The document discusses a metapopulation model for coral reef fish populations. It defines key concepts like patches that can be occupied or empty, local extinction rates, and dispersal between patches. The model considers patches that are reserves without fishing and patches that are fished. It assumes extinction is higher in fished patches. The model uses variables like the proportion of occupied reserve and fished patches. It shows reserves can prevent regional extinction by replenishing fished patches, thus enabling sustainable fishing. The simple model provides insights into how marine reserves can benefit fisheries through metapopulation dynamics.
It is as per the syllabus of M.Sc. NRM including detailed study of population ecology
It describes the meaning of population with respect to ecology and includes population attributes, dynamics, dispersal, Population growth models, survivorship curves and limitations.
It also entails factors that influence and regulate population growth on the basis of density.
It is as per the syllabus of M.Sc. NRM including detailed study of population ecology
It describes the meaning of population with respect to ecology and includes population attributes, dynamics, dispersal, Population growth models, survivorship curves and limitations.
It also entails factors that influence and regulate population growth on the basis of density.
Ppt is made vailable for public for scientifc use.
Population ecology concept and its characteristics explained by using practical examples in a simple language. data is significant for competitive examinations
Mathematical models can help to better manage fishing - Encyclopedia of the E...TeXt10
Fishing provides an important part of the food for people in some developing countries. This can lead to a worrying cascade of overfishing, collapsing catches
and rising market prices, and the extinction of many species. How can we prevent this situation from becoming catastrophic and, on the contrary, stabilize it?
Mathematical modelling, by coupling ecological and economic dynamics, provides a better understanding of the dynamics of fisheries systems.
Ppt is made vailable for public for scientifc use.
Population ecology concept and its characteristics explained by using practical examples in a simple language. data is significant for competitive examinations
Mathematical models can help to better manage fishing - Encyclopedia of the E...TeXt10
Fishing provides an important part of the food for people in some developing countries. This can lead to a worrying cascade of overfishing, collapsing catches
and rising market prices, and the extinction of many species. How can we prevent this situation from becoming catastrophic and, on the contrary, stabilize it?
Mathematical modelling, by coupling ecological and economic dynamics, provides a better understanding of the dynamics of fisheries systems.
is it possible to counter the effects of overfishing and pollution, and at the same time provide a 'Noah's Ark' type vessel just in case mother nature needs to re-balance things herself? To me this is entirely possible, and well advised.
When a population of spotted salamanders in an area of vernal pools re.pdfaadyaenterprisesnoid
When a population of spotted salamanders in an area of vernal pools remains stable for many
years and the population has stabilized because of resource limits, then carrying capacity has
been reached. density dependence is not involved. predation has decreased. density independence
occurs. Exponential growth, when graphed, appears as a(n) straight line. "S" curve. "J" curve.
wavy line that goes up and down regularly. A biologist wants to estimate the size of a population
of turtles in a lake. She captures 18 turtles on her first visit to the lake, and marks their backs
with paint. A week later she returns to the lake and captures 18 turtles. Five of these 18 turtles
have paint on their backs, indicating that they are recaptured animals. Using this information,
biologist calculate the total salamander population in the lake is about 5 15 2 10 What pattern of
population growth corresponds to the principle of a carrying capacity? S-shaped bell-shaped J-
shaped a straight line To measure the population of lake trout, 4 Q individual trout were netted
and marked with a fin clip, then returned to the lake. The next week, the lake was netted again,
and out of the 480 lake trout that were caught, 5 had fin clips. Using the markrecapture estimate,
the lake trout population size could be closest to which of the following? 1680 408 50 320
Which of the following methods will provide information to an ecologist about both the size and
density of a population? mark and release quadrat life table mark and recapture Ants living in
acacia trees attack any predators of the tree. In return, the ants live protected in the thorns of the
tree and eat the nectar and protein-rich secretions of the tree. What term describes this
relationship? competition commensalism mutualism parasitism A community ecologist might
study: all the members of a single species that live together in a single geographic area. the
interactions among species living in a single area. the behavior of a species in its natural
environment. the rates of increase or decrease in the population size of individual species in
different environments. Which term best describes the relationship between leaf cutter ants and
the plants? Leaf Cutter Ants Jangle: How Nature Works Frnm Title: (3) Intobase. All rights
Reserved. Lengtn: 03:03 mutualism communism commensalism predation Cattle egrets hitch a
ride on domestic cows and eat insects that are stirred up by their activity. What term describes
this relationship? competition commensalism parasitism predation What role would an owl that
eats a seed-eating mouse perform in a food chain? secondary consumer producer primary
consumer tertiary consumer The North Atlantic Right Whale, Eubalaena glacialis, was called the
"right whale" because they were the best whale for early whalers to kill. They have long baleen
and lots of blubber and oil. When killed, they could be towed back to land for processing
because they float. They once numbered in the millions, but.
