1. The study investigated the effect of boiling time (2, 4, 6, 8 minutes) with and without addition of potash on the vitamin C content of six Nigerian vegetables (fresh and dried).
2. Results showed that gbagba (Solanum notrifiolum) maintained stable vitamin C levels throughout boiling (fresh: 3.99%, dried: 3.99%), while gbure (Talinum triangulare) also remained stable (dried: 3.99%). Other vegetables like ewuro, ugwu and tete were best eaten at 2 minutes of boiling.
3. Calcium, sodium, and potassium levels varied between vegetables, with the highest calcium
This document evaluates the effect of different processing methods on the nutritional composition of bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina). Fresh bitter leaf and leaves processed through boiling, sun drying, squeeze washing with salt, and squeeze washing followed by boiling were analyzed for proximate, vitamin, and mineral content. Proximate values were generally higher in fresh leaves than processed leaves. Squeeze washing with salt had the least effect on proximate content compared to other methods. Vitamin C and A contents decreased most after squeeze washing and boiling, while sun drying had the least effect. Fresh leaves also had higher mineral contents except for sodium, which was highest after squeeze washing with salt. In conclusion, Vernonia amygdalina is nutritious
Effect of sodium selenite and vitamin e on the renal cortex in rats an ultras...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
This study examined the effects of sodium selenite and vitamin E supplementation on renal cortex tissue in rats. Rats were divided into groups receiving sodium selenite alone for 2 or 4 weeks, or sodium selenite with vitamin E for 2 or 4 weeks. Kidney tissue was analyzed for changes at the microscopic and ultrastructural levels. Sodium selenite alone caused damage to renal structures like Bowman's capsule and proximal convoluted tubules. Vitamin E supplementation helped reduce this damage and improved cellular integrity when given alongside sodium selenite. The study suggests vitamin E may help alleviate toxic effects from sodium selenite overdose.
Antioxidant properties of phenolic extracts of african mistletoes (loranthus ...Alexander Decker
1) The study investigated the antioxidant properties of phenolic extracts from the African mistletoe Loranthus begwensis L. harvested from kolanut and breadfruit trees.
2) The results showed that mistletoe from the kolanut tree had higher total phenol and ferric reducing content than mistletoe from the breadfruit tree.
3) Both mistletoe extracts demonstrated antioxidant effects, including scavenging of free radicals and chelating of iron ions. However, the antioxidant capacity was dependent on the host tree, with mistletoe from the kolanut tree generally showing higher antioxidant activity.
Analysis of some mineral elements in major coconutAlexander Decker
This document analyzes the mineral content of coconut water and meat from five coconut cultivars in Nigeria. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry and flame photometry were used to analyze levels of minerals like sodium, potassium, calcium, iron, zinc, and magnesium. The mineral levels were generally higher in coconut meat than water. The hybrid coconut from Badagry contained the highest levels of several minerals. The mineral levels suggest both coconut water and meat can provide health and nutritional benefits when consumed.
Food as medicine,rationale, origin, lack of nutrition, disorders of nutrient deficiencies, diet plans, introduction of minerals, vitamins and phytochemicals into diet
Spice as Medcine: Ginger, Zingiber officinaleKevin KF Ng
Ginger has been used as food and medicine for more than 5,000 years.Recent scientific studies showed that the bioactive compounds have properties that target nausea, pain, lipids, hyperglycemia and cancer. Meta-analysis of these studies are presented.
Influence of varietal difference on qualities of osmosized tomato in the sout...Alexander Decker
This document discusses a study that investigated the effect of varietal differences on the qualities of osmotically dehydrated tomatoes in Southwestern Nigeria. Three common tomato varieties (Ibadan-Local, Roma-VF, and Koledowo) were subjected to osmotic pretreatment using sugar and salt solutions under varying conditions. The water loss and solid gain of the varieties were measured and statistically analyzed to determine the effect of variables like solution concentration, temperature, and time. The results showed that varietal differences significantly impacted the water loss and solid gain, with Koledowo variety having the lowest values due to its thicker skin restricting moisture migration. The study aimed to identify pretreatment conditions that optimize qualities for different varieties
This document evaluates the effect of different processing methods on the nutritional composition of bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina). Fresh bitter leaf and leaves processed through boiling, sun drying, squeeze washing with salt, and squeeze washing followed by boiling were analyzed for proximate, vitamin, and mineral content. Proximate values were generally higher in fresh leaves than processed leaves. Squeeze washing with salt had the least effect on proximate content compared to other methods. Vitamin C and A contents decreased most after squeeze washing and boiling, while sun drying had the least effect. Fresh leaves also had higher mineral contents except for sodium, which was highest after squeeze washing with salt. In conclusion, Vernonia amygdalina is nutritious
Effect of sodium selenite and vitamin e on the renal cortex in rats an ultras...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
This study examined the effects of sodium selenite and vitamin E supplementation on renal cortex tissue in rats. Rats were divided into groups receiving sodium selenite alone for 2 or 4 weeks, or sodium selenite with vitamin E for 2 or 4 weeks. Kidney tissue was analyzed for changes at the microscopic and ultrastructural levels. Sodium selenite alone caused damage to renal structures like Bowman's capsule and proximal convoluted tubules. Vitamin E supplementation helped reduce this damage and improved cellular integrity when given alongside sodium selenite. The study suggests vitamin E may help alleviate toxic effects from sodium selenite overdose.
Antioxidant properties of phenolic extracts of african mistletoes (loranthus ...Alexander Decker
1) The study investigated the antioxidant properties of phenolic extracts from the African mistletoe Loranthus begwensis L. harvested from kolanut and breadfruit trees.
2) The results showed that mistletoe from the kolanut tree had higher total phenol and ferric reducing content than mistletoe from the breadfruit tree.
3) Both mistletoe extracts demonstrated antioxidant effects, including scavenging of free radicals and chelating of iron ions. However, the antioxidant capacity was dependent on the host tree, with mistletoe from the kolanut tree generally showing higher antioxidant activity.
Analysis of some mineral elements in major coconutAlexander Decker
This document analyzes the mineral content of coconut water and meat from five coconut cultivars in Nigeria. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry and flame photometry were used to analyze levels of minerals like sodium, potassium, calcium, iron, zinc, and magnesium. The mineral levels were generally higher in coconut meat than water. The hybrid coconut from Badagry contained the highest levels of several minerals. The mineral levels suggest both coconut water and meat can provide health and nutritional benefits when consumed.
Food as medicine,rationale, origin, lack of nutrition, disorders of nutrient deficiencies, diet plans, introduction of minerals, vitamins and phytochemicals into diet
Spice as Medcine: Ginger, Zingiber officinaleKevin KF Ng
Ginger has been used as food and medicine for more than 5,000 years.Recent scientific studies showed that the bioactive compounds have properties that target nausea, pain, lipids, hyperglycemia and cancer. Meta-analysis of these studies are presented.
Influence of varietal difference on qualities of osmosized tomato in the sout...Alexander Decker
This document discusses a study that investigated the effect of varietal differences on the qualities of osmotically dehydrated tomatoes in Southwestern Nigeria. Three common tomato varieties (Ibadan-Local, Roma-VF, and Koledowo) were subjected to osmotic pretreatment using sugar and salt solutions under varying conditions. The water loss and solid gain of the varieties were measured and statistically analyzed to determine the effect of variables like solution concentration, temperature, and time. The results showed that varietal differences significantly impacted the water loss and solid gain, with Koledowo variety having the lowest values due to its thicker skin restricting moisture migration. The study aimed to identify pretreatment conditions that optimize qualities for different varieties
Influence of varietal difference on qualities of osmosized tomato in the sout...Alexander Decker
This study investigated the effect of varietal difference on the qualities of osmosized tomato. Three tomato varieties (Ibadan-Local, Roma-VF, and Koledowo) were subjected to osmotic pretreatment in solutions with varying sugar, salt, temperature, and time. Water loss and solid gain were measured. Results showed that water loss and solid gain varied between varieties due to genetic differences. Ibadan-Local generally had the highest water loss, while Koledowo's thick skin impeded moisture migration. A pretreatment of 45g sugar, 15g salt, 50°C was found to produce the highest water loss, lowest solid gain, and best qualities for drying and storage. Vari
Hepatoprotective and stress - reducing effects of dietary Moringaoleifera ext...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The main aim of the present study was to evaluate the hepatoprotective and stress-reducing effects of Moringaoleifera extract against A. hydrophila infection and transportation- induced stress in Nile tilapia, Oreochromisniloticus fingerlings. Fish were fed diets representing different supplementation levels of Moringaoleifera leaf extract. The graded levels of M. oleifera leaf extract were 0.00g (control), 0.05g, 0.10g, 0.15g, 0.20g, 0.25g per 100g for each diet. After six weeks of the feeding trial, fish previously fed each experimental diet were exposed to pathogenic strain of Aeromonashydrophila at a concentration of 9.3 × 105 CFU /mL. After bath exposure, fish from each dietary treatment was placed into the aquaria culture system. They were fed their respective diets at 5% body weight twice daily, and mortality was monitored for the remaining 4 weeks of the feeding trial. After the feeding trial, fish previously fed each experimental diet were kept in plastic tanks for a 2-hour journey. Blood and liver samples were collected for hepatocellular assessments (Aspartate transaminase (AST), Alanine transaminase (ALT), Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and Malate dehydrogenase (MDH) tests) and stress biomarkers (survival, cortisol and glucose). Results showed that the increases of the AST, ALT, LDH, MDH, cortisol and glucose induced by stressors were significantly reduced (P< 0.05) by supplementing the fish with M. oleifera leaf extract in the diets. Based on the result of this study, a dose of 0.10g/100g dietary Moringa leaf supplementation was sufficient as a hepatoprotective and stress reducing agent in Nile tilapia, O. niloticus.
This study evaluated the effectiveness of dry Moringa oleifera leaf powder in treating anaemia. The leaf powder was found to contain high amounts of protein, iron, calcium, vitamin C and beta-carotene. Rats with induced anaemia were fed diets supplemented with 5% or 10% M. oleifera leaf powder. The supplemented rats showed significantly higher packed cell volume, haemoglobin and red blood cell levels compared to unsupplemented rats, demonstrating the leaf powder's ability to treat anaemia. The study concluded that M. oleifera leaf powder has potential as a nutrient supplement to improve nutritional status and manage anaemia.
Influence of low dose of gamma radiation and storage on some vitamins and min...Nii Korley Kortei
This study investigated the effects of gamma radiation at doses between 0.5-2 kGy and 12 months of storage on vitamins A, C, and D, mineral elements, and total soluble solids in dried oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus). The study found that gamma radiation and storage caused decreases in vitamin content over time, though mineral elements and total soluble solids were not significantly affected. The levels of heavy metals detected remained below international safety standards. Overall, oyster mushrooms were found to contain appreciable levels of nutrients and can be considered a medicinal food.
