Mesopotamia was the site of one of the earliest civilizations, located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. This region, known as the Fertile Crescent, could support agriculture due to rich soil deposits carried by seasonal floods. Several city-states arose independently, though they shared the same culture, with each having its own government. Temple ziggurats were central to cities and religion centered around polytheism. Society consisted of priests and nobility ruling over merchants, craftsmen, peasants, and slaves. The first empire was formed by Sargon of Akkad, and later the Babylonian Empire arose, notable for the Code of Hammurabi. Writing developed into the cune
Mesopotamia and the Near East: Foundation of Western CulturePaulVMcDowell
Traces the history of Mesopotamia from the Sumerians to the Assyrians and Babylon, looks at the pantheon, including Innana, the goddess of love and war, the epic of Gilgamesh, and allied topics
We covered Origin,Geography and Timeline of Mesopotamia.There were many civilization in Mesopotamia but we only covered Sumerian Civilization because it had been told to us by our faculty.I hope you guys like this!
Mesopotamia and the Near East: Foundation of Western CulturePaulVMcDowell
Traces the history of Mesopotamia from the Sumerians to the Assyrians and Babylon, looks at the pantheon, including Innana, the goddess of love and war, the epic of Gilgamesh, and allied topics
We covered Origin,Geography and Timeline of Mesopotamia.There were many civilization in Mesopotamia but we only covered Sumerian Civilization because it had been told to us by our faculty.I hope you guys like this!
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2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
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Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
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2. Four early River Valley Civilizations
Mesopotamian Civilization - Tigris & Euphrates Rivers
Egyptian Civilization - Nile River
Indian Civilization - Indus River
Ancient China - Huang He (Yellow) River
4. Geography of Mesopotamia
Mostly dry desert climate in SW Asia
(Middle East) Except in region between
Tigris and Euphrates rivers
SW Asia
(the Middle East)
Fertile
Crescent
A flat plain known as Mesopotamia
lies between the two rivers
It is called the Fertile Crescent because
have a rich soil
5. City-States in Mesopotamia
Although all the cities shared the same culture
Each city had its own government, rulers, warriors,
it’s own patron god, and functioned like an
independent country
Mesopotamian cities were Ur, Uruk, Kish, Lagesh
At center of each city was the temple: a ziggurat (a
massive, tiered, pyramid-shaped structure).
6.
7. The Ziggurat at Ur was first excavated by British archaeologist
Woolley in 1923.
10. Three social classes
a. Priests and nobility (kings)
b. Craftmens and Merchants
c. Ordinary workers: Peasants
Slaves: were not free citizens
Women had more rights than in many later
civilizations, but not allowed to attend schools
(could not read or write)
Mesopotamian Society
11. Mesopotamian Society
Powerful priests held much political power in the
beginning.
Military commanders eventually became monarch
creating a new structure of government called a
Dynasty.
Dynasty is a series of rulers descending from a single
family line
12. First Empire in Mesopotamia
3000 – 2000 B.C. the City-States began to war
with each other.
Sargon of Akkad (2350 B.C.) He took control
of the region, creating world’s first empire -
when several peoples, nations, or previously
independent states are placed under the
control of one ruler.
15. The most famous king of Babylonian Empire was
Hammurabi [1792-1750 B.C.]
Famous Code of Law
“the punishment
fits the crime” and
“eye for an eye”
He took all the laws of the region’s city-states and
unified them into one code. This helped unify the
region.
16. One of the first writing systems - Cuneiform
Mesopotamian culture
17. The Epic of Gilgamesh is, perhaps, the oldest
written story on Earth. It is about the adventures
of the cruel King Gilgamesh of Uruk.
It contains a “flood story” that predates the
Hebrew Old Testament story of Noah by at least
2000 years.
It was written on 12 clay tablets in cuneiform
script.
Mesopotamian culture
Editor's Notes
The Babylonian civilization, which endured from the 18th until the 6th century BC, was, like the Sumerian that preceded it, urban in character, although based on agriculture rather than industry. The country consisted of a dozen or so cities, surrounded by villages and hamlets. At the head of the political structure was the king, a more or less absolute monarch who exercised legislative and judicial as well as executive powers.
The Babylonians modified and transformed their Sumerian heritage in accordance with their own culture and ethos. The resulting way of life proved to be so effective that it underwent relatively little change for some 1200 years. It exerted influence on all the neighboring countries, especially the kingdom of Assyria, which adopted Babylonian culture almost in its entirety.
More than 1200 years had elapsed from the glorious reign of Hammurabi to the subjugation of Babylonia by the Persians. During this long span of time the Babylonian social structure, economic organization, arts and crafts, science and literature, judicial system, and religious beliefs underwent considerable modification, but generally only in details, not in essence. Grounded almost wholly on the culture of Sumer, Babylonian cultural achievements left a deep impression on the entire ancient world, and particularly on the Hebrews and the Greeks. Even present-day civilization is indebted culturally to Babylonian civilization to some extent. For instance, Babylonian influence is pervasive throughout the Bible and in the works of such Greek poets as Homer and Hesiod, in the geometry of the Greek mathematician Euclid, in astronomy, in astrology, and in heraldry. Babylonian legal concepts have been inherited, in one form or another, by many civilizations around the world. Babylonian art and architecture continues to amaze contemporary historians. One such example, a wonder of the ancient world, was the Babylonian Hanging Gardens.
Cylinder seal of Ibni-sharrum, a scribe of Shar-kali-sharri (left) and impression (right), ca. 2183–2159 B.C.; Akkadian, reign of Shar-kali-sharri. Mesopotamia. Cuneiform inscription in Old Akkadian. Serpentine; H. 3.9 cm (1 1/2 in.); Diam. 2.6 cm (1 in.). Musée du Louvre, Département des Antiquités Orientales, Paris AO 22303.
This seal, which according to the cuneiform inscription belonged to Ibni-sharrum, the scribe of king Shar-kali-sharri, is one of the finest examples of the perfection achieved by the engravers of the Akkadian period. Two nude heroes with long curls are represented kneeling on one knee in a strictly symmetrical composition. Each of them holds a vase with water gushing forth, a symbol of fertility and abundance; two water buffalo are drinking from them. Underneath, a river winds its way between the mountains, represented in a conventional manner by a motif composed of two lines of scales. In the center of the composition, the text panel containing the inscription is supported on the backs of the buffalo. These animals are evidence of the relations existing between the Akkadian Empire and the region of Meluhha, identified with the Indus Valley, where they originated. The engraver carefully detailed their powerful musculature and their spectacular horns, which he depicted as they appear on Indus seals in a view from above. The calm equilibrium of the composition, based on horizontal and vertical lines, confers on this minuscule relief a monumentality entirely characteristic of the late Akkadian period style. Seals of this quality were the monopoly of relatives of the royal family or of high officials, and probably came from a workshop, where production was reserved for these elite figures.