The document discusses different types of operating systems and computing environments. It describes mainframe systems which used batch processing and multiprogramming to improve CPU utilization. Time-sharing systems allowed interactive use through rapid switching between processes. Multiprocessor and distributed systems leverage multiple CPUs for increased throughput and reliability. Real-time systems must meet well-defined time constraints. Modern operating system concepts have migrated across computing environments from traditional to web-based and embedded systems.
The Mars Pathfinder mission successfully demonstrated new landing techniques and returned valuable data from the Martian surface. However, it experienced issues with priority inversion in its VxWorks real-time operating system. The lower priority weather data collection task would occasionally prevent the higher priority communication task from completing before the next cycle began, resetting the system. Engineers traced the problem to the use of VxWorks' select() call to wait for I/O from multiple devices, allowing long-running lower priority tasks to block critical higher priority tasks.
This document discusses making Linux capable of hard real-time performance. It begins by defining hard and soft real-time systems and explaining that real-time does not necessarily mean fast but rather determinism. It then covers general concepts around real-time performance in Linux like preemption, interrupts, context switching, and scheduling. Specific features in Linux like RT-Preempt, priority inheritance, and threaded interrupts that improve real-time capabilities are also summarized.
The document provides an overview of User Mode Linux (UML), including what it is, how it works, alternatives, and how to use it. UML allows running the Linux kernel as a userspace process, enabling uses like kernel debugging, security testing, and hosting virtual servers. It works by modifying the host kernel to create separate address spaces for guest kernels and processes using hardware virtualization. Key components discussed include filesystems, networking using TUN/TAP devices, management scripts, backups using LVM snapshots and blocksync, and network monitoring tools like MRTG and iftop.
This document provides an introduction to real-time systems and discusses approaches to making Linux a real-time operating system. It defines hard and soft real-time systems and explains why Linux is commonly used instead of dedicated real-time operating systems. The document then discusses two main solutions, PREEMPT_RT and Xenomai 3, which provide patches to make Linux meet timing constraints through different approaches. It also provides an overview of basic real-time concepts like scheduling algorithms, preemptive vs. non-preemptive scheduling, and interprocess communication.
Linux PREEMPT_RT improves the preemptiveness of the Linux kernel by allowing preemption everywhere except when preemption is disabled or interrupts are disabled. This reduces latency from preemption, critical sections, and interrupts. However, non-deterministic external interrupt events and timing as well as interrupt collisions can still cause unpredictable latency. Tracing tools can help analyze latency but practical issues remain in fully guaranteeing hard real-time behavior.
This slides indicate an introduction on the definition of real time and RTOSes, then you can find information on introducing RT Linux approaches and comparing them with each other, then finally you can see a latency measurement test done by "Linutronix" in the slides
"Controlling a laser with Linux is crazy, but everyone in this room is crazy in his own way. So if you want to use Linux to control an industrial welding laser, I have no problem with your using PREEMPT_RT." -- Linus Torvalds
This document provides an overview of operating system concepts by summarizing the major components and functions of an operating system. It discusses how operating systems manage resources like the CPU, memory, storage and I/O devices. It also covers key operating system services like process management, memory management, file systems, protection and security. Finally, it describes different computing environments that operating systems support like traditional systems, client-server, peer-to-peer and web-based computing.
The Mars Pathfinder mission successfully demonstrated new landing techniques and returned valuable data from the Martian surface. However, it experienced issues with priority inversion in its VxWorks real-time operating system. The lower priority weather data collection task would occasionally prevent the higher priority communication task from completing before the next cycle began, resetting the system. Engineers traced the problem to the use of VxWorks' select() call to wait for I/O from multiple devices, allowing long-running lower priority tasks to block critical higher priority tasks.
This document discusses making Linux capable of hard real-time performance. It begins by defining hard and soft real-time systems and explaining that real-time does not necessarily mean fast but rather determinism. It then covers general concepts around real-time performance in Linux like preemption, interrupts, context switching, and scheduling. Specific features in Linux like RT-Preempt, priority inheritance, and threaded interrupts that improve real-time capabilities are also summarized.