The document analyzes the nutrient and anti-nutrient compositions of Brassica oleracae var. capitata L. (cabbage). Laboratory tests found the vegetable high in moisture (87.93%), potassium (678.00mg/100g), vitamin C (56.37mg/100g), and dietary fiber (3.77%). It also contains moderate amounts of protein (1.94%), calcium (28.90mg/100g), iron (2.15mg/100g), and vitamin A (86.30μg/100g). Anti-nutrients like oxalate (19.67mg/100g), phytate (22.00mg/100g), and
Current Thoughts on Nutrition With Emphasis on Treating the Cause of Degenera...Visionary Ophthamology
Current Thoughts on Nutrition
With Emphasis on Treating the Cause of Degenerative Eye Disease, Safety Issues, B Vitamins and Essential Fatty Acids and Dry Eyes
Ellen Troyer, MT MA
The document summarizes a study on the retention of zinc, iron, and vitamin A in different varieties of highland sweet potato after boiling and pressure cooking. Key findings include:
1. Some varieties (Kenspot 4) had higher levels of zinc, iron, beta-carotene, and protein compared to others both raw and after cooking.
2. Pressure cooking led to greater nutrient losses (up to 45% for beta-carotene) than boiling across all varieties.
3. Variety Kenspot 4 retained the highest levels of nutrients after both cooking methods and is recommended for its nutritional properties.
Effect of Different Processing Methods on the Proximate Composition of Cassav...Premier Publishers
Fresh sweet cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) peels were collected at Orile-Ilugun; an industrial layout in Oyo State, Nigeria, where cassava is being processed to dry granules (garri). The peels were subdivided into four portions and subjected to submerged fermentation, ensiling, boiling and sun-drying treatments. These were further sundried for 3-5 days till they were crispy. Each of them was subjected to proximate analysis and chemical quantification for hydrogen cyanide. The result showed, with respect to crude protein, that ensiled (10.69%) and fermented (9.25%) cassava peels were statistically similar (p<0.05) and superior to boiled (4.92%) and sundried (4.86%). Similarly, the fermented (16.88mg/kg) and ensiled (21.62mg/kg) cassava peels reduced HCN content to permissible levels when compared to boiled (55.21mg/kg) and sun-dried (46.44mg/kg). It is therefore recommended that fermentation and/or ensiling enhance the nutritional value and usability of cassava peel as ingredient in pig’s diet.
Multidisciplinary Journal Supported by TETFund. The journals would publish papers covering a wide range of subjects in journal science, management science, educational, agricultural, architectural, accounting and finance, business administration, entrepreneurship, business education, all journals
This document discusses the importance of cereals as a source of micro and macronutrients for humans. It notes that while cereals provide many nutrients, they are often deficient in important micronutrients. Billions of people worldwide suffer from deficiencies in iron, zinc, vitamin A and other micronutrients. The document then outlines genetic engineering and biofortification efforts underway to increase micronutrient levels in major cereals like rice, maize and wheat. Researchers are introducing genes involved in nutrient biosynthesis and transport to boost iron, zinc, protein and vitamin A content in these staple crops. The goal is to reduce the widespread micronutrient malnutrition prevalent in many developing nations.
Nutritional profile of amaranth grain varieties grown in kenyaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the nutritional profiles of grains from four Amaranth varieties (A. hypochondriacus, A albus, A. cruentus, and A. hybridus) grown in Kenya. The study found that the varieties had similar nutritional compositions, being rich in proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, minerals like iron and zinc, and amino acids. The grains also contained unsaturated fatty acids and moderate levels of anti-nutrients like phytate, tannins and oxalates. The research concluded that Amaranth grains could help address nutrient deficiencies in Sub-Saharan Africa due to their dense nutritional profile.
A Dietary Solution to Arsenic Poisoning in BangladeshICARDA
This document summarizes a dietary trial conducted in Bangladesh to address arsenic poisoning from contaminated groundwater. The trial provided local families with lentils from Saskatchewan, which are high in selenium, for 3 months. Selenium helps eliminate arsenic from the body by forming conjugates that are excreted. Physical exams and samples were taken at the start, middle, and end to monitor health impacts. The lentils were found to be nutritious and high in selenium compared to other varieties. The goal was to see if a lentil-based diet could help remediate arsenic toxicity issues afflicting the local population.
This research article studied the stability of vitamin C in homogenized fruits and vegetables stored at different temperatures. Samples of broccoli, potatoes, spinach, strawberries, oranges, and tomatoes were homogenized and stored under refrigeration (0-5°C), conventional freezing (-10 to -20°C), or ultra-low freezing (<-55°C) for up to 7 days. Vitamin C was most stable in samples stored at ultra-low freezing, with no decrease after 7 days. Under refrigeration, the largest decreases were seen in raw spinach and broccoli, losing an average of 9.5 mg/100g and 33.1 mg/100g respectively after 1 day. With conventional freezing, losses were
Effects of steam moisture and screw speed on physical propertieCamila Lecaros
This document discusses using distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) as a protein source in aquafeed for Nile tilapia. It summarizes a study that used a twin-screw extruder to produce DDGS-based aquafeed extrudates under varying processing conditions of screw speed, water addition, and steam injection. The study found that increasing water and steam generally improved properties of the extrudates like water stability and density. Overall, all processing conditions tested produced viable extrudates suitable for feeding Nile tilapia. The document also provides background on DDGS as a byproduct of ethanol production and its potential as a cost-effective protein ingredient in aquafeed if supplemented to
In silico characterization of industrial important cellulases using computati...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that used computational tools to characterize cellulase enzymes from different Pseudomonas species. The researchers analyzed physicochemical properties, secondary structure, multiple sequence alignments, phylogenetic relationships, and 3D structures of the cellulases. Key findings include:
- Molecular weights ranged from 40,927 to 100,058 Daltons and isoelectric points were acidic.
- Secondary structure prediction showed random coils dominated over other structures.
- Phylogenetic analysis using neighbor joining showed relationships between the cellulases.
- Homology modeling was used to predict 3D structures, providing insight into function.
Proximate and Micronutrient analysis of OFSP leavesMohammadKuddus
PROXIMATE AND MICRONUTRIENT ANALYSIS OF ORANGE FLESHED
SWEET POTATO LEAVES GROWN IN SYLHET REGIONS OF BANGLADESH
Mohammad Abdul Kuddus1, Md. Mahbubul Alam Miah2, Gopal Chandra Datta3, Ashoke
Kumar Sarker4, Mohammad Hasnal Alam5 and Mohammad Mehedi Hasan Khan6
Bio fortification for Enhanced Nutrition in Rice by Conventional and Molecula...Sathisha TN
Micronutrient malnutrition is widespread, especially in poor populations across the globe where daily caloric intake is confined mainly to staple cereals. Rice, which is a staple food for over half of the world's population, is low in bioavailable micronutrients required for the daily diet. Improvements of the plant-based diets are therefore critical and of high economic value in order to achieve a healthy nutrition of a large segment of the human population. Rice grain biofortification has emerged as a strategic priority for alleviation of micronutrient malnutrition
Effect of crude oil pollution on phytochemical and anti diabetic potentials o...ijtsrd
Objectives This study is aimed at investigating the effect of crude oil pollution on the phytochemical content and anti diabetic potentials of Oxytenanthera abyssinica rhizomes in normal and alloxan induced diabetic rats using standard methods. Method The ability of the extracts to reduce blood glucose level in normal rats was done using 200 and 400 mg kg b.w of non crude oil polluted Oxytenanthera abyssinica extract NCOPOAE and 200 and 400 mg kg b.w of crude oil polluted Oxytenanthera abyssinica extract COPOAE respectively. Alloxan monohydrate at 130 mg kg b.w was used to induce diabetes to rats and was treated with 100, 200 and 400 mg kg b.w of NCOPOAE and 100, 200 and 400 mg kg b.w of COPOAE respectively while phytochemical analysis was done following standard method. Results Oral glucose tolerance test revealed significant decrease in plasma glucose concentration p 0.05 in groups of rats fed 200 and 400 mg kg b.w of NCOPOAE at intervals of 30, 60 and 120 minutes while that of COPOAE, none significantly decreased the plasma glucose concentration, when compared with those of control groups. The extracts did not have any significant effect in alloxan induced diabetic model. Conclusion These results could indicate that crude oil pollution could affect the synthesis of phytochemicals in plants therefore affecting the ethnomedicinal potencies. It also shows that O. abyssinca rhizomes could be more potent in management of type 2 diabetes where the cells are resistant to insulin. Kizito Ifeanyi Amaefule | Jonathan Chinenye Ifemeje | Chinenye Azuka Mere "Effect of crude oil pollution on phytochemical and anti-diabetic potentials of Oxytenanthera abyssinica (rhizomes) in normal and alloxan induced diabetic rats" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26557.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biochemistry/26557/effect-of-crude-oil-pollution-on-phytochemical-and-anti-diabetic-potentials-of-oxytenanthera-abyssinica-rhizomes-in-normal-and-alloxan-induced-diabetic-rats/kizito-ifeanyi-amaefule
Using next generation sequencing to describe epiphytic microbiota associated ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Its seems likely that agricultural management as diverse as certified organic and conventional IPM practices would impact the microbiota associated with crop surfaces differently. We sampled organic and conventionally managed apples at multiple time-points in a growing season and characterized the bacterial taxa associated with replicates of each treatment type. Surprisingly, no evidence of significant differences persisting across multiple time-points was observed. Significant differential abundance of certain taxa was documented but when it was, it was primarily associated with a single time-point making it difficult to understand if these observations resulted from an environmental or a treatment effect. Principal component analyses demonstrated that sampling time-point explained more of the differences between bacterial communities than treatment. Description of dominant shared bacterial families for both organic and conventional samples included Oxalobacteraceae, Pseudomonadaceae, Sphingomonadaceae and Enterobacteriaceae.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Assessment of nutritive values of some waterweedsAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the nutritive values and phytochemical constituents of 10 common waterweeds in Nigeria. The study found that the waterweeds contained 13.67-32.67% crude protein, 4-26% crude fiber, and 7.33-26% ash. The waterweeds also had adequate levels of other nutrients. Though high in moisture, the waterweeds could provide a source of nutrients, especially protein, for livestock during dry seasons. Qualitative analysis found that most waterweeds contained steroids, while four contained saponins and some contained phenols or tannins. Nymphaea lotus was found to have the lowest levels of anti-
Influence of varietal difference on qualities of osmosized tomato in the sout...Alexander Decker
This study investigated the effect of varietal difference on the qualities of osmosized tomato. Three tomato varieties (Ibadan-Local, Roma-VF, and Koledowo) were subjected to osmotic pretreatment in solutions with varying sugar, salt, temperature, and time. Water loss and solid gain were measured. Results showed that water loss and solid gain varied between varieties due to genetic differences. Ibadan-Local generally had the highest water loss, while Koledowo's thick skin impeded moisture migration. A pretreatment of 45g sugar, 15g salt, 50°C was found to produce the highest water loss, lowest solid gain, and best qualities for drying and storage. Vari
Hepatoprotective and stress - reducing effects of dietary Moringaoleifera ext...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The main aim of the present study was to evaluate the hepatoprotective and stress-reducing effects of Moringaoleifera extract against A. hydrophila infection and transportation- induced stress in Nile tilapia, Oreochromisniloticus fingerlings. Fish were fed diets representing different supplementation levels of Moringaoleifera leaf extract. The graded levels of M. oleifera leaf extract were 0.00g (control), 0.05g, 0.10g, 0.15g, 0.20g, 0.25g per 100g for each diet. After six weeks of the feeding trial, fish previously fed each experimental diet were exposed to pathogenic strain of Aeromonashydrophila at a concentration of 9.3 × 105 CFU /mL. After bath exposure, fish from each dietary treatment was placed into the aquaria culture system. They were fed their respective diets at 5% body weight twice daily, and mortality was monitored for the remaining 4 weeks of the feeding trial. After the feeding trial, fish previously fed each experimental diet were kept in plastic tanks for a 2-hour journey. Blood and liver samples were collected for hepatocellular assessments (Aspartate transaminase (AST), Alanine transaminase (ALT), Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and Malate dehydrogenase (MDH) tests) and stress biomarkers (survival, cortisol and glucose). Results showed that the increases of the AST, ALT, LDH, MDH, cortisol and glucose induced by stressors were significantly reduced (P< 0.05) by supplementing the fish with M. oleifera leaf extract in the diets. Based on the result of this study, a dose of 0.10g/100g dietary Moringa leaf supplementation was sufficient as a hepatoprotective and stress reducing agent in Nile tilapia, O. niloticus.
