI lead to conclusions about how
effective is the Q/V control in terms of voltage variation
with reactive power injection or withdrawal, savings on
power losses and usability of Q/V control for fulfilling
reactive power flow requirements fixed by ENTSO-E
Network Codes. These results have considered several
networks of different characteristics (voltage level, load
concentration, DG dispersion and more).
Moreover, since PRICE-GDI is a demonstration
project, conclusions about the practical implementation of
a complete voltage control solution are obtained: the
integration of several technologies, the cost of the
different components and regulatory barriers which
hampers the integration of DG even for a pilot project.
PRICE-GDI has led to the identification of the barriers for
the implementation of the solution described in the paper
and for the deployment of the pilot project, besides a set
of conclusions about the participation of the generation in
the voltage control and some recommendations regarding
regulatory and technical issues. The main conclusions are
summarized below and are supported by some results
obtained in particular tests carried out in the project. An
exhaustive review of the results is available in [11][12],
[13], [14] y [14].
A. Conclusions
The participation of DG in a voltage control service
for the DSO might be a solution for the technical
problems which hampers the correct integration of the
generation in distribution systems. Moreover, a
centralized voltage control with distributed generation is
able to provide a power losses reduction.
Fig 2 shows that the SMART solution adopted in
PRICE-GDI achieves a power losses reduction for
different penetration levels of generation connected at LV
and MV grids (scenarios from DG2 to DG5), measured in
% from the results in a scenario without generation
connected to the grid (DG1). Besides, it is helpful for
complying with voltage limits set in quality of service
regulation, allowing the DSO deferring networks
investments. Fig 3 illustrates how a SMART solution
enables the fulfillment of voltage security standards when
the business as usual (BAU) approach presents problems
in quality of service.
Setting reactive power flow requirements at the DSO
to TSO connection point, such as those defined in
Network Code on Demand Connection [15], increases the
system costs and causes inefficiencies in terms of power
losses increase. The participation of distributed generation
in a centralized voltage control may help DSO to fulfill
these requirements by means of the management of the
active power resources connected to the distribution
network. Table II presents the impact of fixing a
constraint of no reactive power exportation from a MV to
a HV network, in terms of reactive power needed from the
DG for the Q/V control, the increment of losses and the
reactive power exported to the HV side.
The reactive power needed from the DG for Q/V
control is large regarding the size of the resources. Fig. 4
shows the maximum voltage increment and the reactive
power needed by the Q/V control for four scenarios with
different DG penetration (DG2 to DG5). The
consequently high reactive power flows may cause
infeasibilities of the solution because of the maximum
current limits of the circuits (overhead lines and cables).
Fig. 3. Voltage limits fulfillment
0.85
0.9
0.95
1
1.05
1.1
1.15
Voltage[pu]
ScenarioDG
V min BAU V max BAU V min SMART "V max SMART"
DG1 DG2 DG3 DG4 DG5
0.0 % 28.0 % MV 23.4 % LV 98.1 % MV+LV 261.7 %
MV+LV
Fig. 3. Power losses reduction
-100.0
-80.0
-60.0
-40.0
-20.0
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
DG2
28.0 % MV
DG3
23.4 % LV
DG4
98.1 % MV+LV
DG5
261.7 % MV+LV
ActivePowerLossesIncrement[%]
Scenario DG
BAU SMART
4. The benefits of the solution tested in PRICE-GDI
strongly depend on the scenario where it is applied.
Specifically, a centralized Q/V control is more suitable for
MV overhead and long networks, where, due to the
characteristics of their impedance, the sensitivity of the
voltage with respect to the reactive power is higher.
In LV networks, more specific and wider pilot projects
should be carried out in order to obtain more clear
conclusions about the benefits of a Q/V and a P/V control.
Simulation and emulation environments, such as the
one included in the control center tested in PRICE-GDI
and the down-scaled MV network constructed by the
University of Seville, are flexible sources of controllable
scenarios which properly complement the development of
pilot projects in real environments, where the set of
demand, generation and network scenarios are much
limited.
As a consequence of the case dependence, a “one size
fits all” solution may be not suitable. Therefore a technical
and economical analysis must be carried out in order to
evaluate all the possible solutions, including BAU
solutions which imply grid investments and SMART
solutions which imply the costs of the reactive power
provision.
In order to optimize the reactive power resources and
the investments of the DG, the voltage control service
provision from the distributed generators must be flexible
enough to avoid unnecessary increases of system costs.
Regarding to FACT devices installed in the project
(MV STATCOM and LV STATCOM), benefits provided
for DSOs in voltage control are similar than using DG
although technology cost and installation requirements
such as location, space, civil works or environmental
impact, has to be considered. However, these devices
based on power electronics should provide additional
functionalities not assessed under PRICE-GDI project, as
voltage dip response, which should be included in the cost
analysis.
PRICE-GDI addresses both local and centralized
voltage control. From their comparison, it is concluded
that centralized voltage control provides an optimization
of reactive power management in the distribution network.