The document provides an overview of User Mode Linux (UML), including what it is, how it works, alternatives, and how to use it. UML allows running the Linux kernel as a userspace process, enabling uses like kernel debugging, security testing, and hosting virtual servers. It works by modifying the host kernel to create separate address spaces for guest kernels and processes using hardware virtualization. Key components discussed include filesystems, networking using TUN/TAP devices, management scripts, backups using LVM snapshots and blocksync, and network monitoring tools like MRTG and iftop.
This document provides an introduction to real-time systems and discusses approaches to making Linux a real-time operating system. It defines hard and soft real-time systems and explains why Linux is commonly used instead of dedicated real-time operating systems. The document then discusses two main solutions, PREEMPT_RT and Xenomai 3, which provide patches to make Linux meet timing constraints through different approaches. It also provides an overview of basic real-time concepts like scheduling algorithms, preemptive vs. non-preemptive scheduling, and interprocess communication.
Linux PREEMPT_RT improves the preemptiveness of the Linux kernel by allowing preemption everywhere except when preemption is disabled or interrupts are disabled. This reduces latency from preemption, critical sections, and interrupts. However, non-deterministic external interrupt events and timing as well as interrupt collisions can still cause unpredictable latency. Tracing tools can help analyze latency but practical issues remain in fully guaranteeing hard real-time behavior.
This slides indicate an introduction on the definition of real time and RTOSes, then you can find information on introducing RT Linux approaches and comparing them with each other, then finally you can see a latency measurement test done by "Linutronix" in the slides
"Controlling a laser with Linux is crazy, but everyone in this room is crazy in his own way. So if you want to use Linux to control an industrial welding laser, I have no problem with your using PREEMPT_RT." -- Linus Torvalds
This document provides an overview of operating system concepts by summarizing the major components and functions of an operating system. It discusses how operating systems manage resources like the CPU, memory, storage and I/O devices. It also covers key operating system services like process management, memory management, file systems, protection and security. Finally, it describes different computing environments that operating systems support like traditional systems, client-server, peer-to-peer and web-based computing.
Solving Real-Time Scheduling Problems With RT_PREEMPT and Deadline-Based Sche...peknap
In dealing with a real world problem of scheduling three classes of tasks – network packet forwarding, voice over IP and application level services for a home gateway device, the author found that mechanisms coming with vanilla Linux kernel are not enough. This talk will cover the unique real-time requirements for each task class, why moving softirq to process context with RT_PREEMPT patch is an important step in solving the problem and how a deadline based process scheduler would be a better solution than regular real-time scheduling classes.
This document contains a question bank on various topics in operating systems including:
1. Process synchronization questions focusing on critical section problems, semaphores, and solutions for two processes.
2. Memory management questions on paging and segmentation.
3. Deadlock questions on safe/unsafe states, bankers algorithm, prevention/avoidance strategies, and recovery from deadlocks.
4. CPU scheduling questions on algorithms like FCFS, RR, SJF and characteristics like short term, long term and medium term schedulers.
5. Process management questions on states, control blocks, creation/termination, and interprocess communication.
The questions provided are meant to help students study notes
A monolithic kernel runs all operating system services and device drivers in the kernel space of memory. This provides rich hardware access but dependencies between system components mean a bug can crash the entire system. A microkernel moves most OS services like networking and filesystems into userspace processes or "servers" that communicate through a minimal kernel. This improves modularity and stability but incurs more overhead from frequent context switches between user and kernel mode.
Testing real-time Linux. What to test and how Chirag Jog
The document discusses testing of the real-time Linux kernel. It explains that real-time kernel testing focuses on functionality, performance, and latency. Key aspects to test include signal delivery latency, scheduling jitter, and context switch duration. Proper hardware setup and kernel configuration are important. Test cases should run as real-time processes and avoid page faults, disk I/O, and other sources of unpredictable latency when measuring real-time performance.
Slides For Operating System Concepts By Silberschatz Galvin And Gagnesarankumar4445
The document summarizes key concepts about processes from Chapter 4 of the textbook "Operating System Concepts" by Silberschatz, Galvin, and Gagne. It discusses process state, scheduling, and communication. A process is a program in execution that includes a program counter, stack, and data section. Processes go through various states like running, ready, waiting and terminate. Context switching allows the CPU to rapidly switch between processes.