Analyses of Community Attributes of Meiofauna Under A Pollution Regime in the...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— Meiofauna community attributes of the lower Bonny estuary was investigated under a pollution regime. This is germane because of the strategic importance of meiofauna in the food chain and the sustenance of any aquatic ecosystem. Five stations representing diverse land based activities such as refuse dump site, fuel depot, fishing-landing areas, residential housing and a station located upstream (control) were chosen for investigation. The meiofauna samples were collected from sediments in three replicate spots per station per sampling months at low tide. Sediment samples were stirred through (63-212nm) meshes to separate meiofauna and organic debris. Meiofauna samples were processed by first washing Meiofauna through a sieve of fine mesh size made of silk material, in order to wash off formation and excess silt or mud. Meiofauna samples were sorted out and identified using standard keys. Result from field studies indicate that meiofauna population abundance and diversity varied slightly between stations and seasons. There was however, no established trend. Meiofauna were generally more abundant in the rainy season than in the dry season. In general, pollution indicator meiofaunal taxa were more in all stations except the control station; the increasing impact of pollutants in the river led to a rise in the relative abundance of r-strategist genera like Chromadora. We conclude that the application of meiofaunal indices can be a useful tool for assessing the environmental quality of estuarine ecosystems.
Intact Oceans and Their Benefits, by Edward Lohnes, Conservation InternationalWILD Foundation
"Intact Oceans and their Benefits" is posted by permission of Edward Lohnes and Conservation International to inform and inspire action for the conservation of marine wilderness.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
1. The Metapopulation Ecology
of Coral Reef Fishes
Presented by- Hina Chaudhary
Population Ecology
Source: Coral Reef Alliance
2. Introduction
Coral reefs are shallow water, tropical marine ecosystems which are
characterized by a remarkably high biomass production and a rich faunal and
floral diversity perhaps unequaled by any other habitat.
Corals require certain conditions to occur and can flourish only in relatively
shallow waters, exposed to direct sunlight, with optimum temperature of 23-
25°c and free from suspended sediments.
The structure of a reef is formed by the calcareous skeleton that houses
corals, a type of soft-bodied, radially symmetrical, marine invertebrates of the
phylum coelenterate. Individuals of a colony are called polyps or hydroids.
Coral Reefs of India: Review of Their Extent, Condition, Research and Management Status by Vineeta Hoon
3. Millions of coral skeletons cemented together over a period ranging from a few
thousand to millions of years give rise to such reefs.
Reefs can vary enormously in structure and complexity and are roughly divided
into three major types.
1. Fringing reefs', reefs
that grow close to the
shore and extend out into
the sea like a submerged
platform.
Eg- Greater Caribbean
Reef
2. Barrier reef: reefs
separated from the land by
wide expanses of water
and follow the coastline.
Eg- Great barrier Reef
3. Atolls: a roughly circular
ring of reefs surrounding a
lagoon, a low lying island,
common in the Indian and
South pacific oceans.
Eg- The Pacific ocean
Coral Reefs of India: Review of Their Extent, Condition, Research and Management Status by Vineeta Hoon
4. Strategies to protect Coral Reef
MPAs or Marine Protection Areas are one of the most prominent forms of reef
management. They promote responsible fishing practices and habitat protection.
In Australia, the Great Barrier Reef is protected by the Great Barrier Reef Marine
Park Authority, including a Biodiversity Action Plan.
In India, Gulf of Mannar –Marine biosphere reserve ,Tamil Nadu,1980.
Why they are at risk?
Coral reefs have been suffering a major threat from climate change, ocean
acidification, blast fishing, cyanide fishing, coral mining, pollution, over
fishing and the digging of canals. This has been increasing for the past 10 – 20
years.
It is estimated that 10% of the world’s coral reefs have already died at that
60% are at risk of human threats. 80% of the coral reefs in South East Asia
are endangered.
(Wilkinson, Clive (2008))
5. A Metapopulation model to see how marine
reserves might help to conserve such
populations and benefit fisheries.
Using the Metapopulation model, they show how reserves can be used to control the
equilibrium of the Metapopulation in such a way that the exploitable stock and
sustainable yield are maximized.
6. •Patch is considered to exist in 2 states, Occupied and Empty
Proportion (p) of all patches that are occupied (0 ≤p≤ 1).
Local population within each patch has a constant rate of extinction (e), so the
proportion of occupied patches decreases at rate (ep)
This decrease is countered by dispersal of propagules from occupied patches to
empty ones.