In spite of more intensive cost for the required IT
infrastructure deployment, this infrastructure provides
new functionalities and services and the consequent
benefits. This involves that new IT infrastructure costs are
not accounted only to voltage control in the cost analysis.
Centralized voltage control involves developing
innovative IT systems and advanced algorithms such as
State Estimator and Voltage control algorithms developed
under PRICE-GDI. In the same way, an appropriate level
of monitoring in distribution network is required in order
to guarantee the correct performance of centralized
voltage control. This means remote control devices as the
ones implemented by TECNALIA/ZIV in PRICE-GDI for
DG and FACTS, are crucial, as well as an appropriate
communication and devices standardization level,
especially in protocols in order to guarantee functionality
and competiveness.
B. Identification of barriers
One of the first steps of the project was focused on
identifying the existing barriers for a successful
integration of DG in MV and LV network, in order to
assess the viability of the proposed solution. They are
summarized in Table III. A set of barriers for the
development of the project are identified in Table IV. For
the overcome barriers, the solutions are provided.
C. Recommendations
The experience of Unión Fenosa Distribución in the
PRICE-GDI project allows concluding the following
recommendations regarding technical, techno-economic
and regulatory aspects.
1) Technical recommendations
Since the proposed solution is not always the most
suitable to solve quality of service or generation hosting
capacity problems, in order to obtain the most promising
solution, a technical study of each scenario is necessary.
Using network devices for controlling Q/V and P/V
from DSO should be considered an option to reduce or
defer the investments required for voltage control
problems.
Voltage control should be studied as a solution to the
problems coming from the offset between the network
planning and the new DG connection timeframes.
Standardization of ICT (Information and
Communications Technologies) must be promoted in
order to design standard centralized voltage control
solutions at an affordable cost.
The degree of monitoring and supervision of the MV
and LV networks must be optimized in order to provide
observability to the algorithms needed in a centralized
voltage control.
TABLE II. IMPACT OF REACTIVE POWER FLOW
REQUIREMENTS AT THE TSO/DSO CONNECTION POINT
Without constraint With constraint
Q [Mvar] 4.87 6.95
∆Ploss [Mvar-1
] -0.2 -0.13
QMV HV[Mvar] -2.4 0
Fig. 4. Effectiveness of th Q/V control
0
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
0.03
0.035
0.04
0.045
DG2
28.0 % MV
DG3
23.4 % LV
DG4
98.1 % MV+LV
DG5
261.7 %
MV+LV
Voltageincrement[pu]
Scenario DG
Voltage increment
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
ReactivePower[Mvar]
Reactive Power
5. TABLE III. BARRIERS FOR THE DEPLOYMENT OF THE PROPOSED SOLUTION
Name Type Barrier description
Regulation hampers the access
of DSO to measures
Regulatory
DER are able to choose between sending their measures to TSO or to
DSO (in Spain). This fact hampers the access of DSO to generation
measures, needed for their MV network state estimation.
Inadequate regulation of DER
involvement in voltage control
Regulatory
DER follow a power factor set point fixed by regulation with no
operation criteria. DER are not able to participate in voltage control
ancillary service.
Regulation does not allow DSO
to control DER
Regulatory
DER respond to transmission system operator instructions, while DSO
is not able to send any kind of set point. As a result, generators
connected to MV network are not a controllable variable.
Lack of experience of DSO
with power electronics for
voltage control
Technical and
economic
Power electronics for voltage control is a novel resource. As a result,
DSO and manufacturers present a lack of experience which negatively
impacts on the cost of product specification and development, as well
as the installation costs.
Lack of standardization
Technical and
economic
Too many communication standards are embedded into electric
systems. As a result, the integration of systems as well as new devices
(STATCOM and smart secondary substations) may be unaffordable
or, in some cases, infeasible.
ICT dependence
Technical and
economic
New frames require the development of new devices,
telecommunication architectures and systems which must be
implemented in order to acquire the measures, according to
interoperability principles.
TABLE IV. BARRIERS AND SOLUTIONS FOR PRICE-GDI PROJECT DEVELOPMENT
Name Type Solution
Regulation hampers the access
of DSO to measures
Regulatory
Real time measurements were not available for DSOs. However, a
special tool was designed to integrate real measurements of
generators, but not in real-time.
Regulation does not allow DSO
to control DER
Regulatory
This barrier was not overcome during the Project due to no regulation
changes. Consequently, the regulation makes impossible controlling
DG. Only DG in LV network of LINTER was controlled.
Administrative procedures for
devices installation
Regulatory
All administrative procedures for installing and connecting into the
grid non standardized devices, as well as devices location
requirements in public land, were overcome.
Lack of experience of DSO
with power electronics for
voltage control
Technical and
economic
The Project budget included the non-mature technology costs, new
technology installation and commitment were successfully overcome
with intensive resources.
Lack of standardization
Technical and
economic
Design and implementation of an interoperable bus for different
protocols and technologies was developed.