This study evaluated the effectiveness of dry Moringa oleifera leaf powder in treating anaemia. The leaf powder was found to contain high amounts of protein, iron, calcium, vitamin C and beta-carotene. Rats with induced anaemia were fed diets supplemented with 5% or 10% M. oleifera leaf powder. The supplemented rats showed significantly higher packed cell volume, haemoglobin and red blood cell levels compared to unsupplemented rats, demonstrating the leaf powder's ability to treat anaemia. The study concluded that M. oleifera leaf powder has potential as a nutrient supplement to improve nutritional status and manage anaemia.
Influence of low dose of gamma radiation and storage on some vitamins and min...Nii Korley Kortei
This study investigated the effects of gamma radiation at doses between 0.5-2 kGy and 12 months of storage on vitamins A, C, and D, mineral elements, and total soluble solids in dried oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus). The study found that gamma radiation and storage caused decreases in vitamin content over time, though mineral elements and total soluble solids were not significantly affected. The levels of heavy metals detected remained below international safety standards. Overall, oyster mushrooms were found to contain appreciable levels of nutrients and can be considered a medicinal food.
The document analyzes the nutrient and anti-nutrient compositions of Brassica oleracae var. capitata L. (cabbage). Laboratory tests found the vegetable high in moisture (87.93%), potassium (678.00mg/100g), vitamin C (56.37mg/100g), and dietary fiber (3.77%). It also contains moderate amounts of protein (1.94%), calcium (28.90mg/100g), iron (2.15mg/100g), and vitamin A (86.30μg/100g). Anti-nutrients like oxalate (19.67mg/100g), phytate (22.00mg/100g), and
Current Thoughts on Nutrition With Emphasis on Treating the Cause of Degenera...Visionary Ophthamology
Current Thoughts on Nutrition
With Emphasis on Treating the Cause of Degenerative Eye Disease, Safety Issues, B Vitamins and Essential Fatty Acids and Dry Eyes
Ellen Troyer, MT MA
The document summarizes a study on the retention of zinc, iron, and vitamin A in different varieties of highland sweet potato after boiling and pressure cooking. Key findings include:
1. Some varieties (Kenspot 4) had higher levels of zinc, iron, beta-carotene, and protein compared to others both raw and after cooking.
2. Pressure cooking led to greater nutrient losses (up to 45% for beta-carotene) than boiling across all varieties.
3. Variety Kenspot 4 retained the highest levels of nutrients after both cooking methods and is recommended for its nutritional properties.
Effect of Different Processing Methods on the Proximate Composition of Cassav...Premier Publishers
Fresh sweet cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) peels were collected at Orile-Ilugun; an industrial layout in Oyo State, Nigeria, where cassava is being processed to dry granules (garri). The peels were subdivided into four portions and subjected to submerged fermentation, ensiling, boiling and sun-drying treatments. These were further sundried for 3-5 days till they were crispy. Each of them was subjected to proximate analysis and chemical quantification for hydrogen cyanide. The result showed, with respect to crude protein, that ensiled (10.69%) and fermented (9.25%) cassava peels were statistically similar (p<0.05) and superior to boiled (4.92%) and sundried (4.86%). Similarly, the fermented (16.88mg/kg) and ensiled (21.62mg/kg) cassava peels reduced HCN content to permissible levels when compared to boiled (55.21mg/kg) and sun-dried (46.44mg/kg). It is therefore recommended that fermentation and/or ensiling enhance the nutritional value and usability of cassava peel as ingredient in pig’s diet.
Multidisciplinary Journal Supported by TETFund. The journals would publish papers covering a wide range of subjects in journal science, management science, educational, agricultural, architectural, accounting and finance, business administration, entrepreneurship, business education, all journals
This document discusses the importance of cereals as a source of micro and macronutrients for humans. It notes that while cereals provide many nutrients, they are often deficient in important micronutrients. Billions of people worldwide suffer from deficiencies in iron, zinc, vitamin A and other micronutrients. The document then outlines genetic engineering and biofortification efforts underway to increase micronutrient levels in major cereals like rice, maize and wheat. Researchers are introducing genes involved in nutrient biosynthesis and transport to boost iron, zinc, protein and vitamin A content in these staple crops. The goal is to reduce the widespread micronutrient malnutrition prevalent in many developing nations.
Nutritional profile of amaranth grain varieties grown in kenyaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the nutritional profiles of grains from four Amaranth varieties (A. hypochondriacus, A albus, A. cruentus, and A. hybridus) grown in Kenya. The study found that the varieties had similar nutritional compositions, being rich in proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, minerals like iron and zinc, and amino acids. The grains also contained unsaturated fatty acids and moderate levels of anti-nutrients like phytate, tannins and oxalates. The research concluded that Amaranth grains could help address nutrient deficiencies in Sub-Saharan Africa due to their dense nutritional profile.
A Dietary Solution to Arsenic Poisoning in BangladeshICARDA
This document summarizes a dietary trial conducted in Bangladesh to address arsenic poisoning from contaminated groundwater. The trial provided local families with lentils from Saskatchewan, which are high in selenium, for 3 months. Selenium helps eliminate arsenic from the body by forming conjugates that are excreted. Physical exams and samples were taken at the start, middle, and end to monitor health impacts. The lentils were found to be nutritious and high in selenium compared to other varieties. The goal was to see if a lentil-based diet could help remediate arsenic toxicity issues afflicting the local population.
This research article studied the stability of vitamin C in homogenized fruits and vegetables stored at different temperatures. Samples of broccoli, potatoes, spinach, strawberries, oranges, and tomatoes were homogenized and stored under refrigeration (0-5°C), conventional freezing (-10 to -20°C), or ultra-low freezing (<-55°C) for up to 7 days. Vitamin C was most stable in samples stored at ultra-low freezing, with no decrease after 7 days. Under refrigeration, the largest decreases were seen in raw spinach and broccoli, losing an average of 9.5 mg/100g and 33.1 mg/100g respectively after 1 day. With conventional freezing, losses were
Effects of steam moisture and screw speed on physical propertieCamila Lecaros
This document discusses using distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) as a protein source in aquafeed for Nile tilapia. It summarizes a study that used a twin-screw extruder to produce DDGS-based aquafeed extrudates under varying processing conditions of screw speed, water addition, and steam injection. The study found that increasing water and steam generally improved properties of the extrudates like water stability and density. Overall, all processing conditions tested produced viable extrudates suitable for feeding Nile tilapia. The document also provides background on DDGS as a byproduct of ethanol production and its potential as a cost-effective protein ingredient in aquafeed if supplemented to
In silico characterization of industrial important cellulases using computati...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that used computational tools to characterize cellulase enzymes from different Pseudomonas species. The researchers analyzed physicochemical properties, secondary structure, multiple sequence alignments, phylogenetic relationships, and 3D structures of the cellulases. Key findings include:
- Molecular weights ranged from 40,927 to 100,058 Daltons and isoelectric points were acidic.
- Secondary structure prediction showed random coils dominated over other structures.
- Phylogenetic analysis using neighbor joining showed relationships between the cellulases.
- Homology modeling was used to predict 3D structures, providing insight into function.
Proximate and Micronutrient analysis of OFSP leavesMohammadKuddus
PROXIMATE AND MICRONUTRIENT ANALYSIS OF ORANGE FLESHED
SWEET POTATO LEAVES GROWN IN SYLHET REGIONS OF BANGLADESH
Mohammad Abdul Kuddus1, Md. Mahbubul Alam Miah2, Gopal Chandra Datta3, Ashoke
Kumar Sarker4, Mohammad Hasnal Alam5 and Mohammad Mehedi Hasan Khan6
Bio fortification for Enhanced Nutrition in Rice by Conventional and Molecula...Sathisha TN
Micronutrient malnutrition is widespread, especially in poor populations across the globe where daily caloric intake is confined mainly to staple cereals. Rice, which is a staple food for over half of the world's population, is low in bioavailable micronutrients required for the daily diet. Improvements of the plant-based diets are therefore critical and of high economic value in order to achieve a healthy nutrition of a large segment of the human population. Rice grain biofortification has emerged as a strategic priority for alleviation of micronutrient malnutrition
Effect of crude oil pollution on phytochemical and anti diabetic potentials o...ijtsrd
Objectives This study is aimed at investigating the effect of crude oil pollution on the phytochemical content and anti diabetic potentials of Oxytenanthera abyssinica rhizomes in normal and alloxan induced diabetic rats using standard methods. Method The ability of the extracts to reduce blood glucose level in normal rats was done using 200 and 400 mg kg b.w of non crude oil polluted Oxytenanthera abyssinica extract NCOPOAE and 200 and 400 mg kg b.w of crude oil polluted Oxytenanthera abyssinica extract COPOAE respectively. Alloxan monohydrate at 130 mg kg b.w was used to induce diabetes to rats and was treated with 100, 200 and 400 mg kg b.w of NCOPOAE and 100, 200 and 400 mg kg b.w of COPOAE respectively while phytochemical analysis was done following standard method. Results Oral glucose tolerance test revealed significant decrease in plasma glucose concentration p 0.05 in groups of rats fed 200 and 400 mg kg b.w of NCOPOAE at intervals of 30, 60 and 120 minutes while that of COPOAE, none significantly decreased the plasma glucose concentration, when compared with those of control groups. The extracts did not have any significant effect in alloxan induced diabetic model. Conclusion These results could indicate that crude oil pollution could affect the synthesis of phytochemicals in plants therefore affecting the ethnomedicinal potencies. It also shows that O. abyssinca rhizomes could be more potent in management of type 2 diabetes where the cells are resistant to insulin. Kizito Ifeanyi Amaefule | Jonathan Chinenye Ifemeje | Chinenye Azuka Mere "Effect of crude oil pollution on phytochemical and anti-diabetic potentials of Oxytenanthera abyssinica (rhizomes) in normal and alloxan induced diabetic rats" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26557.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biochemistry/26557/effect-of-crude-oil-pollution-on-phytochemical-and-anti-diabetic-potentials-of-oxytenanthera-abyssinica-rhizomes-in-normal-and-alloxan-induced-diabetic-rats/kizito-ifeanyi-amaefule
Using next generation sequencing to describe epiphytic microbiota associated ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Its seems likely that agricultural management as diverse as certified organic and conventional IPM practices would impact the microbiota associated with crop surfaces differently. We sampled organic and conventionally managed apples at multiple time-points in a growing season and characterized the bacterial taxa associated with replicates of each treatment type. Surprisingly, no evidence of significant differences persisting across multiple time-points was observed. Significant differential abundance of certain taxa was documented but when it was, it was primarily associated with a single time-point making it difficult to understand if these observations resulted from an environmental or a treatment effect. Principal component analyses demonstrated that sampling time-point explained more of the differences between bacterial communities than treatment. Description of dominant shared bacterial families for both organic and conventional samples included Oxalobacteraceae, Pseudomonadaceae, Sphingomonadaceae and Enterobacteriaceae.
