This document discusses two models of pro-poor water service delivery in Jakarta, Indonesia and the challenges they face due to political and economic realities. The first model is a global partnership for output-based aid that aims to connect low-income households but has faced delays and issues incentivizing service to the poor. The second model involves community-operated piped networks co-financed by the private sector but faces challenges around water access and pressure, economic conditions of users, and political relationships. Local political and economic barriers like unregistered residents, land tenure issues, private sector profit motives, and affordability make pro-poor service delivery difficult given Jakarta's decentralized water system and urban poor settlements.