MEP services in High rise buildings.pptx

• Fakhar Abbas
Shahrukh
Hasaan H rehman
Ameer Hamza
Farhan Ahmad
Ali Ramzan
Romaisa
Ahmad Tariq
Malik Ahmad
Hannan
PRESENTED BY:

What is MEP
In the construction world, MEP stands for “mechanical,
electrical and plumbing.” MEP engineering is the science
and art of planning, designing and managing the MEP
systems of a building.
MEP systems:
MEP (Mechanical, Electrical & Plumbing) covers the whole range of
building services. Building services are the systems, installed in
buildings that make them comfortable, functional, efficient, and
safe. MEP systems are generally not part of the constructional
elements of a building, but do interfere with the building envelope.
Also, MEP components like piping and ducts can be integrated in
(prefab) building elements

MEP Provisions in High rise
In a building construction program MEP execution came
into at a very advanced stage and last till the
final handing over of the building to user.
At the early phases of construction planners and
structural engineers require input from MEP engineers
keep the provisions for the selected MEP system in the
buildings.

MEP System
Common requirements of high rise and low rise buildings
Environment
Power & Communication Network
Plumbing Utilities
Fire Alarm and Fire Fighting System
Earthling system and security
Specific requirements of high rise buildings
Means of exists (fire escape)
Vertical transportation and garbage shoots
Utilities distribution and management of MEP services
Equipment placement and provisions for future maintenance and
replacement
Lightening protection
External façade illumination

Environment
Temperature, Humidity, Air motion, Air purity or quality, Air
changes per hour, air and water velocity requirements,
local climate, space pressure requirements, capacity
requirements, redundancy, spatial requirements, security
concerns,

Plumbing
Water Supply distribution booster system v/s gravity based tank
supply.
Provisions of pressure reducers and Isolation valves
Filling arrangement for overhead tank, provision of buffer tank at
intermediate floor.
Balcony/trace drain, roof drains
Drainage risers to be located strategically with access for regular
maintenance
Transfer floor v/s drainage offset
Centralized drinking water system

Fire Fighting
Fire zoning and compartments
Sprinkler system with zone control valves
Fire hose cabinets for occupants
Dry Risers/Fire hose cabinets for fire fighters
Centralized Fire Alarm system in fire rated conduits
Gas based fire fighting system for protection of big ticket
equipment
NFPA/BS Codes must be followed

Earthing / Electrical System
System earthling network to be provided at each locations
Body earthling for central equipment
NEC/BS codes must be followed
Security
CCTV
electronic access to various areas to be provided
Parking management system

MEP systems with a relation to indoor environment and energy usage. These systems are:
 Heating & cooling (with heat pump);
 Mechanical ventilation (with heat recovery);
 Solar hot water;
 LED lighting.
.
Heat pump system:
A heat pump moves heat from the source to the distribution circuit and adds heat through
compression. The working principle is based on the transfer of latent heat and the dependence of the boiler
temperature on fluid pressure. A heat pump is composed of four main components (compressor, expansion valve,
condenser, and evaporator).

Hot source & Cold source (ATES-Aquifer Thermal Energy
Storage):
An aquifer is a permeable layer of sand containing
water. The layer is vertically separated by impermeable layers
that typically consist of clay. The hot and cold source can be
located at different depth in different aquifers or in the same
layer with a certain horizontal distance in order to prevent short-
circuiting. A source consists of a well drilled into the ground,
typically to a depth of 30 m to 150 m. Where a perforated tube
injects or extracts the ground water from the aquifer making use
of a pressure difference inside the well. For this purpose, the well
is closed off at the top. In the summer period, cold ground water
is extracted from the aquifer and used to cool the building. The
heat that is extracted from the building it is transferred to the
water and inserted in the hot source. During heating season, the
hot ground water is extracted from the hot source, when the
heat is transferred to the building the cooled water is in turn
injected in the cold source.