This document discusses real-time operating systems (RTOS). It begins by defining an RTOS and distinguishing it from traditional operating systems by its ability to respond to external events in a timely manner. It describes the different types of RTOS based on timing constraints. It then covers key RTOS concepts like preemptive priority scheduling, multitasking, inter-task communication, priority inheritance, and memory management. The document also discusses the Nucleus RTOS and whether RTOS will replace traditional operating systems.
Memory access control in multiprocessor for real-time system with mixed criti...Heechul Yun
Proposed/implemented a memory bandwidth control mechanism on Linux kernel for Multi-core systems.
Described a timing analysis method based up on the proposed mechanism.
This document discusses real-time solutions in Linux. It explains that real-time systems focus on determinism, ensuring events and timing are known. There are several approaches to real-time Linux, including dual kernel systems like RTLinux that run a real-time kernel alongside Linux, and PREEMPT_RT kernels that modify Linux for lower latencies. Popular dual kernel options are RTAI and Xenomai, which provide real-time cores on top of Linux. RTAI focuses on x86 while Xenomai aims to facilitate porting and supports multiple personality "skins". The document provides references for further information on these real-time Linux solutions.
The document provides an overview of operating system concepts, including:
- The role of an operating system in managing computer hardware resources and facilitating the use of applications.
- Key operating system functions like process management, memory management, storage management, I/O management, protection and security.
- Computer system organization involving CPUs, memory, I/O devices, and the bus connecting them.
- Operating system structures for multiprogramming and timesharing to enable efficient sharing of resources among users and processes.
- Computing environments involving traditional systems, office/home networks, and client-server models.
The document provides an overview of operating system concepts, including:
- The role of an operating system in managing computer hardware resources and facilitating the use of applications.
- Key operating system functions like process management, memory management, storage management, I/O management, and security/protection.
- Computer system organization involving CPUs, memory, I/O devices, and the bus connecting them.
- Operating system structures for multiprogramming/timesharing and memory management in these environments.
- The hierarchy of storage devices from fastest/smallest memory to slower/larger secondary storage.
- Computing environments involving traditional systems, networks, and client-server models.
This document provides an overview of operating system concepts from Chapter 2 of the textbook "Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition" by Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne. It discusses operating system services including user interfaces, process management, I/O operations, file systems, resource management, protection and security. It also describes system calls as the programming interface to OS services, common API's, how parameters are passed to system calls, and examples of different types of system calls.
The document discusses embedded operating systems and summarizes a game show competition between students on embedded OS topics. The game show covered definitions of embedded systems and their requirements, applications of embedded OS, characteristics of embedded OS, approaches to developing embedded OS, the embedded configurable operating system ECOS, ECOS components like the kernel and I/O system, and the tiny OS TinyOS designed for wireless sensor networks. The highest scoring contestant in the game show was from TIPQC.
VxWorks is a real-time operating system developed by Wind River Systems that supports ARM, Intel, and other popular processor architectures. It provides a multitasking environment, virtual memory management, networking capabilities, and powerful development tools. VxWorks uses a client-server microkernel architecture and is highly configurable, allowing it to scale from small embedded systems to large networks. It prioritizes real-time deterministic performance and has found widespread use in avionics, medical devices, industrial automation, and other applications.
Analyzing Kernel Security and Approaches for Improving itMilan Rajpara
The document discusses analyzing and improving kernel security. It describes how kernels work and why kernel security is important. Methods for analyzing kernel security like DIGGER are presented, which can identify critical kernel objects like pointers without prior knowledge. The document also discusses approaches for improving kernel security, such as protecting generic pointers with techniques like Sentry that control access to kernel data structures through object partitioning. Future work areas include automatically detecting all kernel data structures and expanding Sentry's protections.
The key problematic instructions for virtualization on ARM are those that change processor state or mode, access privileged resources, or cause unpredictable behavior when executed in user mode. These must be trapped and emulated by the virtual machine monitor.