Using next generation sequencing to describe epiphytic microbiota associated ...
Similar to Mineral composition and effect of boiling time on vitamin c in extract of fresh and dried nigerian vegetables with and without addition of potash
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Assessment of nutritive values of some waterweedsAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the nutritive values and phytochemical constituents of 10 common waterweeds in Nigeria. The study found that the waterweeds contained 13.67-32.67% crude protein, 4-26% crude fiber, and 7.33-26% ash. The waterweeds also had adequate levels of other nutrients. Though high in moisture, the waterweeds could provide a source of nutrients, especially protein, for livestock during dry seasons. Qualitative analysis found that most waterweeds contained steroids, while four contained saponins and some contained phenols or tannins. Nymphaea lotus was found to have the lowest levels of anti-
Effects of the aqueous root extract of vernonia amygdalina on the haematologi...Alexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of the aqueous root extract of Vernonia amygdalina on the haematological profile of rats. Twenty rats were divided into four groups, with three treatment groups given different doses of the root extract and a control group given saline. Blood was drawn weekly from the rats to analyze parameters like red blood cell count, white blood cell count, haemoglobin level, and packed cell volume. The study found no significant differences between the treatment and control groups in these parameters. However, some parameters like white blood cell count and red blood cell count significantly increased within the treatment groups over the three-week period. This suggested that the effect of the extract depended more on duration of consumption than dosage
Blood glucose and lipid reducing activities of the oral administration of aqu...Alexander Decker
1. The study investigated the effects of repeated oral administration of an aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera leaves on blood glucose and lipid levels in male Wistar rats over 56 days.
2. The extract significantly reduced blood glucose and serum lipid levels like total cholesterol and triglycerides in a dose-dependent manner. It also significantly increased HDL cholesterol.
3. The extract maintained or slightly reduced body weight in the rats. It significantly reduced food intake, which may be due to effects on appetite or metabolism in the gastrointestinal tract.
Nutrient and Bioactive Potentials of some Agricultural Food WastesPremier Publishers
The current research investigated the proximate, mineral content and phytochemical constituents of five (5) food wastes, namely: Telfairia occidentalis (fluted pumpkin) seed peels and pod; Artocarpus camansi (breadnut) seed peels and creamy pulp and Mucuna urens (horse eye bean) seed peels. The results of the proximate analysis of the food wastes revealed that the samples have varying percentage range of 51.70-70.25 for carbohydrate, 7.35-11.90 for protein, 1.90-6.20 for fat, 2.80-11.60 for fiber, 3.40-15.25 for ash and 4.40-18.15 for moisture. The percentage carbohydrate content showed that pumpkin seed peel had the lowest yield while pumpkin pod peel had the highest. The result of the mineral analysis revealed that the five food wastes analysed contain Zn, K, P, Ca, Mg, Fe and Na, however, the levels of Fe, Ca, P and Mg were significantly higher (p<0.05) relative to the other minerals. The phytochemical estimation of the samples showed that the food wastes contain several bioactive compounds in different concentrations. Some of the phytochemicals found in the food wastes are spartein, phytate, anthocyanin, tannin, lunamarin, ribalinidine, catechin, rutin, kaempferol, oxalate, epicatechin, phenol and sapogenin. This study revealed that these food wastes possess some nutritive and medicinal potential.
Hydration Kinetics of Blanched and Unblanched Sword BeansAI Publications
Sword bean, which belongs to the (Fabaceae) family, is an indigenous legume found in several tropical countries in Africa and Asia. During the processing of legumes including sword bean, hydration is initially carried out to prepare the seeds for further operations such as cooking and milling. The absorption of water is determined by the physical and chemical properties of the crop as well as other extrinsic factors such as blanching, temperature, and soaking time. The physical properties of sword bean were determined using the standard method. Arrhenius equation adequately described the temperature dependency of water absorption of sword bean and showed that high soaking temperature reduced the time required to achieve equilibrium moisture. The activation energy for blanched and unblanched sword beans was discovered to be 14.28 KJ/mol and 13.36 KJ/mol respectively. The initial microbial counts on dry beans were minimized by blanching, thus, there was a reduction in risk posed by microbe proliferation during soaking. The quantitative data that characterize soaking conditions is therefore imperative for designing and optimizing food processing equipment, and also predicting the water uptake of the food as a function of time and temperature. The data of hydration kinetics of sword beans will provide information that could be used in solving problems involved in storability conditions, design problems, predict energy requirements in post-harvesting techniques of the product.
Effects of fermented locust bean seed (pakia clapatoniana) as a replacement f...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that evaluated replacing full fat soybean meal with fermented locust bean seed in weaner rabbit diets. Twenty-four weaner rabbits were fed one of four experimental diets containing 0%, 25%, 50%, or 75% fermented locust bean seed replacement. Parameters measured included feed intake, weight gain, water intake, hematological parameters, and feed conversion ratio. Results showed that final weight, weight gain, feed intake, and water intake were significantly affected by diet. Feed conversion ratio and some hematological parameters were not significantly different. Diets with 25% and 50% replacement performed best, while over 75% replacement adversely affected performance. The study suggests fermented locust
Dietary fortification of sorghum ogi using crayfish (paranephrops planifrons)...Alexander Decker
This document discusses fortifying sorghum-ogi (a weaning food made from sorghum) with crayfish to improve its nutritional value for infants. Sorghum-ogi on its own lacks sufficient protein, fat, vitamins and minerals for infant nutrition. The study mixed sorghum-ogi with 10-50% crayfish by weight in three formulations: soaked sorghum with unroasted crayfish; roasted sorghum with roasted crayfish; and unroasted sorghum with unroasted crayfish. Analysis found the blends had higher protein and fat contents with more crayfish added. Taste tests showed the roasted sorghum with roasted crayfish formulation
Growth performance and nutrient utilization of clarias gariepinus fed moringa...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated the growth performance and nutrient utilization of Clarias gariepinus (African catfish) fed different levels of Moringa oleifera leaf meal. 225 catfish fingerlings were fed one of five diets containing 0%, 5%, 7.5%, 10%, or 12.5% Moringa leaf meal over 10 weeks. Growth parameters like weight gain, feed intake, and nutrient utilization were highest for fish fed the 12.5% Moringa diet. Specifically, fish on the 12.5% diet had the highest mean weight gain, percentage weight gain, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, and protein efficiency ratio. The results suggest that Moringa oleifera leaf meal can replace up
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The electrolytic effect of sida acuta leaf extract on the kidney electrolyte ...Alexander Decker
This study investigated the effects of ethanolic leaf extract of Sida acuta on kidney electrolytes in adult Wistar rats. Rats were divided into three groups: a control group and two experimental groups that received 100mg/kg or 200mg/kg of the leaf extract daily for 14 days. Blood tests after treatment found increased sodium levels and decreased potassium, chloride, and creatinine levels in the experimental groups compared to the control. The results suggest that Sida acuta leaf extract can adversely affect kidney electrolyte levels in rats at the doses used in this study.
This document describes a study that investigated the effects of ash and sawdust from Shea butter tree (Vitellaria paradoxa) storage treatments on nutrient retention in sweet potato tubers over 150 days. Phytochemical screening showed the plant materials contained alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, terpenes, steroids, and resins. Proximate analysis found decreases in moisture, protein, and other nutrients in most cultivars after storage, though sawdust treatment performed best at preserving nutrients. Tubers stored in sawdust remained freshest. The study sought an effective local storage method to reduce post-harvest losses of sweet potato tubers.
Effect of Different Method on Processing and Mineral Composition of Portulaca...ijtsrd
In the present scenario, people consume plant substances not only for the satisfaction of hunger or to fulfill the nutrients requirement to maintain the body processes but also to obtain those substances which help to endorse health by reducing the risk of disease. Green leafy vegetables GLV have been the mainstay of human diet as a source of micronutrients and gives an important contribution in combating micronutrient malnutrition in addition of food security as compared to conventional cultivated other vegetables Flyman and Afolyan, 2006 . Judicious use of GLV on a regular basis can replace or reduce the use of expensive medicines and supplements to maintain the health of individuals. Navita Pareek | Ayesha Jamal "Effect of Different Method on Processing and Mineral Composition of Portulaca Oleracea Leaves" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-1 , December 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd48035.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/home-science/food-and-nutrition/48035/effect-of-different-method-on-processing-and-mineral-composition-of-portulaca-oleracea-leaves/navita-pareek
Mycomeat production through the solid state fermentation of soymilk waste by ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that produced edible mycomeat through the solid state fermentation of soymilk waste by Lentinus subnudus. L. subnudus was cultured on soymilk waste alone and in combination with sucrose, citric acid, and yeast extract. The setup using only soymilk waste produced full ramification in 11 days, resulting in a meaty-textured mycomeat. Analysis found the mycomeat to have 2.13% moisture, 14.44% protein, 51.8% carbohydrates, and contain various minerals including calcium, magnesium, iron, and vitamin C. The mycomeat represents a potential nutritious food produced from the fer
Protective Effects of Ethanol Leaf-Extract of Cajanus Cajan (Linn) in Alcohol...CrimsonpublishersTTEH
Protective Effects of Ethanol Leaf-Extract of Cajanus Cajan (Linn) in Alcohol Induced Nephrotoxicity in Albino Rats by NN Ezeani* in Crimson Publishers: Telemedicine and e-Health
The protective effects of ethanol leaf-extract of Cajanus cajan in alcohol induced nephrotoxicity in albino rats were investigated. Thirty-six albino rats were assigned into six (6) experimental groups (A, B, C, D, E, F) with six rats in each group. Group A (Normal control) was administered normal saline only. Group B (standard control) was administered 5mg/kg body weight of standard drug (Silymarin); group C (positive control) was administered 3.7g/kg body weight of 99.7% ethanol while rats in groups D,E and F (test groups) were administered graded doses of 200mg/kg, 400mg/kg and 600mg/kg body weights of ethanol leaf-extract of Cajanus cajan respectively. Rats in standard control and test groups were administered 3.7g/kg body weight of 99.7% ethanol, once a day, 3 hours after administration of standard drug and ethanol leaf-extract of Cajanus cajan respectively. The administration lasted for 14 days through oral intubation. The result of our investigation showed that creatinine, uric acid and urea were significantly (P<0.05) increased in positive control group compared to the levels observed in the normal and standard control groups. However, groups administered ethanol leaf-extract of Cajanus cajan at the doses of 200mg/kg, 400mg/kg and 600mg/kg body weight all showed a significant (P<0.05) reversal in the trends of these parameters to concentrations comparable to those observed in the positive and normal control groups. The findings of this study suggest that ethanol leaf-extract of Cajanus cajan may have potentials that could be exploited for development of chemotherapies against renal toxicity.