Basic assumptions of a Metapopulation
The model defines two kinds of patches."
(i) Those open to fishing and
(ii) Those maintained as reserves free from exploitation
7. The rate at which individuals from a occupied patch reach to another patch is
given by the constant m, and the total rate at which these successful migrations
occur is mp.
Since the proportion of occupied patches only increases if the recipient patch
was previously unoccupied, the proportion of occupied patches increases at the
rate mp(1-p).
The flux in p is given by the equation
Eqn-1
8. Metapopulation
Assumption Models
Spatially Implicit Model
(Levin Model)
Infinite, discrete patches
with variations.
Patches are equally
connected via migration
Spatially Explicit Model
Many patches without variation
in patch size and quality.
Migration is distance dependent
Spatially Realistic Model
Finite number of relatively
small patches.
Decline with distance.
Patches are occupied and empty.
9. Model for an exploited metapopulation with
reserves
First, local patches are defined, a priori, to be of two types: either maintained as
reserves or open to exploitation.
Second, the state of a patch is determined by whether or not it contains
individuals recruited to the fishery.
Third, the assumption that local extinction of recruited individuals is a
consequence of exploitation.
10. First, local patches are defined, a priori, to be of two types:
either maintained as reserves or open to exploitation.
We consider a region in which a proportion q1 of the patches is to be held
unexploited as marine reserves and a proportion q2 (where q2 = 1 - q1) is to be
exploited.
The proportion q1 is taken to be the principal parameter controlled in the
management of the fishery. The Metapopulation lives in both kinds of patch, and it
is assumed that the rate of successful migration m from a given patch requires only
that the patch is occupied, not on its status as a reserve or exploited area.
On the other hand, the rate of local extinction, e1 and e2 for reserves and
exploited patches respectively, is likely to be greater in the presence of fishing, so
they assume e1 << e2.
This difference in the behavior of local populations in reserves and exploited
patches means that the model has two dimensions.
11. Second, the state of a patch is determined by whether or
not it contains individuals recruited to the fishery
The two state variables p1 and p2 describe respectively the proportion of
reserve patches and of exploited patches in which recruited individuals are
present (where 0 ≤ p1 ≤ q1 and 0 ≤ p2 ≤ q2).
Since m is independent of whether the donor patch is exploited or maintained as
a reserve, the total rate of successful migration is the product m(p1+p2).
Migration increases the proportion of reserve patches containing recruited fishes
at a rate that depends on the proportion of reserve patches unoccupied
m(p1+p2)(q1-p1); in the same way migration increases the proportion of
exploited patches with recruited fishes at the rate m(pl+p2)(q2-p2).
Positive effects of migration are countered by local extinctions in reserves and
exploited patches; the rate at which the proportion of occupied patches decreases
through exploitation is e1p1 and e2p2 respectively.
13. Third, the assumption that local extinction of recruited
individuals is a consequence of exploitation
Exploitation is assumed to give rise to a substantial local extinction rate, so
that e2 > 0.
In contrast, reserves, because they are not fished, are assumed to experience a
negligible rate e1 = 0. The dynamics are then given by
c = e2/m.
Eqn-3
14. Extinction rate in reserves in eqn (3), that all reserve patches typically become
colonized by fishes. The reserves then replenish the exploited patches in which
the fishes are absent.
Fig. 1. Phase portrait of the p1, p2 space, with ql = 0.4, m =0.7 and e2 = 0.5.
The lines indicate the orbits of
numerical solutions of eqn (3)
from different initial conditions.
• equilibrium point to which
the orbits tend. All solutions are
confined to the region
0 ≤ p1 ≤ 0.4, 0 ≤ p2 ≤ 0.6.
15. Once at equilibrium, it is straightforward to determine
(i) the proportion of local patches that should be held as reserves to maximize
the exploitable stock at equilibrium, and
(ii) the benefit of these reserves to the fishery in terms of the equilibrium yield.
16. Conclusion
Reserves should have the effect of preventing regional extinction of heavily
exploited Metapopulation by providing a source for the replenishment of
fished-out local patches so that sustainable exploitation is possible in the
future.
A system much simplified from the real world. It has the advantages of
simplicity, allowing us to see some important basic relationships.
Methods of Metapopulation dynamics become important tool/method in the
field of Conservation Biology
17. References
Man, Alias, Richard Law, and Nicholas VC Polunin. "Role of marine reserves in
recruitment to reef fisheries: a metapopulation model." Biological
Conservation 71.2 (1995): 197-204.
Wilkinson, Clive (2008) Status of Coral Reefs of the World: Executive Summary
Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network
Coral Reefs of India: Review of Their Extent, Condition, Research and
Management Status by Vineeta Hoon