Gas fired Boiler:
A gas-fired boiler is often used to
satisfy the peak heating demand. When the heat
pump has to satisfy the peak demand, it will
become very large. The result of a large heat pump
is a decrease in efficiency at periods of low demand
and a high initial investment. The gas-fired boiler
only operates when the heat pump operates at full
capacity. It is important that the return
temperature to the gas fired boiler is sufficiently
low to allow condensation of the exhaust gasses.
Without condensation, the efficiency of the boiler is
strongly reduced. This applies to the distribution
system but also to the temperature regulation
system, mechanisms where heated water is mixed
with the return water should be prevented.

Hydraulic system optimization:
This hydronic system optimization tool returns the optimal sizes and settings of the hydronic
system, such as pipes, pumps and valves but also test the control strategies of the installation. These settings
are to be stored in the BIM and serve as self-instruction and reference for self-inspection for the on-site worker
who administers the settings to the component

Introduction:
Ventilation is the intentional introduction of outside air into
a space or room. It is mainly used to control indoor air quality by diluting
and displacing indoor pollutants, such as CO2. It can be categorized as
either mechanical ventilation, or natural ventilation. Mechanical ventilation
uses fans to drive the flow of outside air into a building and natural
ventilation is the intentional passive flow of outside air into a building
through planned openings (such as louvers, doors, and windows). Natural
ventilation does not require mechanical systems to move outside air, it
relies entirely on passive physical phenomena, such as wind pressure, or
the stack effect.
There are four recognized ventilation systems that vary from
completely natural ventilation to mixed ventilation and mechanical
ventilation. These systems are often indicated with the letters A to D.
 System A: natural air exhaust and air supply;
 System B: natural air exhaust and mechanical air supply (rare);
 System C: natural air supply and mechanical air exhaust;
 System D: mechanical air exhaust and mechanical air supply
(balanced ventilation).
Ventilation system

System A: natural air exhaust and air supply:
System A is an installation that does not contain any electrical driven
components. Fresh air is supplied naturally through vents built in the
windows. The air intake of these vents can be adjusted manually.
Polluted air is expelled via vertical ducts in toilets, bathroom and/or
kitchen or also through the vents in the windows. Air flow is caused by
pressure differences between the building and its surrounding.
System B: natural air exhaust and mechanical air supply (rare);
A controlled supply of fresh outside air is forced through the
building using a fan and the outdoor air is transported into the
building by ducts. The air exhaust takes place on a natural way
by ventilation openings, windows, or shafts because of the forced
overpressure in the building. An air filter can be used to clean the
incoming air. Because of the mechanically produced over
pressure in the building, the system is less dependent on the
weather conditions than a completely natural ventilation system.

System C: natural air supply and mechanical air exhaust;
The mechanical air exhaust system creates an under-
pressure in the building, through which this system is also, like
system B, less dependent to weather conditions than completely
natural ventilation. The mechanical air exhaust creates a
pressure difference over the ventilation openings, so air is suck
in. A controllable exhaust fan controls the ventilation capacity. In
residential buildings exhaust takes place from at least the
kitchen, the bathroom, and the toilet. In non-residential buildings
suction mostly takes place from the corridor. Exhaust air ducts
are needed.
System D: mechanical air exhaust and mechanical air supply
(balanced ventilation).
In this system, the supply air and the exhaust air are transported
mechanically. In comparison with the other three systems the
advantages of balanced ventilation are the possibility of
extracting heat from the exhaust air and use it to preheat the
fresh air supply (heat recovery). Like system B it is possible to
use preheating, pre-cooling, humidifying and/or an air filter.
By controlling the ventilators, it is possible to control the ventilation capacity of the
system. For proper functioning of the system the building must be sufficiently airtight.

Air Handling Units (AHU):
Circulation, filtration, heating,
cooling, heat recovery, humidifying,
dehumidifying and mixing of air. The more
functions an air handling unit has, the greater
its influence is on the energy performance and
indoor environmental quality of a building. Air
handlers usually connect to a ductwork
ventilation system that distributes the
conditioned air through the building and
returns it to the air handling unit. Sometimes
air handling units supply and return air directly
to and from the space served without
ductwork, like for example in a packaged
rooftop unit.

Fans:
A fan is a rotary bladed machine, used to
maintain a continuous flow of air. The fan is the
heart of the air handling unit and a significant
energy user in a building. Commissioning and re-
commissioning fans and drives is a key factor for
ensuring that a building’s efficiency goals are met
over the life of the building.
Filters:
All ventilation systems employ a filtration
system. These requirements are driven by the need
to maintain indoor air quality (IAQ), protect the
occupants from airborne hazards and
contaminants, or maintain cleanliness in an
occupied zone or production area.