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The document summarizes a study that investigated the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of a glycoprotein purified from the seaweed Undaria pinnatifida. The key findings are:
1) The purified glycoprotein (UPGP) consisted of 42.53% carbohydrate and 57.47% protein.
2) UPGP showed dose-dependent antioxidant activities in various assays both before and after simulated digestion, though activities decreased in the gastric phase and increased in the duodenal phase.
3) UPGP also showed protective effects against oxidative DNA damage both before and after certain phases of simulated digestion.
Effect of different fermentation methods on growth indices and serum profile ...Alexander Decker
This study compared the effects of different fermentation methods of soybeans on growth indices and serum profiles of broiler chickens. 240 day-old broilers were divided into 4 groups fed diets with soybeans processed using different methods: lactobacillus fermentation (control), cooking and fermenting, daddawa fermentation, or cooking with potash before fermentation. Growth was measured over 8 weeks. Fermentation methods significantly increased specific growth rate and growth efficiency compared to the control during the starter phase. Feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio, and energy efficiency ratio were also significantly affected by diet. Variations in serum profiles were significant except for cholesterol. The results suggest that fermentation improves growth indices, protein and energy
Evaluation of nutritional and toxicological effects of treculia africana (dec...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the nutritional and toxicological effects of supplementing diets for Clarias gariepinus (African catfish) fingerlings with flour made from seeds of the Treculia africana tree. 150 catfish were fed 5 experimental diets containing varying amounts (0%, 15%, 30%, 45%, 60%) of T. africana seed flour replacing groundnut cake for 42 days. Results showed no significant differences in protein efficiency, feed intake, or survival among the control and experimental fish. Packed cell volume was highest in fish fed the 45% replacement diet. Histological analysis found no tissue lesions in fish fed the experimental diets, indicating T. africana
This study investigated the effect of protein isolate from leaf extract of Vernonia amygdalina in diabetic rats. Thirty (30) adults male Wistar rats were randomly divided into six (6) groups of five (5) each based on their body weight. Diabetes was induced with administration of alloxan, 150 mg/kg body weight (i.p). Group A served as the control and received 1 mL/kg body weight of 5% ethanol being solvent used, Group B received 1 mL alloxan containing 150 mg/kg only. Group C, D, E and F were respectively alloxanized but treated with 1%, 3%, 5% and 7% of protein isolate obtained from V. amygdalina leaves for 14 days. On the 15th day, the animals were humanely sacrificed and their liver homogenates were prepared. Standard biochemical procedures were adopted for determination of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, Malondialdehyde (MDA) and glucose levels. Data were subjected to one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with Tukey-Kramer multiple comparison post-hoc test using Graph Pad, version 6 software. Results showed that CAT activity in alloxan-induced untreated rats (1.17 μmole H2O2) was significantly (p < 0.05) lower than observed in control rats (2.10 mole H2O2). Treatment with the respective doses recorded comparable values to those observed in control rats. Similar observation was seen with SOD data. Rats treated with 7% protein isolate recorded the most significant (p < 0.05) decrease in serum glucose level. The study suggests that the protein isolate possesses anti-diabetic and hypoglycaemic effects on alloxan-induced diabetic rats.
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Abnormalities of hormones and inflammatory cytokines in women affected with p...Alexander Decker
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have elevated levels of hormones like luteinizing hormone and testosterone, as well as higher levels of insulin and insulin resistance compared to healthy women. They also have increased levels of inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and leptin. This study found these abnormalities in the hormones and inflammatory cytokines of women with PCOS ages 23-40, indicating that hormone imbalances associated with insulin resistance and elevated inflammatory markers may worsen infertility in women with PCOS.
A usability evaluation framework for b2 c e commerce websitesAlexander Decker
This document presents a framework for evaluating the usability of B2C e-commerce websites. It involves user testing methods like usability testing and interviews to identify usability problems in areas like navigation, design, purchasing processes, and customer service. The framework specifies goals for the evaluation, determines which website aspects to evaluate, and identifies target users. It then describes collecting data through user testing and analyzing the results to identify usability problems and suggest improvements.
A universal model for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study that aimed to synthesize motivation theories into a universal model for managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was guided by Maslow and McGregor's theories. A sample of 303 marketing executives was used. The results showed that managers will be most effective at motivating marketing executives if they consider individual needs and create challenging but attainable goals. The emerged model suggests managers should provide job satisfaction by tailoring assignments to abilities and monitoring performance with feedback. This addresses confusion faced by Nigerian bank managers in determining effective motivation strategies.
A unique common fixed point theorems in generalized dAlexander Decker
This document presents definitions and properties related to generalized D*-metric spaces and establishes some common fixed point theorems for contractive type mappings in these spaces. It begins by introducing D*-metric spaces and generalized D*-metric spaces, defines concepts like convergence and Cauchy sequences. It presents lemmas showing the uniqueness of limits in these spaces and the equivalence of different definitions of convergence. The goal of the paper is then stated as obtaining a unique common fixed point theorem for generalized D*-metric spaces.
A trends of salmonella and antibiotic resistanceAlexander Decker
This document provides a review of trends in Salmonella and antibiotic resistance. It begins with an introduction to Salmonella as a facultative anaerobe that causes nontyphoidal salmonellosis. The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella is then discussed. The document proceeds to cover the historical perspective and classification of Salmonella, definitions of antimicrobials and antibiotic resistance, and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella including modification or destruction of antimicrobial agents, efflux pumps, modification of antibiotic targets, and decreased membrane permeability. Specific resistance mechanisms are discussed for several classes of antimicrobials.
A transformational generative approach towards understanding al-istifhamAlexander Decker
This document discusses a transformational-generative approach to understanding Al-Istifham, which refers to interrogative sentences in Arabic. It begins with an introduction to the origin and development of Arabic grammar. The paper then explains the theoretical framework of transformational-generative grammar that is used. Basic linguistic concepts and terms related to Arabic grammar are defined. The document analyzes how interrogative sentences in Arabic can be derived and transformed via tools from transformational-generative grammar, categorizing Al-Istifham into linguistic and literary questions.
A time series analysis of the determinants of savings in namibiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the determinants of savings in Namibia from 1991 to 2012. It reviews previous literature on savings determinants in developing countries. The study uses time series analysis including unit root tests, cointegration, and error correction models to analyze the relationship between savings and variables like income, inflation, population growth, deposit rates, and financial deepening in Namibia. The results found inflation and income have a positive impact on savings, while population growth negatively impacts savings. Deposit rates and financial deepening were found to have no significant impact. The study reinforces previous work and emphasizes the importance of improving income levels to achieve higher savings rates in Namibia.
A therapy for physical and mental fitness of school childrenAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the importance of exercise in maintaining physical and mental fitness for school children. It discusses how physical and mental fitness are developed through participation in regular physical exercises and cannot be achieved solely through classroom learning. The document outlines different types and components of fitness and argues that developing fitness should be a key objective of education systems. It recommends that schools ensure pupils engage in graded physical activities and exercises to support their overall development.
A theory of efficiency for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study examining efficiency in managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was examined through the lenses of Kaizen theory (continuous improvement) and efficiency theory. A survey of 303 marketing executives from Nigerian banks found that management plays a key role in identifying and implementing efficiency improvements. The document recommends adopting a "3H grand strategy" to improve the heads, hearts, and hands of management and marketing executives by enhancing their knowledge, attitudes, and tools.
This document discusses evaluating the link budget for effective 900MHz GSM communication. It describes the basic parameters needed for a high-level link budget calculation, including transmitter power, antenna gains, path loss, and propagation models. Common propagation models for 900MHz that are described include Okumura model for urban areas and Hata model for urban, suburban, and open areas. Rain attenuation is also incorporated using the updated ITU model to improve communication during rainfall.
A synthetic review of contraceptive supplies in punjabAlexander Decker
This document discusses contraceptive use in Punjab, Pakistan. It begins by providing background on the benefits of family planning and contraceptive use for maternal and child health. It then analyzes contraceptive commodity data from Punjab, finding that use is still low despite efforts to improve access. The document concludes by emphasizing the need for strategies to bridge gaps and meet the unmet need for effective and affordable contraceptive methods and supplies in Punjab in order to improve health outcomes.
A synthesis of taylor’s and fayol’s management approaches for managing market...Alexander Decker
1) The document discusses synthesizing Taylor's scientific management approach and Fayol's process management approach to identify an effective way to manage marketing executives in Nigerian banks.
2) It reviews Taylor's emphasis on efficiency and breaking tasks into small parts, and Fayol's focus on developing general management principles.
3) The study administered a survey to 303 marketing executives in Nigerian banks to test if combining elements of Taylor and Fayol's approaches would help manage their performance through clear roles, accountability, and motivation. Statistical analysis supported combining the two approaches.
A survey paper on sequence pattern mining with incrementalAlexander Decker
This document summarizes four algorithms for sequential pattern mining: GSP, ISM, FreeSpan, and PrefixSpan. GSP is an Apriori-based algorithm that incorporates time constraints. ISM extends SPADE to incrementally update patterns after database changes. FreeSpan uses frequent items to recursively project databases and grow subsequences. PrefixSpan also uses projection but claims to not require candidate generation. It recursively projects databases based on short prefix patterns. The document concludes by stating the goal was to find an efficient scheme for extracting sequential patterns from transactional datasets.
A survey on live virtual machine migrations and its techniquesAlexander Decker
This document summarizes several techniques for live virtual machine migration in cloud computing. It discusses works that have proposed affinity-aware migration models to improve resource utilization, energy efficient migration approaches using storage migration and live VM migration, and a dynamic consolidation technique using migration control to avoid unnecessary migrations. The document also summarizes works that have designed methods to minimize migration downtime and network traffic, proposed a resource reservation framework for efficient migration of multiple VMs, and addressed real-time issues in live migration. Finally, it provides a table summarizing the techniques, tools used, and potential future work or gaps identified for each discussed work.
A survey on data mining and analysis in hadoop and mongo dbAlexander Decker
This document discusses data mining of big data using Hadoop and MongoDB. It provides an overview of Hadoop and MongoDB and their uses in big data analysis. Specifically, it proposes using Hadoop for distributed processing and MongoDB for data storage and input. The document reviews several related works that discuss big data analysis using these tools, as well as their capabilities for scalable data storage and mining. It aims to improve computational time and fault tolerance for big data analysis by mining data stored in Hadoop using MongoDB and MapReduce.
1. The document discusses several challenges for integrating media with cloud computing including media content convergence, scalability and expandability, finding appropriate applications, and reliability.
2. Media content convergence challenges include dealing with the heterogeneity of media types, services, networks, devices, and quality of service requirements as well as integrating technologies used by media providers and consumers.
3. Scalability and expandability challenges involve adapting to the increasing volume of media content and being able to support new media formats and outlets over time.
This document surveys trust architectures that leverage provenance in wireless sensor networks. It begins with background on provenance, which refers to the documented history or derivation of data. Provenance can be used to assess trust by providing metadata about how data was processed. The document then discusses challenges for using provenance to establish trust in wireless sensor networks, which have constraints on energy and computation. Finally, it provides background on trust, which is the subjective probability that a node will behave dependably. Trust architectures need to be lightweight to account for the constraints of wireless sensor networks.