ICT dependence
Technical and
economic
Not all technologies were deployed in a wide level. In particular, MV
Supervisor in the MV network hampered centralized voltage control
tests. This fact involved a partial overcome of the barrier..
6. 2) Techno-economic recommendations
When new DG connections or a demand increase causes
over or undervoltages in a planning scenario, a techno
economic analysis regarding several solutions must be
out. A centralized control voltage must be considered as an
alternative solution to reinforcements, as a unique or a
combined solution, and as a temporal or a definitive one
When a cost/benefit ratio is being evaluated for
control devices, the multiple functionalities and se
devices can provide, besides de steady state voltage control,
must be considered. The global benefit obtained from these
services must be taken into account.
In the evaluation of supervision and control infrastructure
in the MV and LV networks, to distribute/share all the cost
between all the functionalities and the services that will
benefit.
3) Regulatory recommendations
The regulation must guarantee the
between the TSO and DSO in order to allow DSO monitor
and control the DG connected to MV and LV networks.
Besides, the grid codes must be adapted
implementation of the ancillary service of
with DG in distribution systems. The requirements for DG
must be flexible enough to avoid unnecessary
system costs.
Finally, the economic regulation of the power distribution
business should ensure a suitable distribution of the OPEX
and CAPEX to incentivize a flexible operation of the
distribution system.
Reactive power flow and voltage control requirements at
the DSO connection point to the TSO fixed by the ENTSO
Networks Codes should be more flexible in order to avoid
extra costs for the power system.
4) Future research
The PRICE-GDI project can be considered the first
national/Spanish demo Project where there is a deployment of
different technologies for voltage control in real distribution
networks in order to solve voltage problems
recommended future developments can be summ
following points.
More demo projects related with the massive DG
penetration in MV and LV networks are required
solutions proposed in the literature and new developments
should be considered.
Hierarchical schemes for an optimal and instant voltage
control of MV and LV networks should be tested
operation center should acquire the MV measu
primary substation, and LV network measu
secondary substation.
New agents, such as electric vehicles, active demand and
microgrids, may be considered for new active networks
scenarios as available resources.
Due to the low sensitivity of voltage to
injection caused by a high R/X ratio, P/V control (based on
DG connections or a demand increase causes
over or undervoltages in a planning scenario, a techno-
economic analysis regarding several solutions must be carried
ltage must be considered as an
alternative solution to reinforcements, as a unique or a
combined solution, and as a temporal or a definitive one.
When a cost/benefit ratio is being evaluated for voltage
the multiple functionalities and services these
devices can provide, besides de steady state voltage control,
must be considered. The global benefit obtained from these
In the evaluation of supervision and control infrastructure
networks, to distribute/share all the cost
between all the functionalities and the services that will
communications
in order to allow DSO monitor
MV and LV networks.
must be adapted to facilitate the
e of voltage control
The requirements for DG
must be flexible enough to avoid unnecessary increases of
of the power distribution
distribution of the OPEX
to incentivize a flexible operation of the
ol requirements at
the DSO connection point to the TSO fixed by the ENTSO-E
Networks Codes should be more flexible in order to avoid
GDI project can be considered the first
roject where there is a deployment of
in real distribution
networks in order to solve voltage problems. The
future developments can be summarized in the
h the massive DG
are required. Several
solutions proposed in the literature and new developments
ierarchical schemes for an optimal and instant voltage
should be tested. The central
the MV measures from
, and LV network measures from
New agents, such as electric vehicles, active demand and
ed for new active networks
voltage to reactive power
, P/V control (based on
storage or curtailment ancillary service) should be studied to
solve voltage problems in LV networks
Power electronic devices, such as FACT and SVC, may
be tested in new demo projects which propose v
solutions. Moreover, new functionalities provided by these
devices should be explored in order to consider the global
benefits when the economic an
A MV meshed network operation based on power
electronic devices which provide a power flow control may be
studied as an alternative solution for voltage problems in long
and high loaded networks.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
PRICE-GDI is a collaborative project led by Unión
Fenosa Distribución in partnership with
Distribución, Indra, ZIV, Tecnalia, Ingeteam, the Institute for
Research in Technology (Comillas Pontifical University
the University of Seville. PRICE
means of the European Regional Development Fund and the
Ministry of Economy of the Spanish government.
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storage or curtailment ancillary service) should be studied to
problems in LV networks.
r electronic devices, such as FACT and SVC, may
be tested in new demo projects which propose voltage control
solutions. Moreover, new functionalities provided by these
devices should be explored in order to consider the global
benefits when the economic analysis is carried out.
A MV meshed network operation based on power
electronic devices which provide a power flow control may be
studied as an alternative solution for voltage problems in long
CKNOWLEDGMENTS
aborative project led by Unión
ción in partnership with Iberdrola
Distribución, Indra, ZIV, Tecnalia, Ingeteam, the Institute for
Comillas Pontifical University), and
PRICE-GDI has been financed by
means of the European Regional Development Fund and the
Ministry of Economy of the Spanish government.
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