Heat Recovery Element (HRE):
A heat recovery device of many types is used in an air handling system
between supply and return airstreams for energy savings. The amount of energy that is
transferred by the heat exchanger is known as its ‘effectiveness’ or ‘efficiency’. If a heat
exchanger were to be able to transfer the entire energy from one medium to another, it
would be rated at 100% efficiency.
Humidifiers: Active humidification systems are complex, expensive to operate,
and maintenance intensive, so these systems are seldom employed unless they
are essential. Eliminating unnecessary humidification systems can yield
substantial benefits. Active humidification is an energy intensive process that can
also create moisture problems if not properly designed, installed, and
implemented. Thus, the commissioning of these systems can be critical to their
success. Methods for humidification include:
 Direct or indirect steam injection
 Evaporative approaches
 Compressed air driven
 Ultrasonic
 Air washers
 Sprayed coils

Ventilation Units:
A ‘ventilation unit’ (VU) is an electricity driven appliance
equipped with at least one impeller, one motor and a casing and
intended to replace utilized air by outdoor air in a building or a part of
a building.
There are two different types of VUs:
 Unidirectional ventilation units (UVUs):
Ventilation units producing an air flow in one direction only,
either from indoors to outdoors (exhaust) or from outdoors to indoors
(supply), where the mechanically produced air flow is balanced by
natural air supply or exhaust;
 Bidirectional ventilation units (BVU):
Ventilation units producing an air flow between indoors and
outdoors and are equipped with both exhaust and supply fans.

Duct Systems:
The distribution system (ducts) provides the
path between the outer air, the air handling system and the
terminal equipment that distributes the conditioned air. While
relatively passive, it can often account for a significant portion
of the system’s energy consumption due to the static pressure
requirement it imposes on the fan. Ducts can be constructed
from plate material or plastic on-site, but can also be
integrated in (prefab) construction elements.
Silencers:
A silencer is used for the noise absorption generated
by the ventilation units and spreading via the air ducts of the
ventilation system. In order to select the right silencer, the
design of the ventilation system and its components must be
known. Also, the ‘rule of thumb’ is used too often, causing
noise problems in the building.

Dampers and valves:
A damper is a valve or plate that stops or regulates the flow of
air inside a duct, air handling unit or other air handling equipment. A
damper can be used to regulate air flow rate for room-by-room
temperature and climate control. Its operation can be manual or
automatic. Manual dampers are turned by a handle on the outside of
a duct. Automatic dampers are used to regulate airflow constantly and
are operated by electric or pneumatic motors.
Air Terminal Devices (ATDs):
Components of the installation which are designed for
the purpose of achieving the predetermined movement of air into or
from the treated space. The terminal equipment associated with an
HVAC system provides the interface between the HVAC process that
conditions the air and the occupants and processes occurring in the
space.

Control system:
The control system or building automation system is
the operator of the ventilation system. It operates the fan,
heating/cooling elements, humidifiers, dampers, valves, and terminal
equipment. The most common functions are the control of space
temperature and indoor air quality and thus cannot be seen
completely separate from the heating/cooling system. In addition to
these functions, ventilation specific function like humidity control and
filtration systems can be employed.
Solar hot water system:
Solar thermal systems are one of the main current
installed HVAC/MEP systems in building with the aim of generation
Domestic Hot Water (DHW). It is the main renewable sources for
generation of this energy. Solar thermal systems use free energy from
the sun (solar radiation) to produce useful heat in a first instance.

Solar collectors:
By nature, the collectors are the most visible of all
solar thermal components – they are typically mounted
on the roof of a building, but can also be placed on the
façade, on balconies or mounted on ground structures. All
collector types have in common that solar irradiation is
absorbed by a dark – often black or dark-blue – surface,
which heats up and from which the heat is transferred
directly or indirectly.
Pump:
For pumped systems, the use of electricity for
pumps should be kept as low as possible, and therefore
over dimensioning of the power of the pump should be
avoided.