This document discusses private equity investments in Kenya. It provides background on private equity and discusses trends in various regions. The objectives of the study discussed are to establish the extent of private equity adoption in Kenya, identify common forms of private equity utilized, and determine typical exit strategies. Private equity can involve venture capital, leveraged buyouts, or mezzanine financing. Exits allow recycling of capital into new opportunities. The document provides context on private equity globally and in developing markets like Africa to frame the goals of the study.
This document discusses a study that analyzes the financial health of the Indian logistics industry from 2005-2012 using Altman's Z-score model. The study finds that the average Z-score for selected logistics firms was in the healthy to very healthy range during the study period. The average Z-score increased from 2006 to 2010 when the Indian economy was hit by the global recession, indicating the overall performance of the Indian logistics industry was good. The document reviews previous literature on measuring financial performance and distress using ratios and Z-scores, and outlines the objectives and methodology used in the current study.
5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT or Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that serves a range of roles in the human body. It is sometimes referred to as the happy chemical since it promotes overall well-being and happiness.
It is mostly found in the brain, intestines, and blood platelets.
5-HT is utilised to transport messages between nerve cells, is known to be involved in smooth muscle contraction, and adds to overall well-being and pleasure, among other benefits. 5-HT regulates the body's sleep-wake cycles and internal clock by acting as a precursor to melatonin.
It is hypothesised to regulate hunger, emotions, motor, cognitive, and autonomic processes.
Know the difference between Endodontics and Orthodontics.Gokuldas Hospital
Your smile is beautiful.
Let’s be honest. Maintaining that beautiful smile is not an easy task. It is more than brushing and flossing. Sometimes, you might encounter dental issues that need special dental care. These issues can range anywhere from misalignment of the jaw to pain in the root of teeth.
Summer is a time for fun in the sun, but the heat and humidity can also wreak havoc on your skin. From itchy rashes to unwanted pigmentation, several skin conditions become more prevalent during these warmer months.
Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis - Pathogenesis , Clinical Features & Manage...Jim Jacob Roy
In this presentation , SBP ( spontaneous bacterial peritonitis ) , which is a common complication in patients with cirrhosis and ascites is described in detail.
The reference for this presentation is Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Textbook ( 11th edition ).
The biomechanics of running involves the study of the mechanical principles underlying running movements. It includes the analysis of the running gait cycle, which consists of the stance phase (foot contact to push-off) and the swing phase (foot lift-off to next contact). Key aspects include kinematics (joint angles and movements, stride length and frequency) and kinetics (forces involved in running, including ground reaction and muscle forces). Understanding these factors helps in improving running performance, optimizing technique, and preventing injuries.
Nutritional deficiency Disorder are problems in india.
It is very important to learn about Indian child's nutritional parameters as well the Disease related to alteration in their Nutrition.
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga-GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS-2024.pdfOsvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
Gastrointestinal Infections
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS result from the ingestion of pathogens that cause infections at the level of this tract, generally being transmitted by food, water and hands contaminated by microorganisms such as E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, Campylobacter, Staphylococcus, Rotavirus among others that are generally contained in feces, thus configuring a FECAL-ORAL type of transmission.
Among the factors that lead to the occurrence of gastrointestinal infections are the hygienic and sanitary deficiencies that characterize our markets and other places where raw or cooked food is sold, poor environmental sanitation in communities, deficiencies in water treatment (or in the process of its plumbing), risky hygienic-sanitary habits (not washing hands after major and/or minor needs), among others.
These are generally consequences (signs and symptoms) resulting from gastrointestinal infections: diarrhea, vomiting, fever and malaise, among others.
The treatment consists of replacing lost liquids and electrolytes (drinking drinking water and other recommended liquids, including consumption of juicy fruits such as papayas, apples, pears, among others that contain water in their composition).
To prevent this, it is necessary to promote health education, improve the hygienic-sanitary conditions of markets and communities in general as a way of promoting, preserving and prolonging PUBLIC HEALTH.
Gastritis and Gastric Health
Gastric Health is one of the most relevant concerns in human health, with gastrointestinal infections being among the main illnesses that affect humans.
Among gastric problems, we have GASTRITIS AND GASTRIC ULCERS as the main public health problems. Gastritis and gastric ulcers normally result from inflammation and corrosion of the walls of the stomach (gastric mucosa) and are generally associated (caused) by the bacterium Helicobacter pylor, which, according to the literature, this bacterium settles on these walls (of the stomach) and starts to release urease that ends up altering the normal pH of the stomach (acid), which leads to inflammation and corrosion of the mucous membranes and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
In addition to bacterial infections, gastritis and gastric ulcers are associated with several factors, with emphasis on prolonged fasting, chemical substances including drugs, alcohol, foods with strong seasonings including chilli, which ends up causing inflammation of the stomach walls and/or corrosion. of the same, resulting in the appearance of wounds and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
Among patients with gastritis and/or ulcers, one of the dilemmas is associated with the foods to consume in order to minimize the sensation of pain and discomfort.
Breast cancer: Post menopausal endocrine therapyDr. Sumit KUMAR
Breast cancer in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) status is a common and complex condition that necessitates a multifaceted approach to management. HR+ breast cancer means that the cancer cells grow in response to hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. This subtype is prevalent among postmenopausal women and typically exhibits a more indolent course compared to other forms of breast cancer, which allows for a variety of treatment options.
Diagnosis and Staging
The diagnosis of HR+ breast cancer begins with clinical evaluation, imaging, and biopsy. Imaging modalities such as mammography, ultrasound, and MRI help in assessing the extent of the disease. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining of the biopsy sample confirm the diagnosis and hormone receptor status by identifying the presence of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) on the tumor cells.
Staging involves determining the size of the tumor (T), the involvement of regional lymph nodes (N), and the presence of distant metastasis (M). The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system is commonly used. Accurate staging is critical as it guides treatment decisions.
Treatment Options
Endocrine Therapy
Endocrine therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for HR+ breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The primary goal is to reduce the levels of estrogen or block its effects on cancer cells. Commonly used agents include:
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): Tamoxifen is a SERM that binds to estrogen receptors, blocking estrogen from stimulating breast cancer cells. It is effective but may have side effects such as increased risk of endometrial cancer and thromboembolic events.
Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs): These drugs, including anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane, lower estrogen levels by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme, which converts androgens to estrogen in peripheral tissues. AIs are generally preferred in postmenopausal women due to their efficacy and safety profile compared to tamoxifen.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (SERDs): Fulvestrant is a SERD that degrades estrogen receptors and is used in cases where resistance to other endocrine therapies develops.
Combination Therapies
Combining endocrine therapy with other treatments enhances efficacy. Examples include:
Endocrine Therapy with CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are CDK4/6 inhibitors that, when combined with endocrine therapy, significantly improve progression-free survival in advanced HR+ breast cancer.
Endocrine Therapy with mTOR Inhibitors: Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, can be added to endocrine therapy for patients who have developed resistance to aromatase inhibitors.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is generally reserved for patients with high-risk features, such as large tumor size, high-grade histology, or extensive lymph node involvement. Regimens often include anthracyclines and taxanes.
Debunking Nutrition Myths: Separating Fact from Fiction"AlexandraDiaz101
In a world overflowing with diet trends and conflicting nutrition advice, it’s easy to get lost in misinformation. This article cuts through the noise to debunk common nutrition myths that may be sabotaging your health goals. From the truth about carbohydrates and fats to the real effects of sugar and artificial sweeteners, we break down what science actually says. Equip yourself with knowledge to make informed decisions about your diet, and learn how to navigate the complexities of modern nutrition with confidence. Say goodbye to food confusion and hello to a healthier you!
The skin is the largest organ and its health plays a vital role among the other sense organs. The skin concerns like acne breakout, psoriasis, or anything similar along the lines, finding a qualified and experienced dermatologist becomes paramount.
STUDIES IN SUPPORT OF SPECIAL POPULATIONS: GERIATRICS E7shruti jagirdar
Unit 4: MRA 103T Regulatory affairs
This guideline is directed principally toward new Molecular Entities that are
likely to have significant use in the elderly, either because the disease intended
to be treated is characteristically a disease of aging ( e.g., Alzheimer's disease) or
because the population to be treated is known to include substantial numbers of
geriatric patients (e.g., hypertension).
STUDIES IN SUPPORT OF SPECIAL POPULATIONS: GERIATRICS E7
Mineral composition and effect of boiling time on vitamin c in extract of fresh and dried nigerian vegetables with and without addition of potash
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Mineral Composition and Effect of Boiling Time on Vitamin C in
Extract of Fresh and Dried Nigerian Vegetables with and Without
Addition of Potash : Iree, Nigeria as a Case Study
Olajumoke Abidemi Olayiwola1* Gboyega Oluwaseun Oyeleke2 Moriam Dasola Adeoye3
1. Department of Applied Sciences, Osun State Polytechnic, P.M.B. 301, Iree, Nigeria
2. Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Osun State Polytechnic, P. M. B. 301, Iree, Nigeria
3. Department of Chemical Science, Fountain University, P. M. B. 4491, Osogbo, Nigeria
*
E-mail: perfectstars2001@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT
Vitamin C content of six fresh and dried Nigerian vegetable extracts [Venonia amygadlina (ewuro), Telfaria
occidentalis (ugwu), Indian spinach (amunututu), Talinum triangulare (gbure), Amaranthus Spp (tete) and Solanum
notrifiolum (gbagba)] at different cooking time with and without the addition of potash was investigated using
standard methods. The study showed that gbagba was stable throughout with and without the addition of potash for
fresh vegetables (3.99%) and gbure was also stable at all the cooking time with and without addition of potash
(3.99%) for dried vegetables. Other vegetables such as ewuro, ugwu and tete were observed to be best eaten at two
minutes of boiling. Calcium and sodium had their highest concentrations in gbagba (87.1±2.16 mg/kg and 115±2
mg/kg respectively. The highest level of potassium was obtained in tete with a value of 112±1 mg/kg. Two sample t-
tests analysis using the Aspin-Welch unequal-variance revealed no significant difference at p < 0.05.
Keywords: Vitamin C, Vegetables, Cooking time, Potash, Extraction
1. Introduction
Vegetables are edible part of plants and valuable components of the daily diet contributing in form of dietary fibre,
vitamins and minerals to the body. Leafy vegetables have been known to be very vulnerable to ascorbic acid loss
(Favell, 1998).
There is growing interest in the role of the micronutrients (essential trace elements and vitamins) in optimizing health
and in prevention or treatment of disease (Field et al., 2002). This arises partly from the increase in knowledge and
understanding of the biochemical function that these nutrients perform (Shenkin, 2006). Micronutrients have been
reported to play an important role in mounting immune response and deficiency of single micronutrients alone, or in
combination with other micronutrients, which invariably increase the risk of having a poor immune response to
infection (Walker, 2000; Black, 2001). They also influence adult and child productivity as well as educational
achievement, child survival and maternal health (FSAU, 2005). Dietary intakes in developing countries usually
consist of plant-based staple foods which are monotonous with little variation. Methods of preparation of these foods
often lead to large loss of micro nutrients thus creating a deficiency risk of micro nutrient. Owing to the importance
of micronutrients, efforts have been geared towards the study of the mineral composition of prepared Nigerian
vegetables (Akindahunsi and Oboh, 1999; Elemo et al., 2010).