When you're in love, life feels like an endless romance novel that you never want to end, as you find happiness in dedicating yourself fully to your partner by doing everything for them.
The document provides an overview of database concepts and the entity-relationship (E/R) model. It discusses:
1) Databases are used to store operational data for an enterprise. A database management system (DBMS) provides efficient data retrieval and storage. The E/R model represents data using entities, relationships, and attributes.
2) The example database for a small college tracks students, instructors, courses, grades, and advising relationships. An E/R diagram shows entities like STUDENTS and relationships like ADVISING.
3) Attributes provide additional information about entities and relationships. Keys uniquely identify entities and relationships. Other concepts discussed include participation constraints, weak entities, and "is
Solving Real-Time Scheduling Problems With RT_PREEMPT and Deadline-Based Sche...peknap
In dealing with a real world problem of scheduling three classes of tasks – network packet forwarding, voice over IP and application level services for a home gateway device, the author found that mechanisms coming with vanilla Linux kernel are not enough. This talk will cover the unique real-time requirements for each task class, why moving softirq to process context with RT_PREEMPT patch is an important step in solving the problem and how a deadline based process scheduler would be a better solution than regular real-time scheduling classes.
This document contains a question bank on various topics in operating systems including:
1. Process synchronization questions focusing on critical section problems, semaphores, and solutions for two processes.
2. Memory management questions on paging and segmentation.
3. Deadlock questions on safe/unsafe states, bankers algorithm, prevention/avoidance strategies, and recovery from deadlocks.
4. CPU scheduling questions on algorithms like FCFS, RR, SJF and characteristics like short term, long term and medium term schedulers.
5. Process management questions on states, control blocks, creation/termination, and interprocess communication.
The questions provided are meant to help students study notes
A monolithic kernel runs all operating system services and device drivers in the kernel space of memory. This provides rich hardware access but dependencies between system components mean a bug can crash the entire system. A microkernel moves most OS services like networking and filesystems into userspace processes or "servers" that communicate through a minimal kernel. This improves modularity and stability but incurs more overhead from frequent context switches between user and kernel mode.
Testing real-time Linux. What to test and how Chirag Jog
The document discusses testing of the real-time Linux kernel. It explains that real-time kernel testing focuses on functionality, performance, and latency. Key aspects to test include signal delivery latency, scheduling jitter, and context switch duration. Proper hardware setup and kernel configuration are important. Test cases should run as real-time processes and avoid page faults, disk I/O, and other sources of unpredictable latency when measuring real-time performance.
Slides For Operating System Concepts By Silberschatz Galvin And Gagnesarankumar4445
The document summarizes key concepts about processes from Chapter 4 of the textbook "Operating System Concepts" by Silberschatz, Galvin, and Gagne. It discusses process state, scheduling, and communication. A process is a program in execution that includes a program counter, stack, and data section. Processes go through various states like running, ready, waiting and terminate. Context switching allows the CPU to rapidly switch between processes.
This document discusses real-time operating systems (RTOS). It begins by defining an RTOS and distinguishing it from traditional operating systems by its ability to respond to external events in a timely manner. It describes the different types of RTOS based on timing constraints. It then covers key RTOS concepts like preemptive priority scheduling, multitasking, inter-task communication, priority inheritance, and memory management. The document also discusses the Nucleus RTOS and whether RTOS will replace traditional operating systems.
Memory access control in multiprocessor for real-time system with mixed criti...Heechul Yun
Proposed/implemented a memory bandwidth control mechanism on Linux kernel for Multi-core systems.
Described a timing analysis method based up on the proposed mechanism.
This document discusses real-time solutions in Linux. It explains that real-time systems focus on determinism, ensuring events and timing are known. There are several approaches to real-time Linux, including dual kernel systems like RTLinux that run a real-time kernel alongside Linux, and PREEMPT_RT kernels that modify Linux for lower latencies. Popular dual kernel options are RTAI and Xenomai, which provide real-time cores on top of Linux. RTAI focuses on x86 while Xenomai aims to facilitate porting and supports multiple personality "skins". The document provides references for further information on these real-time Linux solutions.