Heat exchanger:
For the transfer of the heat
gained from the sun to the domestic hot
water, a heat exchanger is required in
twin circuit systems. We can
differentiate between internal and
external heat exchangers.

LED Lighting Systems:
Lighting systems are
installed to provide a building with
artificial lighting when natural
lighting is insufficient or unavailable.
This can be because a space has no
windows, insufficient windows, or
when the space is to be used at
times when there is insufficient
daylight. Lighting can be provided by
different types of systems, currently
most office buildings are lit using
fluorescent lighting.

• As an alternative to the problematic older high rise HVAC choices, builders and developers are looking to a newer
technology called Variable Refrigerant Flow, or VRF systems.
• VRF has been the high rise HVAC system of choice in Japan and Europe for many years. Yet VRF systems have only
been introduced in the US within the past decade or so, and have been quickly gaining popularity due to the
efficiencies of the system and the superior comfort levels they can provide.
• The VRF system is consists of a large condensing unit that feeds numerous smaller air handlers throughout the
space. It’s air-cooled, which eliminates both the danger of water leaks and the need for chemical treatments to
prevent the growth of bacteria. Here are some of the reasons why more builders are choosing the VRF system for
high rise residential construction projects.
Advantages of VRF systems for high rise buildings
CUSTOM COMFORT: The system is capable of varying the amount of refrigerant being piped to individual air handlers
(hence the name), which gives VRF technology an unequalled ability to provide customized heating and cooling via
multiple zones within a space. This customization also helps with the issues of varying demand between upper and
lower floors.
ENERGY EFFICIENCY: The technology used by the VRF system minimizes energy consumption. The system is also
designed to reuse heat given off in the condensing process to provide heat in other areas of the space, so it can be
used for supplemental heating.
QUIET OPERATION: The use of smaller air handlers, and lack of ducts for many installations, means quiet for the
homeowner.
LESS SPACE REQUIREMENTS: Those smaller air handlers also translate to less indoor space required to house the
units.
MORE DEPENDABLE: Since the compressor runs at a lower capacity in a VRF system, there is less wear and tear, which
results in fewer breakdowns
VRF SYSTEMS: THE HIGH RISE HVAC SYSTEM OF CHOICE

Heat recovery VRF
systems are more
efficient as they
harvest the heat
given off by the
building and recycles
it for better efficiency
and can save the
energy costs upto
33%.

Multi Zone HVAC
systems can offer
efficient climate control
by offering different
zones for different areas
of any space.

Multi Zone VRF HVAC Systems
can provide us with the ability
and flexibility of having multiple
zones with independent heating
and cooling systems and
multiple temperature zones. This
helps keeping the optimum
temperatures for spaces like
food storage or spaces with
items that need specific
temperature

FIRE DETECTION AND ALARM SYSTEM
● FIRE ALARM SYSTEM: number of devices working
together to detect smoke, fire and carbon monoxide
through visual and audio appliances.
● PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEM: electronic sound
amplifier and distributer system with a
microphone, amplifier and loudspeakers-
addressing the larger crowd.
Fire Alarm Systems
Public address system

SMART DETECTORS
MANUAL BREAK
GLASS OPERATOR

1. Conventional Fire Alarm Systems
In a Conventional Fire Alarm System, physical cabling
is used to interconnect several call points and
detectors, the signals from which are wired back to the
main control unit.
Call points and detectors are arranged in “Zones” to
simplify locating the cause of the alarm, this is
important for both the fire brigade and general building
management.
Each zone is indicated at the Fire Alarm Control Panel
either with an indicator lamp, a text display or in some
cases both.

2. Addressable Fire Alarm Systems
The detection circuit is wired as a loop.
It is common for the loop to be fitted with Loop
Isolation Modules so that the loop is sectioned
in order to ensure that a short circuit or single
fault will only cause the loss of a small part of
the system; allowing the rest of the system to
function normally

3. Intelligent Fire Alarm Systems
Intelligent Fire Alarm system, each detector
effectively incorporates its own computer
which evaluates the environment around it
and communicates to the Control Panel
whether there is a fire, fault or the detector
head needs cleaning.
Intelligent Fire Alarm Systems are available in
2, 4, and 8 loop versions which means large
premises can be monitored from one single
panel.

