1. The document discusses a presentation on tunnel ventilation system design for smoke control using performance-based approaches. It focuses on metro tunnels and underground stations. 2. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations are used to model smoke and airflow in tunnels and stations under normal, congested, and emergency fire conditions. CFD helps establish ventilation system capacities and ensure critical smoke velocities are achieved. 3. Tenability criteria of visibility, temperature, and carbon monoxide levels are assessed using CFD simulations to determine safe evacuation times and verify smoke control system designs. Examples of CFD models and results for an underground station are shown.

1. Conference on Fire Safety in Infrastructure:
Tunnel Ventilation System for Smoke Control – Performance Based Design
26th May 2021
Presented by –
Ritesh Singh

2. Tunnel Ventilation System for Smoke Control – Performance Based Design
Focused on Metro Tunnel and Underground Stations
26th May 2021

3. FIRE SAFETY OBJECTIVES – NFPA 550
Page 3
Operator Responsibility
Fire Engineer’s Responsibility
Also Includes Smoke Management

4. Contents
Page 4
• NORMAL MODE
• CONGESTION MODE
• FIRE EMERGENCY MODE
• CRTICAL VELOCITY CONCEPT
• A FEW SNAPSHOTS
Tunnel Ventilation
System Objectives–
Metro Tunnel
• USE OF COMPUTER SIMULATIONS
• TENABILITY CRITERIA
• A FEW EXAMPLES OF CFD MODEL AND RESULTS
Computational
Fluid Dynamics
(CFD SIMULATION)
• WHY USE PASSENGER FLOW MODEL
• A TYPICAL MODEL OF AN UG STATION
• RESULTS
Passenger Flow
Modelling

5. 1.
Tunnel Ventilation System Objectives– Metro Tunnel

6. TUNNEL VENTILATION OBJECTIVES
Page 6
Normal Mode Operation (Primary mechanism of tunnel ventilation: Piston Effect)
• Pressure transient –For passengers and wayside equipment
• Heat load at platform and concourse due to heat rejected by train and tunnel.
• 𝑇𝑡𝑢𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑙 ≤ 400𝐶 (varies)
To ensure proper operation of
way-side equipment in the
tunnel& on-board the trains

7. TUNNEL VENTILATION OBJECTIVES
Page 7
Congested Mode Operation (No Piston Effect):
• Occurs when operational problem prevent the “normal” movement of trains
and trains may wait at stations or in the tunnel.
No threat/danger to Passengers; Evacuation not necessary;
• Operation of TVS (Push-Pull) to ensure tunnel temperature within operating
limits of the train air conditioning equipment. [ Generally, Tavg <460C].

8. TUNNEL VENTILATION OBJECTIVES
Page 8
Emergency (Fire) Mode Operation:
• Train is on fire & stalled in the tunnel; evacuation of passengers and personnel;
• TVF operation to generate a velocity greater than or equal to critical velocity to
prevent smoke back-layering.
• Computer Simulations are needed
o to establish the TVF capacities
o To ensure critical velocity and avoid smoke overshooting
Front car fire
Rear car fire

9. Concept of Critical Velocity Explained
Page 9
Unventilated Tunnel Fire
Insufficient Ventilation
Direction of Smoke-flow
Achieved; Flow velocity >
Critical velocity

10. FIRE EMERGENCY SMOKE VENTILATION
Page 10
Station A Station B

11. A Few Snaps of Fan Arrangement
Page 11

12. 2.
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Simulations

13. Use of Computer Simulations (3D CFD Analysis)
Page 13
Where do we use CFD
Why do we use CFD
Design cases include:
 Ingenious air conditioning systems for sustainable design
(Air distribution & indoor environmental quality)
 Optimized smoke management solutions for complex building architecture
and subway stations (Fire & smoke modeling)
 Insightful strategies for cumbersome pollutant dispersion problems in
healthcare facilities, car parks etc.
(Wind simulations & dispersion modeling)
 Environmental mitigation of cooling tower plume in district cooling plants
(Central plant airflow simulations)
We have been successfully using CFD simulations to:
 Resolve complex design decisions. We integrate CFD with the design process at
schematic design phase for the assessment and verification of conceptual designs.
 Save design and construction costs. Optimize key design parameters and predict
resulting phenomena.
 Lead innovation in the building services sector/any built environment including tunnels.

14. Tenability Criteria Assessment using CFD (RSET vs ASET)
Page 14
Time of Tenability:
 NFPA 130 states that the platform should be evacuated in less than 4 minutes and the station
should be evacuated to a point of safety in less than 6 minutes.
 Allow safety margin
Tenability Criteria
 Visibility > 10 m
 Temperature < 600C
 CO concentration < 90 PPM
At 2.5m above Platform for 6 minutes after fire ignition
At 2.5m above Concourse for 8 minutes after fire ignition
Note:
 Tenable conditions doesn’t mean smoke free environment. Visibility criterion of 10m dictates that the
placement of exit signs shall be such that visibility levels are continuously maintained so as to discern:
 A sign illuminated at 7.5 ft-candles (80 lx) at 30 m
 Normally illuminated doors and walls through a distance of 10 m

15. A typical CFD Model of an UG Station
Page 15
Model Details and Major Assumptions

16. SIMULATION RESULTS
Page 16
Visibility Contours at 2.5m above Platform
Time = 3 min
Time = 6 min
Time = 0 min
Time = 10 min
Till 6 min, visibility is more than 10m and Tenable conditions are achieved
Starting from 10 minutes, visibility is falling below 10m

17. SIMULATION RESULTS
Page 17
Temperature Contours at 2.5m above Platform
Time = 10 min
Time = 6 min
Time = 0 min
Time = 3 min
Even after 10 min, Temperature < 500 C

18. SIMULATION RESULTS
Page 18
CO concentration at 2.5m above Platform
Even after 10 min, CO concentration < 20 PPM
Time = 10 min
Time = 6 min
Time = 0 min
Time = 3 min

19. SIMULATION RESULTS
Page 19
Visibility Contours at 2.5m above Concourse
Time = 6 min
Time = 0 min Time = 4 min
Time = 10 min
Even after 10 min, Visibility > 30m

20. SIMULATION RESULTS
Page 20
Temperature Contours at 2.5m above Concourse
Time = 6 min Time = 10 min
Time = 0 min Time = 4 min
Even after 10 min, Temperature < 400 C

21. SIMULATION RESULTS
Page 21
CO concentration at 2.5m above Concourse
Time = 6 min Time = 10 min
Time = 0 min Time = 4 min
Even after 10 min, CO concentration < 10 PPM

22. SIMULATION RESULTS
Page 22
Visibility Contours at central longitudinal section
Time = 0 min
Time = 3 min
Time = 6 min
Time = 10 min
Till 6 min, smoke layer is still in the ceiling !

23. SIMULATION RESULTS
Page 23
Animation:
Smoke Propagation
in the Station.
Click to Play

24. CFD Fire Modelling near Tunnel Portal
CFD Model Details and Major Assumptions
Page 24

25. Animation: Smoke Propagation in the Tunnel.
Page 25