The document provides an overview of operating system concepts, including:
- The role of an operating system in managing computer hardware resources and facilitating the use of applications.
- Key operating system functions like process management, memory management, storage management, I/O management, protection and security.
- Computer system organization involving CPUs, memory, I/O devices, and the bus connecting them.
- Operating system structures for multiprogramming and timesharing to enable efficient sharing of resources among users and processes.
- Computing environments involving traditional systems, office/home networks, and client-server models.
The document provides an overview of operating system concepts, including:
- The role of an operating system in managing computer hardware resources and facilitating the use of applications.
- Key operating system functions like process management, memory management, storage management, I/O management, and security/protection.
- Computer system organization involving CPUs, memory, I/O devices, and the bus connecting them.
- Operating system structures for multiprogramming/timesharing and memory management in these environments.
- The hierarchy of storage devices from fastest/smallest memory to slower/larger secondary storage.
- Computing environments involving traditional systems, networks, and client-server models.
This document provides an overview of operating system concepts from Chapter 2 of the textbook "Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition" by Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne. It discusses operating system services including user interfaces, process management, I/O operations, file systems, resource management, protection and security. It also describes system calls as the programming interface to OS services, common API's, how parameters are passed to system calls, and examples of different types of system calls.
The document discusses embedded operating systems and summarizes a game show competition between students on embedded OS topics. The game show covered definitions of embedded systems and their requirements, applications of embedded OS, characteristics of embedded OS, approaches to developing embedded OS, the embedded configurable operating system ECOS, ECOS components like the kernel and I/O system, and the tiny OS TinyOS designed for wireless sensor networks. The highest scoring contestant in the game show was from TIPQC.
VxWorks is a real-time operating system developed by Wind River Systems that supports ARM, Intel, and other popular processor architectures. It provides a multitasking environment, virtual memory management, networking capabilities, and powerful development tools. VxWorks uses a client-server microkernel architecture and is highly configurable, allowing it to scale from small embedded systems to large networks. It prioritizes real-time deterministic performance and has found widespread use in avionics, medical devices, industrial automation, and other applications.
Analyzing Kernel Security and Approaches for Improving itMilan Rajpara
The document discusses analyzing and improving kernel security. It describes how kernels work and why kernel security is important. Methods for analyzing kernel security like DIGGER are presented, which can identify critical kernel objects like pointers without prior knowledge. The document also discusses approaches for improving kernel security, such as protecting generic pointers with techniques like Sentry that control access to kernel data structures through object partitioning. Future work areas include automatically detecting all kernel data structures and expanding Sentry's protections.
The key problematic instructions for virtualization on ARM are those that change processor state or mode, access privileged resources, or cause unpredictable behavior when executed in user mode. These must be trapped and emulated by the virtual machine monitor.
When you're in love, life feels like an endless romance novel that you never want to end, as you find happiness in dedicating yourself fully to your partner by doing everything for them.
The document provides an overview of database concepts and the entity-relationship (E/R) model. It discusses:
1) Databases are used to store operational data for an enterprise. A database management system (DBMS) provides efficient data retrieval and storage. The E/R model represents data using entities, relationships, and attributes.
2) The example database for a small college tracks students, instructors, courses, grades, and advising relationships. An E/R diagram shows entities like STUDENTS and relationships like ADVISING.
3) Attributes provide additional information about entities and relationships. Keys uniquely identify entities and relationships. Other concepts discussed include participation constraints, weak entities, and "is
We are one of the manufacturers & suppliers of brass silver plated & gold plated exclusive wedding gifts, diwali gifts, corporate gifts & wedding return gifts, to flourish your wedding events. Being a manufacturers we can customize the designs & ideas provided.e can provide other products too made of wood, horn, bone, fabric.Our products range consist gift boxes, urlis, wedding card surplus gifts, bowls, thalis, glasses & many more. Personalization facility is available with us.We are manufacturers & suppliers of brass, wood, aluminum, metal, fabric wedding gifts & return gifts in various finishes i.e. gold plated, silver plated, copper antique, brass antique etc.We can customize the designs & finishes as per the client's requirement.