4. Wireless Fire Alarm Systems
Wireless Fire Alarm System.
These are an effective alternative to
traditional wired fire alarm systems for all
applications. They utilize secure, license-
free radio communications to interconnect
the sensors and devices with the
controllers.

SCHEMATIC- ACCESS CONTROL ROOM

CCTV AND SECURITY SYSTEMS
● An analogue camera is a
traditional camera used in CCTV
systems. It sends video over cable
to VCRs or DVRs.
● IP cameras are all digital
cameras that can send signals
over cable to be stored in the
network. Many security camera
systems today are hybrid systems
incorporating both analogue and
digital components.

Building Management system
BMS, connects all the equipment into centralized
mannar. It controls, monitors and optimizes the
MEP equipments using hardware and software
components.
Microprocessor
based controllers,
connecting directly
to these equipments
Data received by the system translate into graphical user interface

INTRODUCTION
Sewage:
•Also known as waste water
•The liquid waste obtained from a community.
•Includes discharges from latrines, urinals, & stables
•Discharges from industry & rainfall are also included
Types of Sewage:
a. Sanitary Sewage
b. Industrial Sewage
c. Combined Sewage
a. Sanitary Sewage:
• Also known as Domestics Sewage
• The foul discharges from residential &
commercial area
• It mainly includes discharges from
latrines, urinals, laundry etc
b. Industrial Sewage:
• The foul discharges from
industries
• It includes discharges produced
during the manufacturing of goods
c. Combined Sewage:
• Combination of Sanitary sewage &
Storm water
• Storm water is rain & snow melt that
runs off surfaces such as rooftops,
paved streets, highways & parking lots.

Sewerage System:
Sewerage:
• Sewage is produced everyday in towns & cities.
• Accumulation of sewage increases if not conveyed regularly
• Sewage has to be removed as early as possible.
• If not removed, it will cause insanitary condition
• The network of collecting & conveying sewage by water carriage system through under
ground pipes sewers is known as Sewerage.
• Components of sewerage system are :
a) Drain b) Manhole c) Pumping station d) Sewer
Drain:
Is a plumbing fixture that
provides an exit-point for waste
water or water that is to be re-
circulated
The opening or hole through which a
man can enter the sewer line or other
closed structure for inspection and
cleaning
Includes pumps &equipments for
pumping fluids.
Supplies water to remove sewage from
processing site
Man hole: Pumping Station:

Sewer:
• Are the underground conduits or drains
• Used for carrying the sewage
• The most common types of sewer are:
I. Sanitary Sewer :
• Is a underground carriage system.
• Used for transporting sewage from houses and commercial
buildings
• Sanitary sewers serving industrial areas also carry Industrial
sewage.
• Sanitary sewage is collected with the help of sanitary sewer
line
• The sanitary sewer is attached to a main sewer.
• The main sewer runs directly to the sewage treatment
plant.
II. Storm Sewer:
• A storm sewer collects storm water with the help of gutter &
catch basin
• Gutter allow the storm water to drain from the street directly
into the storm sewer.

Sewer:
III. Combined Sewer:
• Type of sewer system
• Collects sanitary sewage & storm water run off in a single pipe system.
• Can cause serious water pollution problems due to combined sewer overflows
• Caused by large variations in flow between dry and wet weather.
• This type of sewer design is no longer used in building new communities.

Principles Of Sanitation:
Following are the principles for better
living condition:
 Waste materials like sewage should be
removed as early as possible
 Sewage after collection should be
treated within four hours.
 Effluent should be disposed of
immediately
 Building should be damp proof
Water supply should be regular &
sufficient so that the lavatories may be
done properly

Features Of Sewerage System:
A. Collection & Conveyance :
• Sewage is collected & conveyed through the system of pipe lines
or sewers
• The system of sewers is called sewerage or sewerage system
• Where sewerage system is not provided, sewage is collected in
septic or imhoff tank
Main features of sewerage system are :
A. Collection B. Conveyance C. Treatment D. Disposal
C. Sewage Treatment:
• Is a process of removing contaminants from sewage
• Objective is to produce an environmentally safe treated effluent
and sludge suitable for disposal or reuse
• Discharge to the environment must be accomplished without
transmitting diseases or endangering aquatic organisms,