Vitamin C or ascorbic acid is widely found in many vegetables (Deman, 1973). It is a water soluble anti-oxidant
known to be important to health and for proper functioning of the human body (Buenzie, 1999; Davey et al., 2000).
Diets rich in fresh vegetables are also protective against chronic, degenerative diseases (Joshipura et al., 1999;
Lampe, 1999; Cox et al., 2000). The seeds, pods, leaves, stem, and roots of vegetables are used as food. There are
also minerals such as calcium, iron etc present in vegetables. The content of vitamin C in vegetables is not readily
available due to length of boiling time used in preparing the vegetables. Vitamin C is the most easily destroyed of all
the vitamins. It is oxidized by oxidase contained within the cells of vegetables, which are set free during processing
(Fox and Cameron, 1980). A great percentage of it is lost to the water used for boiling vegetable because it is water
soluble vitamin and heat labile. It is not stored in the body but is eliminated in the urine; therefore it is replaced on a
daily basis.
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Studies on the nutritional status in Nigeria have shown micronutrients (vitamins and minerals) deficiencies such as
vitamin A, vitamin C, calcium, iodine and iron (Igene, 1996; Ihekoronje and Ngoddy, 1985). In developing countries
such as Nigeria where milk and milk products are not easily affordable among low-income groups, frequent eating of
vegetable is advisable for supplying the Daily Recommended Allowance (DRA) of calcium. Most predominant
vitamins in vegetables include vitamin C. Mathews and Hall (1978) reported that 97% of total ascorbic acid is in
form of L-ascorbic acid in green and yellow-red (ripe) vegetables.
Sodium is not known to be generally required by green plants. However, certain halophytes plants indigenous to
saline soils not only tolerate the high concentration of salt in such soil but actually require sodium. Calcium is
present in tissue of plants (vegetables), all natural foods contain small amount of element. Vegetables contain low
amount of calcium and is very good for the body. Potassium can be found majorly in fruits and vegetables. It helps to
maintain fluid and electrolyte balance in the body. Heath benefits of potassium include osteoporosis protection,
reduced risk of stroke and alleviation of high blood pressure (hypertension) especially if it is not accompanied by an
increase in high sodium foods.
In Nigeria, the different length of time used in cooking these vegetables leads to variation in the quality in terms of
nutrients. Also, the addition of potash to bring about easiness of softness of the vegetable and to reduce the time of
boiling may have effect on the nutritional parameters especially vitamins C that are easily susceptible to destruction.
Therefore, this work was carried out to evaluate the effect of cooking time and additive on the Vitamin C content of
six species of fresh and dried Nigerian Vegetables.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Study Area: The study area is Iree, Osun State, southwestern Nigeria and is located on latitude 7o56.878’N
and longitude 4o44.652’E with a topographical height of 454 m above the sea level. Generally, the lithology is
composed of medium to coarse grained sandy horizon interbedded with thin band of clay and silt which oocur in
minor proportions. The major occupation of the people is farming and is surrounded by rocks. More than forty
percent of the inhabitants are students of the famous Osun State Polytechnic, Iree.
2.2 Source of Sample: Matured vegetables of ewuro (Vernonia amygadlina), ugwu (Telfaria occidentalis), tete
(Amaranthus Spp), amunututu (Indian spinach), gbure (Talinum triangulare ) and gbagaba (Solanum notrifiolum)
used for the study were purchased from Iree market near the Polytechnic junction.
2.3 Processing: The leaves and stems of six varieties of vegetables were picked. 50g of both fresh and dried
vegetables of each species were weighed into four 1L Pyrex beakers containing 500 mL of hot water. 0.5g of potash
was added to two beakers containing fresh and dried vegetables and the other two beakers were boiled without the
addition of potash. The extraction time was varied (from 2, 4, 6 and 8 minutes respectively) with a constant
temperature of 100oC. At the end of each extraction, the extract was filtered using a clean muslin cloth and cooled.
This extract was stored in glass bottle and kept for further analysis. Leaves of vegetable samples collected were also
air-dried, ground, sieved and kept for metal analysis.
2.4 Chemical Analysis: Ascorbic acid was determined by redox titration.
Ascorbic acid + I2 2I- + dehydroascorbic acid
10ml of the extract was measured and titrated against standardized iodine. The titration was done three times for each
sample and average volume of iodine used calculated. The percentage vitamin C was calculated.
The determination of the mineral content of the vegetables (Ca, Na and K) were carried out using the method as
described by A. O. A. C (1995). 5.0 g of theair-dried, sieved vegetable sample was weighed into a crucible and then
placed in a furnace at 500 oC. 2.0g of the ash obtained was weighed and 50 mL of 2M HNO3 added and digested at
low heat on a hot plate. This was allowed to dry. 5 mL of 2M HNO3 was then added and re-heated. The mixture was
then diluted to 50 mL mark with distilled water. Calibration was carried out by preparing 1000 ppm stock solutions
of each metal. Working standard solutions were prepared from this and then used for calibration using atomic
absorption spectrophotometer (BUCK Scientific, 200A). Blank sample was also prepared. Blank reading was
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subtracted from sample reading and the result read from the calibration graph. The amount of Ca, Na and K in
vegetable sample was extrapolated from the calibration graph and recorded as mg/kg.
2.5 Statistical Analyses: All the analyses in this study were carried out in triplicates. For each, a mean value and
standard deviation were calculated. Statistical analysis used involved the use of Aspin-Welch unequal variance two
sample t-tests, Pearson correlation and box plots using number cruncher statistical system (NCSS 18335841).
3. Results and Discussion
3.1 Vitamin C in Extracts of Vegetables
The results obtained for the vitamin C level in all the vegetables analyzed are as shown in Figures 1 to 4. Figure 1
shows the vitamin C content of fresh vegetables with respect to time. It shows that high percentage of vitamin C was
lost during extraction at 8 minute of boiling with the addition of potash for ewuro but with low vitamin C in the
extract at 2 minutes. This implies that ewuro is best consumed at 2 minute when potash is added. The essence of
adding potash is to reduce boiling time for the softness of the leaves. Averagely, Figure 1 shows that for most of the
vegetables, low vitamin C was lost at 2 minutes. This invariably means that the vegetables are best consumed after
two minutes of boiling when potash is added because very little vitamin C will be lost to the extract and higher
percentage will be in the boiled leaves left for consumption. Loss as a result of boiling is justified since vitamin C is
water-soluble and heat labile (Egerg et al., 1977). Tete and gbagba had low vitamin C content irrespective of the
time used in boiling.
Figure 2 explains time variation of vitamin C in fresh vegetables without the addition of potash. From the figure,
gbagba and uwgu showed almost the same content in their vitamin C (3.99%) extract throughout the studied time
and this is in accordance with what was obtained for uwgu by boiling as discussed by Babalola et al. (2010) in their
studies. It implies that even without the addition of potash the vitamin C level is not time dependent. However,
ewuro showed high vitamin C in its extract at 8 minutes (95.7%). It implies a very low vitamin C will be left in the
leafy vegetables of ewuro for consumption. Nagy and Smoot (1977) explained in their study that as time of boiling
increases vegetables are subjected to denaturation, further heating may tend to bring the level to zero.
Figure 3 shows that for all the dried vegetables studied with addition of potash, gbure seems to be stable irrespective
of the cooking time (3.99%). At 8 minutes, extract from ewuro gave the highest vitamin C (47.8%) implying lower
vitamin C level left in the leafy vegetable for consumption. Dried amunututu proved to be the best so far because at 2
minutes of cooking time, only 1.04% vitamin C was extracted implying a higher vitamin C left in the dried leafy
vegetables.
The level of vitamin C in dried vegetables without the addition of potash is as shown in Figure 4. Gbure was
observed to be stable irrespective of the cooking time implying that the leaves are best consumed at any cooking time
without the addition of potash. At two minutes, gbure and amunututu showed higher preference ( 3.99% and 7.47%
respectively). At four and six minutes, gbure and amunututu were also observed to be the best (3.99% and 12.0%
respectively). At eight minutes, gbure and amunututu were also observed to be the best (3.99% and 16.0%
respectively). The figure shows that the best cooking time for dried vegetables is two minutes because at this time
the leafy vegetables still contain more vitamin C to be consumed. The results obtained are in accordance with what
was obtained by Davey et al. (2000).
3.2 Metals in Extracts of Vegetables
The results of mineral contents of both fresh and dried vegetables are as shown in Tables 1 to 3 below.
3.2.1 Distribution of calcium in fresh vegetables
The levels of calcium in the six vegetables are as shown in Table 1. The highest calcium content was obtained in tete
(41.9±0.46 mg/kg). Gbagba had a calcium level of 34.4±0.51 mg/kg which was higher compared to what was
obtained in ewuro (10.0±0.09 mg/kg), uwgu (2.07±0.10 mg/kg) and amunututu (12.6±0.02 mg/kg).
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3.2.2 Distribution of Calcium in Dried Vegetables
Table 1 explains the distribution of calcium in all the types of dried vegetables analysed. Gbagba had the highest
calcium level (87.1±2.16 mg/kg) and then tete (71.5±1.31 mg/kg). Ugwu had the lowest calcium level here
(3.85±0.33 mg/kg). It is not advisable for someone with high calcium level in his or her body mass to consume
gbagba because of its high calcium content.
3.2.3 Distribution of Sodium in Fresh Vegetables
The level of sodium in the six types of vegetables studied is as shown in Table 2. The table explains the highest level
of sodium in the leaves of gbagba (113±1 mg/kg) and also tete (103±5mg/kg). Uwgu of all the vegetables studied
had the least sodium content (79.3±0.03 mg/kg). This implies that someone with high level of salt is not advisable to
take gbagba because of its high sodium content, but can go for ugwu with low sodium level as observed in this
study.
3.2.4 Distribution of Sodium in Dried Vegetables
Levels of sodium in all the dried vegetables studied are as shown in Table 2. It explains sodium to be very high in
gbagba (115±2 mg/kg) and very low in Ugwu leaves (78.5±0.01 mg/kg). This supports the intake of ugwu for people
with high sodium level in their body mass (both fresh and dried ugwu are preferable).
3.2.5 Distribution of Potassium in Fresh Vegetables
Table 3 illustrates the amount of potassium obtained in each vegetable type in this study. Highest potassium content
was obtained in tete (110±1 mg/kg). The level of potassium in gbure and tete were 85.8±0.34 mg/kg and 110±1
mg/kg respectively. In terms of nutrition, someone with high salt level is not advisable to take tete, ugwu and
amunututu because of the high potassium level. The person can go for ewuro with low potassium content (80.3±0.12
mg/kg) as shown in table 3.
3.2.6 Distribution of Potassium in Dried Vegetables
The levels of potassium in dried vegetables are illustrated in Table 3. Tete had the highest potassium level (112±1
mg/kg), but lowest in gbagba (80.0±1.89 mg/kg). For a person with high potassium in its body mass, it is advisable
to take gbagba as vegetables because of its low potassium content. Someone with low potassium level in its body
mass can go for tete since it had the highest potassium level in dried vegetable in this study.
3.3 Statistical Analysis
Two sample t-tests analysis using the Aspin-Welch unequal- variance reveals no significant difference between the
means of vitamin C obtained at the various time intervals studied at p< 0.05 for both fresh and dried vegetables. The
t-values and p values obtained are as shown in Table 5. The box plots obtained are as shown in Figures 5 to 12.