Education and Indian Philosophical Thoughtjasvir chahal
This document discusses Indian philosophical thought and education. It explains that education brings about permanent changes in habits of thought, attitude, and behavior. Indian thought emphasizes spirituality, self-analysis, discovering one's own truths, and knowing oneself through introspection. The document also briefly outlines six schools of Indian philosophy - Nyaya, Vaiseshika, Sankhya, Yoga, Mimamsa, and Vedanta - and emphasizes preserving collective knowledge across generations.
Andrew Brunhart Identifies Some Of The Rarest And Most Valuable Coins That Co...Andrew Brunhart
Andrew Brunhart has worked for the WSSC, the US Mint, as well as the Bureau of Engraving and Printing. Visit http://andrewbrunhart.net for more information.
Amanda Buck was born in 1995 in Manitou Springs, Colorado. She grew up with her parents, grandparents, aunt, and uncle, and has a brother. Amanda attended Manitou Springs schools from 4th through 12th grade and has worked at Pleasant Valley Baptist Preschool and Daycare since she was 14 years old. She enjoys reading, movies like Mean Girls and Moonrise Kingdom, martial arts, cooking Mexican food, and dreams of becoming a book publisher.
Este documento presenta varias teorías y técnicas de gestión como la administración por objetivos, la teoría de la contingencia y la administración del tiempo. Explica conceptos clave como sistema, componentes del sistema, y los pasos para implementar la administración por objetivos. El objetivo principal es que los estudiantes entiendan y apliquen estas teorías y técnicas de gestión para mejorar la administración de organizaciones.
The document discusses different types of operating systems and computing environments. It covers mainframe systems, desktop systems, multiprocessor systems, distributed systems, clustered systems, real-time systems, handheld systems, and web-based and embedded computing. The key aspects of each system type are defined, including their hardware configurations, goals, and features required of their operating systems.
This document provides an overview of operating system concepts from the textbook "Operating System Concepts with Java – 8th Edition". It discusses the definition and goals of an operating system, how it acts as an intermediary between the user and computer hardware. It also describes computer system organization including CPUs, memory, I/O devices, and how interrupts work. Finally, it covers operating system structure including multiprogramming and timesharing to enable efficient usage of system resources and interactive computing.
The document discusses operating systems and their functions. It defines an operating system as software that controls hardware resources and acts as an interface between applications and hardware. Operating systems have goals like executing user programs, making the computer convenient to use, and efficiently using computer resources. The document outlines the evolution of operating systems from batch processing to time-sharing systems and discusses features of multiprocessor systems. It also summarizes the services provided by operating systems like program development, execution, I/O access, file access, and error handling.
This document summarizes Chapter 1 of the textbook "Operating System Concepts with Java – 8th Edition". It introduces operating systems and their core functions such as running programs, allocating resources between users/programs, and acting as an intermediary between hardware and software. It describes the components of a computer system including hardware, operating system, application programs, and users. It also outlines operating system structures like memory layout and multiprocessing approaches. Finally, it discusses operating system operations including interrupts, exceptions, dual mode operation for protection, and timer use for process scheduling.
For Complete Learning: http://www.thelearnet.com/
What is an Operating System?
Mainframe Systems
Desktop Systems
Multiprocessor Systems
Distributed Systems
Clustered System
Real -Time Systems
Handheld Systems
Computing Environments
The document discusses different types of operating systems and computing environments. It describes mainframe systems which used batch processing and time-sharing to improve efficiency. It also covers desktop systems, multiprocessor and distributed systems which allocate resources across multiple CPUs. Real-time systems are discussed which have fixed time constraints. Handheld systems pose challenges due to limited resources. The migration of concepts across system types is also summarized.
This document provides an overview of operating system concepts by summarizing the major components and functions of an operating system. It discusses how operating systems manage resources like the CPU, memory, storage and I/O devices. It also covers key operating system services like process management, memory management, file systems, protection and security. Finally, it describes different computing environments that operating systems support like traditional systems, client-server, peer-to-peer and web-based computing.