Sewage Treatment :
There are 2 types of treatment system:
I. Septic & Imhoff Treatment System II. Waste Water Treatment Plant (WWTP)
I. A) Septic System:
• Consists of two major parts, the septic tank &
drain field
• The septic tank separates the sewage into three
components : Sludge(solid waste), Scum
(floatables) & Effluent (grey -water)
• Working Of Septic Tank:
1. Sewage enters via the inlet pipe
2. Gravity pulls the solids to the base.
3. Scum layer is formed on the surface due to anaerobic
biological action.
4. Grey water leaves through the outlet pipe.
5. The effluent flows into a distribution box which then
distributes the effluent equally among the trenches in
the drain field.

Sewage Treatment :
Working Of Drain field:
1. The final treatment takes place in drain field.
2. Effluent trickles out of the pipes, through the gravel
layer and passes into the soil
3. The soil filters the wastewater as it passes through
the pore spaces
4. The soil microbes deactivates the disease germs that
remain in the effluent
5. Eventually treated water enters the groundwater
6. These processes work best where the soil is dry,
permeable, and contains plenty of oxygen below
the drain field.

Sewage Treatment :
I. B) Imhoff Treatment System:
• Is a 2 storied sludge digestion tank
• Invented by German scientist Mr. Karl Imhoff
• Working Of Imhoff Tank:
1. Sewage enters via the inlet pipe
2. Settling of solids occurs in the upper compartment.
3. Effluent leaves through the outlet pipe.
4. Sludge falls through the slot to the digestion tank.
5. Anaerobic bacteria decomposes the organic matter.
6. Digestion process generates biogas
7. Biogas escapes through gas vent
8. Digested sludge is removed by the sludge removal
pipe

Sewage Treatment Process:
Primary Treatment:
• It is a physical process.
• Also known as sedimentation stage
• Sewage flow is slowed down
• Suspended solids settles to the bottom by gravity
• The material that settles is called sludge or bio solids
• Sludge is pumped to the sludge digestion tank.
• Effluent is pumped to the trickling filter or aeration tank for secondary treatment.

Features Of Sewerage System:
Sewage Disposal :
• Is an action or a process of throwing away or getting rid
of sewage.
• Purpose of Sewage disposal:
 To conserve water resources.
 To prevent contamination of drinking supplies.
 To help promote health & comfortable living
 To prevent the contamination of surface water use for
bathing and other resourceful uses.
• Various way of disposing sewage are:
1) Dumping of treated effluent into underground
2) Incineration : Dumping of effluent into seas.
3) Agriculture: Using treated sludge as manure
4) Reuse of reclaimed water

Reuse Of Effluent
 Reuse of treated effluent or grey water can be done in following ways :
Flushing
Fire Fighting System Irrigation
Car wash Road wash
Industries

SEWERAGE IN PAKISTAN
PIPE SIZES
(NORMALLY USE IN COMMERCIAL AND RESIDENTIAL
PROJECTS)

Booster System
Water main supply pressures of 8–12 metres (25–40 feet) can easily
supply a typical two - story building.
But for High-rise structures you need water booster system to supply
the water.
Also authorities must insure that, is the present and future public
water supply pressure would be sufficient to serve the building? Water Pressure Booster System
Water pressure boosting systems generally consist of one or
more pumps which are installed in a booster system to increase
the pressure in a system to a certain point independent of flow
and inlet pressure.

Booster System
Booster system is divided into two parts:
1- UP- FED system
2- Down – FED system
1- UP-FED: This system usually originate from a pressure booster
pump set or hydro-pneumatic tank in the basement of the building.
2-DOWN-FED: This systems usually originate from a rooftop gravity
tank.
The supply system is split into several zones supplying a maximum of
12 floors each. This ensures adequate water pressure on all floors
without using pressure relief valves. The minimum pressure on the
upper floor in each zone is kept at 1.5 - 2 bar. The maximum pressure
on the lowest floor in each zone does not exceed 4 - 4.5 bar.