The pattern of the quantitative data is as displayed in the box plots in Figures 5 to 12. Figures 5 to 8 show
distributions are skewed right for fresh vegetables with and without potash. Figures 9 to 12 explains that dried
vegetables with and without potash are all skewed left (except dried vegetables extracted at 8 minutes when potash
was added which show a symmetrical distribution). The box plot further supports the evidence that no significant
difference exist in means of the extracted vitamin C at the various time used for the study.
Paired t-test results shows significant difference in the means obtained for metals between fresh and dried vegetables
except for Ca in ugwu with p value 0.3441 and t value, -1.1206 at p= 0.05
4. Conclusion
Vegetables are good sources of vitamin C. The vitamins are however lost during boiling since the vitamin is a water
soluble vitamin. As the time of boiling increases, the level of vitamin C lost to the extract increases thereby leaving a
lower vitamin C in the leaves left for consumption. For those that are vitamin C deficient, the extract of the
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vegetables with higher vitamin C can be taken such as ewuro when boiled for longer period, eight minutes in this
case without even consuming the vegetables. These days, consumers at home don’t want to add potash to vegetables
while boiling, but this study reveals that for most of the vegetables studied, those vegetable samples that potash
where added to their water had the least vitamin C in their extract. It invariably implies that more vitamins are left
for consumption in the leafy vegetables. Gbagba and tete showed high metal content in terms of sodium and
potassium and are recommended for those with low sodium and potassium in their body mass. Since processing of
most vegetables is especially by boiling and tends to reduce the vitamin C content of the vegetable, it is therefore
advisable to add fruits to ones daily meal alongside vegetables to meet up with the US daily reference intake of 75
mg and 90 mg/day of vitamin C for women and men respectively (Szeto et al., 2002). The level of metals in
vegetables should also be ascertained before consumption so as not to take more than the daily requirement.
5. Acknowledgement
The contribution of the laboratory technologists at the Osun State Polytechnic, Iree, Nigeria, M. A. Salam and O. A.
Oyetade is acknowledged.
References
• A. O. A. C. (1995). Official Methods of Food Analysis. Association of Official Analytical Chemist (16th
Edition), Washington D.C.
• Akindahunsi, A. A. & Oboh, G. (1999). Effect of Some Post-Harvested Treatments on the Bioavailability of
Zinc of some Vegetables. Revista Italiana Delle Sostanze-Grasse, 76: 285-287.
• Babalola, O. O., Tugbobo, O. S. & Daramola, A. S. (2010). Effect of Processing on the Vitamin C Content
of Seven Nigerian Green Leafy Vegetables, Adv. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 2 (6): 303 –
305.
• Benzie, I. F. F. (1999). Prospective Functional Markets for Defining Optimal Nutritional Status: Vitamin C.
Proc. Nutr. Soc., 58: 1-8.
• Black, R. E. (2001). Micronutrients in Pregnancy. Br. J. Nutr., 85: S193-S197.
• Cox, B. D., Wlichelow & Prevost, A. T. (2000). Seasonal Consumption of Salad Vegetables and Fresh Fruit
in Relation to the Development of Cardiovascular Disease and Cancer. Public Health Nutr., 3: 19-29.
• Davey, M. W., Montagu, M. V., Inze, D., Samartin, M., Kanellis, A., Smirnoff, N., Benzie, I. F. F., Strain,
J. J., Favell, D. & Fletcher, J. (2000). Plant L-Ascorbic Acid: Chemistry, Function, Metabolism,
Bioavailability and Effects of Processing. J. Sci. Food Agr., 80: 825-860.
• Deman, J. M. (1973). Principle of Food Chemistry. Oxford University Press, London, 311-320.
• Egerg, K., Arson, A. & Etok, F. (1977). Semi-Automated Method for the Fluorometric Determination of
Total Vitamin C in Food Product. J. Assoc. Anal. Chem., 60 (1): 126 -131.
• Elemo, G. N., Atinmo, T. & Erukainure, O. L. (2010). Nutrient Composition of some Selected Nigerian
Foods. Int. J. Food Agric. Res., 7: 1-9.
• Favell, D. J. (1998). A Comparison of the Vitamin C Content of Fresh and Frozen Vegetables. Food
Chem., 62: 59-64.
• Field, C. J., Johnson, I. R. & Schley, P. D. (2002). Nutrients and their Role in Host Resistance to Infection.
J. Leukoc. Biol., 71: 16-32.
• Fox, B. A. & A. G. Cameron. (1980). Food Sciences-A Chemical Approach. 3rd Edn, Holder and Stoughton
Educational, 265-268.
• FSAU (2005). Micronutrients for Healthy, Happy Families: Micronutrients in Somalia. FSAU/FAO, Kenya.
• Igene, J. O. (1996). Food Product and Nutrition in Nigeria; Integrated Agric Production. Strategies and
Mechanism for Food Insecurity. Monograph No 5, National Agric. Research Project. NIHORT, Ibadan,
Nigeria.
• Ihekoronye A. I. & Ngoddy, P.O. (1985). Integrated Food Science and Nutrition for the Tropics.
Macmillian, London, England. 144-306.
• Joshipura, K., A. Ascherio, A. E. Manson, M. J. Stampfer, E. B. Rimm, F. E. Speizer, C. H. Hennekens, D.
Spegeleman & W. C. Willett. (1999). Fruit and Vegetable Intake in Relation to Risk of Ischemic Stroke.
J.Am. Med. Assoc., 282: 1233-1239.
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• Lampe, J. W. (1999). Health Effects of Vegetables and Fruit: Assessing Mechanism of Action in Human
Experimental Studies. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 70: 475S- 490S.
• Mathews, R. F. & Hall, J. W. (1978). Ascorbic Acid Dehydroascorbic Acid and Dikoto-Gulonic Acid in
Frozen Green Pepper. J. Food Sci. 43: 532-4.
• Nagy, S. & Smoot, J. M. (1977). Temperature and Storage Effects on Percent Retention and Percent U.S.
Recommended Dietary Allowance of Vitamin C in Canned Single-Strength Orange Juice. J. Agriculture
and Food Chemistry. 25: 135 – 138.
• Shenkin, A. (2006). Micronutrients in Health and Disease. Postgrad. Med. J., 82: 559-567. Doi:
10.1136/pgmj.2006.047670.
• Szeto, Y. T., Tomlinson, B. & Benzie, I. F. F. (2002). Total Antioxidant and Ascorbic Acid Content of
Fresh Fruits and Vegetables: Implications for Dietary Planning and Food Preservation. Br. J. Nutr., 87: 55 –
59.
• Walker, A. (2000). Micronutrients and Infections: An African Perspective. Nutr., 16: 1096-1097.
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80
70
% Vitamin C content
60 Ewuro
50 Ugwu
40 Tete
30 Amunututu
20 Gbure
10 Gbagba
0
2 min 4 min 6 min 8 min
Figure 1: Variation of Vitamin C Content of Fresh Vegetables with Addition of Potash
with Respect To Time
120
100
% Vitaminn C content
Ewuro
80 Ugwu
60 Tete
Amunututu
40
Gbure
20
Gbagba
0
2 min 4 min 6 min 8 min
Figure 2: Variation of Vitamin C Content of Fresh Vegetables Without Addition of Potash
with Respect to Time
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60
50
% Vitamin C content
Ewuro
40 Ugwu
30 Tete
Amunututu
20
Gbure
10
Gbagba
0
2 min 4 min 6 min 8 min
Figure 3: Variation of Vitamin C Content of Dried Vegetables with Addition of Potash
with Respect to Time
35
30
% Vitamin C content
Ewuro
25
Ugwu
20
Tete
15
Amunututu
10
Gbure
5 Gbagba
0
2 min 4 min 6 min 8 min
Figure 4: Variation of Vitamin C Content of Dried Vegetables Without Addition of Potash
with Respect to Time.
Table 1: Calcium Content of both Fresh and Dried Vegetables (mg/kg)
Vegetable Type Fresh Vegetable (mg/kg) Dried Vegetable (mg/kg)
Venonia amygadlina (Ewuro) 10.0±0.09 15.4±0.08
Telfaria occidentalis (Ugwu) 2.07±0.10 3.85±0.38
Indian spinach (Amunututu) 12.6±0.02 16.7±0.22
Talinum triangulare (Gbure) 0.18±0.34 10.7±0.17
Amaranthus Spp (Tete) 41.9±0.40 71.5±1.31
Solanum notrifiolum (Gbagba) 34.4±0.51 87.1±2.16
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Table 2: Sodium Content of both Fresh and Dried Vegetables (mg/kg)
Vegetable Type Fresh Vegetable (mg/kg) Dried Vegetable (mg/kg)
Venonia amygadlina (Ewuro) 84.3±0.01 83.5±0.17
Telfaria occidentalis (Ugwu) 79.3±0.02 78.5±0.01
Indian spinach (Amunututu) 94.4±0.03 92.5±0.03
Talinum triangulare (Gbure) 96.9±0.01 90.7±0.01
Amaranthus Spp (Tete) 103±5 103±1
Solanum notrifiolum (Gbagba) 113±1 115±2
Table 3: Potassium Content of both Fresh and Dried Vegetables (mg/kg)
Vegetable Type Fresh Vegetable (mg/kg) Dried Vegetable (mg/kg)
Venonia amygadlina (Ewuro) 80.3±0.12 82.7±0.17
Telfaria occidentalis (Ugwu) 98.5±0.08 101±1
Indian spinach (Amunututu) 93.2±0.02 90.0±0.21
Talinum triangulare (Gbure) 85.8±0.34 81.1±0.16
Amaranthus Spp (Tete) 110±1 112±1
Solanum notrifiolum (Gbagba) 85.6±3.00 80.0±1.89
Table 4: Two Sample t-test Results of Means of Vitamin C obtained at Various Time Intervals for Fresh Vegetables
with and Without Potash
Time (min) t- value p -value
2 - 0.086 0.0507
4 0.483 0.0706
6 0.674 0.0899
8 0.107 0.0511
9
10. Food Science and Quality Management www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-6088 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0557 (Online)
Vol 6, 2012
BoxPlot
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Figure 5: Box Plot of Vitamin C Content of Figure 6: Box Plot of Vitamin C Content of
Fresh Vegetables with/Without Potash Fresh Vegetables with/Without Potash at
at 2 Minutes 4 Minutes
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Fig. 7: Box Plot of Vitamin C Content of Fig. 8: Box Plot of Vitamin C Content of
Fresh Vegetables with/Without Potash Fresh Vegetables with/Without Potash at
at 6 Minutes 8 Minutes
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Figure 9: Box Plot of Vitamin C Content of Figure 10: Box Plot of Vitamin C Content of
Dried Vegetables with/Without Potash Dried Vegetables with/Without Potash at
at 2 Minutes 4 Minutes
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11. Food Science and Quality Management www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-6088 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0557 (Online)
Vol 6, 2012
BoxPlot BoxPlot
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Figure 11: Box Plot of Vitamin C Content of Figure 12: Box Plot of Vitamin C Content of
Dried Vegetables with/Without Potash Dried Vegetables With/Without Potash at
at 6 Minutes 8 Minutes
11
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