This document provides an overview of operating system concepts from the 8th edition of the textbook "Operating System Concepts Essentials" by Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne. It defines an operating system as a program that acts as an interface between the user and computer hardware. A computer system is divided into four components - hardware, operating system, application programs, and users. The operating system performs two main roles - as an extended machine that hides hardware complexity and as a resource manager that controls shared access to devices, memory and processors. It also provides various services to users and applications like program execution, I/O, file management, and communication between processes.
This document provides an overview of operating system concepts from the 9th edition of the textbook "Operating System Concepts" by Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne. It discusses the basic functions and organization of operating systems, including managing processes, memory, storage and security. It also covers computer system structure with hardware, OS, applications and users, and different types of computer architectures like single-processor, multi-processor and clustered systems. The document aims to describe the basic organization of computers and provide a high-level tour of operating system components and operations.
This document provides an overview of operating system concepts from the 9th edition of the textbook "Operating System Concepts" by Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne. It begins with an introduction to operating systems and what they do. It then discusses computer system organization and architecture, including multiprocessor and clustered systems. It provides details on operating system structure for multiprogramming and timesharing systems. It also covers operating system operations, process management, memory management, storage management, and other core OS concepts. The document aims to give the reader a "grand tour" of major operating system components and concepts.
This document discusses different types of operating systems and computing environments. It covers mainframe systems, which were the first to use batch processing. Desktop systems are dedicated to individual users and can run various operating systems. Multiprocessor and distributed systems improve performance through parallel processing across multiple CPUs. Real-time systems have strict timing requirements for applications like industrial control. Mobile and embedded systems have constraints like limited memory and power. The document provides an overview of operating system functions and how their features have evolved with different computing needs.
An operating system (OS) is software that manages computer hardware resources and provides common services for computer programs. The document discusses the functions, components, types, and concepts of operating systems including process and memory management, I/O device management, user interfaces, single-user vs. multi-user systems, and threading models. It provides details on how operating systems schedule processes, manage files and memory, and utilize threads at both the user and kernel level.
This document provides an overview of operating system concepts from the 9th edition of the textbook "Operating System Concepts" by Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne. It describes the basic components and organization of computer systems, including hardware, operating systems, application programs, and users. It also summarizes the major functions of operating systems such as memory management, processor management, device management, file management, and network management. The document outlines concepts like interrupts, I/O structure, storage devices, caching, and the storage hierarchy to provide a high-level tour of operating system operations and components.
The document provides an overview of operating systems and some of their key concepts. It discusses how operating systems act as an interface between hardware and software, allowing applications to run independently of the underlying hardware. It also describes common operating system components like kernels, system calls, and memory management techniques like program overlays.
The document provides an overview of operating systems from multiple perspectives:
1) It defines an operating system as the program that controls and coordinates the use of hardware among application programs.
2) It discusses the goals of an operating system as efficient operation, ease of use, and maximizing resource utilization.
3) It describes the basic components of a computer system including CPU, memory, storage hierarchy, I/O structure, and how interrupts work.
The document provides an overview of operating system concepts from Chapter 1 of the textbook "Operating System Concepts" by Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne. It defines what an operating system is, describes the basic components and goals of a computer system, and types of operating systems. It also discusses the functions of an operating system including managing resources and controlling programs. The document outlines the hierarchy of storage devices, interrupt handling, I/O structure, and different computer system architectures including single processor, multi-processor, and clustered systems.
This chapter provides an introduction to operating systems, including their functions and components. It describes how operating systems act as intermediaries between users and computer hardware to manage resources and execute programs. It discusses the structure of computer systems and how they are composed of hardware, operating systems, application programs, and users. It also provides overviews of key operating system concepts like processes, memory management, storage management, and protection and security.
The document provides an overview of operating system concepts from the 9th edition of the textbook "Operating System Concepts" by Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne. It describes the basic components of a computer system including hardware, operating system, application programs, and users. It also summarizes key operating system concepts such as process management, memory management, storage management, protection and security. Finally, it discusses computer system organization, storage structure, interrupt handling, and input/output structures.
A wiki (/ˈwɪki/ (listen) WIK-ee) is an online hypertext publication collaboratively edited and managed by its own audience, using a web browser. A typical wiki contains multiple pages for the subjects or scope of the project, and could be either open to the public or limited to use within an organization for maintaining its internal knowledge base.