Booster System
Advantages of these pressurized system includes:
1- Less demand of space than roof top tank.
2- Lower life cycle costs
3- Lower maintenance costs
Disadvantages are: it requires much amount of electricity.
Advantages of roof top water tank includes:
1- consistence water supply required.
2- Small power supply required.
Disadvantages are:
1- Greater structure required.
2- High operating costs.
3- High costs for piping, valves and tanks.
4- Lack of pressure control.
5- High maintenance required.

Drainage System
Drainage system for a multi-story building - the drains from the
plumbing fixtures are connected to vertical drain stacks that convey
the waste and sewage to below the lowest floor of the building.
Sanitary drainage system from a building should discharge to the
public sewer by gravity.
You also need to think for an alternate way to implant an approved
vacuum drainage system.

VACCUM Drainage System
In a vacuum drainage system, the differential pressure between the
atmosphere and the vacuum becomes the driving force that
propels the waste water towards the vacuum station.
Vacuum drainage systems should be considered when one or more
of the following conditions exist:
1- Water shortage.
2- Limited sewerage capacity.
3- Where separation of black water and grey water* is desired.
4- Where drainage by gravity becomes impractical.
Black water is waste water from toilets, while grey water is waste
water from sinks, dishwashers, bathtubs, and washing machines.

HOT WATER AND OTHER DUAL SUPPLY SYSTEM
Controlling the delivery of hot water from a hot water vessel may require
tempered or thermostatically controlled water in all ablution areas, aged
person homes, hospitals or in health care area and other public places.
Use of thermostatically controlled mixing valves is encouraged where
practicable.
Multiple dwellings and multi-story buildings may have fire protection
systems such as sprinkler variety systems or high-pressure mains and
hydrants.
So the supply of water must be designed for every aspect, for example -
used water must be treated and then thrown into the dedicated space
recognized by authorities.

Drinking-water supply systems should be designed, installed and
maintained so as to prevent contaminants from being introduced into the
drinking-water supply system.
Combined tanks storing potable water alongside water for other purposes
should have a double partition wall installed internally to separate the two
supplies.
Separate water storage vessels are an integral part of many dual supply
systems.

Water storage tanks are appropriate for use in the following
circumstances:
1- Sanitary flushing.
2- Supply of drinking-water.
3- Firefighting .
4- Air-conditioning.
5- Refrigeration.
6- Ablutions.
7- Prevention of cross-connections.

LABELLING OF NON-DRINKABLE WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM
Where the alternative supply is a non-potable drinking-water supply, it needs to
be clearly and permanently labelled “Caution – not for drinking” at every outlet.
Exposed piping must be identified by color coding (lilac) and permanent markings
or labelling.
Use of the lilac (light purple) color on pipes and outlet points has been adopted in
some countries to warn that the contents being conveyed within are not for
drinking purposes.

FIXTURE UNIT CALCULATIONS
The fixture unit concept is a method of calculating drinking-water supply and
drainage piping requirements within large buildings.

Case Study: Burj Khalifa
● Supplying water to Burj Khalifa
The Burj Khalifa's water system supplies an average of 946,000 L (250,000 U.S. gal) of water per day through 100 km (62 mi) of
pipes. An additional 213 km (132 mi) of piping serves the fire emergency system, and 34 km (21 mi) supplies chilled water for the air
conditioning system.
One of the many challenges in constructing the building was finding a way to deliver water all the way to the top floor. The building
engineers found their solution in Xylem’s Lowara pumps. The Burj Khalifa’s water supply is equipped with six water transfer sets and
seven pressure booster sets. The water booster sets, which are used to boost water pressure, are fitted with Hydrovar variable
speed drives. It supplies 1,000 cubic meters every day. The pumps are located both at the basement level and on two other technical
floors placed one-third of the way up the total height of the tower. They serve all domestic water outlets in the building. The pumps
have the pressures of 30 bar.
● Drainage system of Burj Khalifa:
You’d think that the world’s tallest building – a structure that requires amazingly complex engineering and technology to reach its
heights – would have an equally impressive sewage system. Unfortunately, that’s not the case because it isn’t hooked up to a
municipal wastewater treatment system –the waste water of Burj Khalifa is actually trucked out of the city. One of the world’s most
advanced buildings relies on an arcane method to transport wastewater to a treatment facility outside of town. The Burj Khalifa uses
a single-stack drainage system. A single-stack drainage system doesn’t separate wastewater. The drainage pipes are nearly 2 feet in
diameter. As Gizmodo calculated, a full building with 35,000 people would produce up to 15 tons per day of wastewater. The
inefficiency of such a system is mind-boggling and raises the issue of how architecture is more than just designing a great building.
Architects must also consider the impact of their building on the rest of the city and how it will interact with it. It’s all fine and good to
build the world’s tallest building, but if you have to remove the waste via inefficient and costly trucks, then you’ve failed.