Wikis are enabled by wiki software, otherwise known as wiki engines. A wiki engine, being a form of a content management system, differs from other web-based systems such as blog software, in that the content is created without any defined owner or leader, and wikis have little inherent structure, allowing structure to emerge according to the needs of the users.[1] Wiki engines usually allow content to be written using a simplified markup language and sometimes edited with the help of a rich-text editor.[2] There are dozens of different wiki engines in use, both standalone and part of other software, such as bug tracking systems. Some wiki engines are open-source, whereas others are proprietary. Some permit control over different functions (levels of access); for example, editing rights may permit changing, adding, or removing material. Others may permit access without enforcing access control. Other rules may be imposed to organize content.
The online encyclopedia project, Wikipedia, is the most popular wiki-based website, and is one of the most widely viewed sites in the world, having been ranked in the top twenty since 2007.[3] Wikipedia is not a single wiki but rather a collection of hundreds of wikis, with each one pertaining to a specific language. In addition to Wikipedia, there are hundreds of thousands of other wikis in use, both public and private, including wikis functioning as knowledge management resources, note-taking tools, community websites, and intranets. The English-language Wikipedia has the largest collection of articles: as of February 2020, it has over 6 million articles. Ward Cunningham, the developer of the first wiki software, WikiWikiWeb, originally described wiki as "the simplest online database that could possibly work."[4] "Wiki" (pronounced [wiki][note 1]) is a Hawaiian word meaning "quick."[5][6][7]
This document provides an overview of operating system concepts from the textbook "Operating System Concepts - 9th Edition" by Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne. It describes the basic organization of computer systems, provides a high-level tour of major operating system components, and explores different computing environments and open-source operating systems. The document covers topics such as operating system structure, operations, process and memory management, storage management, and computer system architecture including multiprocessor and clustered systems.
The weekly email provides educators with important updates and information in an easy to understand format. It aims to keep readers informed on topics and changes. The goal is to provide exceptional service and help to readers and their friends or family. The opening section discusses changes to the Fortune 500 list, with Walmart regaining the top spot and energy companies dominating the top ten. Apple jumped into the top ten while HP fell due to shifts to smartphones and tablets.
The weekly email provides educators with important updates and information in an easy to understand format. It aims to keep readers informed on topics and changes. The goal is to provide exceptional service and help to readers and their friends or family. The opening section discusses changes to the Fortune 500 list, with Walmart regaining the top spot and energy companies dominating the top ten. Apple jumped into the top ten while HP fell due to shifts to smartphones and tablets.
The weekly email provides educators with important updates and information in an easy to understand format. It aims to keep readers informed on topics and changes. The goal is to provide exceptional service and help to readers and their friends or family. The opening section discusses changes to the Fortune 500 list, with Walmart regaining the top spot and energy companies dominating the top ten. Apple jumped into the top ten while HP fell due to shifts to smartphones and tablets.
The document provides an overview of database concepts and the entity-relationship (E/R) model. It discusses:
1) The main components of a database management system (DBMS) including the query processor, memory manager, and transaction manager.
2) The E/R model's key concepts - entities, relationships, and attributes - which are used to model real-world interactions like students taking courses from instructors.
3) An example E/R diagram for a college database showing entities like students, courses, and instructors connected by relationships like grades and advising.
This document is an email newsletter from Michael Snowhite of California Educators Financial & Insurance Services providing updates on important topics. It discusses the Fortune 500 list for 2012, with Walmart regaining the top spot. It also discusses how the US is becoming a global oil superpower due to increased production from shale oil and gas extraction techniques, and is projected to overtake Saudi Arabia as the world's top oil producer by 2020. Developing countries are also increasing their oil consumption and investments in refining.
The weekly email provides educators with important updates and information in an easy to understand format. It aims to keep readers informed on topics and changes. The goal is to provide exceptional service and help to readers and their friends or family. The opening section discusses changes to the Fortune 500 list, with Walmart regaining the top spot and energy companies dominating the top ten. Apple jumped into the top ten while HP fell due to shifts to smartphones and tablets.
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...indexPub
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,