● Water Temperature:
The incoming water can reach as high as 104 degrees F in the summer and 68 F in the winter. Pre-cooling of the water is required in
the summer. The tower is cooled via a specially designed district cooling plant, which houses three individual plants and supplies
chilled water to Burj Khalifa. The central water plant uses a massive ice reservoir as a thermal storage system. Ice slurry is created in
off-peak hours and then used to reduce power consumption during the day.
Large 75cm pipes bring water with a temperature of 3.3˚C from the central water plant to the basement control centre in the tower,
where heat exchangers act to separate the incoming water from the higher pressure water in the tall tower. From the tower
basement the water is distributed up into the tower in 60cm pipes that gradually diminish in diameter as the water moves upward
through the various sections of the building.

•Semiconductor-based sensors: Placed on an integrated
circuit, these identical diodes use temperature sensitive
voltage compared with current conditions, allowing them to
record changes in temperature.
•Thermocouple: As the name suggests, this consists of two
wires – these are made from different metals and placed a
different points, with the change in voltage between the two
points showing change in temperature.
•Resistance Temperature Detector: A film or wire is
wrapped around a ceramic or glass core, with temperature
measured from the resistance between the element with
temperature. These tend to be the most accurate type of
sensor, but can also be the most expensive.
•Negative Temperature Coefficient Thermistor: Providing
high resistance at low temperatures, as temperature
increases resistance quickly drops – reflecting changes
quickly and accurately.
Smart Sensors In High Rise Buildings

There are three common types of humidity
sensor:
•Capacitive: With a porous dielectric
substance at the center, surrounded by two
electrodes, the sensor uses water vapor to
monitor humidity – when the vapor reaches
the electrodes it creates a voltage change.
•Resistive: Less sensitive than capacitive, they
operate on a similar basis, using electrical
change to measure relative humidity.
However, they use ions in salts to measure this
change to resistance on the electrodes.
•Thermal: Two matched thermal sensors
conduct electricity based on humidity of the
air surrounding them. One is coated in dry
nitrogen, the other measures ambient air –
with the difference between them measuring
the humidity reading.

• Desk occupancy sensors:
• Table occupancy sensors:
• Room occupancy sensors
• Cubicle occupancy sensors:
• Time-of-flight sensors
People-flow sensors:
• Infrared array sensors
• People counter and movement
sensors
• Contact sensors
• Gas / air-quality sensors
• Electrical current monitoring
sensors
Motion sensors or passive infra-red (PIR)
These sensors work by detecting heat emitted by people.

•Optical sensors measures electromagnetic energy including electricity and light. They’re used in industries such as
healthcare, energy and communications to monitor variables including light, radiation, electric and magnetic field and
temperature.
•Proximity sensors, much like motion sensors, detect the presence of an object and measure how close it is. One of the most
familiar uses is reverse parking sensors in cars.
•Pressure sensors detect pressure and alert the system administrator of any deviation from the standard pressure range –
similar to machine monitoring.
•Water-quality sensors are used in environmental management to measure chemicals, ions, organic elements, suspended
solids and pH levels in water.
•Chemical sensors detect the presence of chemicals in water or air.
•Smoke sensors detect levels of airborne particulates and gases. While they’ve been around for a while, the development of
IoT means they’re now able to notify users of problems immediately.
•Level sensors determine the level of fluids, liquids or other substances in an open or closed system. Image sensors can be
found in digital cameras, medical imaging and night vision equipment and biometric devices
•Accelerometer sensors detect vibration, tilting and acceleration in an object
•Gyroscope sensors are used together with accelerometers and measure angular velocity.

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