The document discusses meniscal root ligament lesions and posterior medial meniscus root ligament (PMMRL) tears seen on MRI. Key points include:
- Meniscal roots anchor the menisci to the tibia and are important for load transmission and protection of cartilage. Tears result in loss of hoop stress and increased osteoarthritis risk.
- PMMRL tears are relatively common and may cause medial knee osteoarthritis. MRI is the primary tool for diagnosing these tears.
- Imaging features of meniscal root tears include truncation/absence of the root, fluid clefts, and meniscal extrusion beyond the tibial plateau. Sagittal images can show a "men
This document provides an overview of MRI of the menisci. It begins with normal meniscal anatomy, describing the shapes and attachments of the medial and lateral menisci. It then discusses the functions of the menisci, appropriate MR techniques, and various types of meniscal injuries and degenerations that can be seen on MRI such as vertical, horizontal, longitudinal, radial, and root tears. It provides descriptions of signs that indicate these different types of tears on MRI. It concludes with an overview of indirect signs of meniscal pathology like extrusion, cysts, and subchondral bone marrow edema.
This document discusses MRI findings related to knee trauma, including ACL, PCL, meniscal, and MCL injuries. It describes three mechanisms of ACL failure and signs of acute vs chronic ACL tears on MRI. Primary signs of ACL tears include abnormal ligament course, signal, and discontinuity. Secondary signs include bone bruises and signs of anterior tibial displacement. Grades of ACL tears and MRI signs of PCL, meniscal, and MCL injuries are also summarized.
This document provides information on MRI findings related to knee trauma. It describes common mechanisms of injury for the ACL, PCL, and menisci. It outlines primary and secondary MRI signs of ACL tears. It also details grading systems for ACL, meniscal, and chondromalacia injuries. Finally, it discusses characteristic bone bruise patterns associated with injuries like pivot shifts, dashboard impacts, hyperextensions, clips, and lateral patellar dislocations.
The document summarizes the radiological anatomy of the knee joint. It describes the various ligaments, tendons, bones and cartilage that make up the knee, including the medial and lateral menisci, anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments, patellar tendon, and surrounding muscles. It provides imaging protocols for MRI of the knee, covering positioning, slice thickness, pulse sequences and imaging planes used to visualize the different knee structures. Common anatomical variations and pitfalls in interpretation are also discussed.
Presentation1, artifact and pitfalls of the knee, hip and ankle joints.Abdellah Nazeer
The document summarizes common artifacts and pitfalls seen on MRI of the knee, hip, and ankle joints that can be mistaken for pathology but are actually normal anatomical variants or imaging findings. Some examples provided include meniscofemoral ligaments in the knee that can mimic meniscal tears, transverse ligaments that can appear to disrupt the meniscus, and popliteal tendon sheaths that can resemble lesions. For the hip, examples given are synovial pits, os acetabuli, the transverse acetabular ligament, perilabral recesses, and intraosseous contrast tracks in the acetabulum. Proper identification requires knowledge of anatomy and correlation across imaging planes.
The medial meniscus has a larger posterior horn than anterior horn. A meniscal root tear can cause the posterior root to go missing. Common criteria for identifying meniscal tears on imaging are abnormal meniscal shape and high signal intensity contacting the meniscal surface. There are three basic shapes of meniscal tears - longitudinal, horizontal, and radial. Complex tears involve a combination of these. A bucket-handle tear is a displaced longitudinal tear where a piece of the meniscus is missing and displaced elsewhere such as in the intercondylar fossa. A flipped meniscus involves the posterior horn detaching and flipping over the anterior horn.
Mr imaging for diagnosis of meniscal tearsSumiya Arshad
MR imaging is the preferred method for evaluating meniscal tears. It can identify tears and classify them according to subtype. Common tear types include horizontal, longitudinal, and radial tears. Horizontal tears run parallel to the tibial plateau and divide the meniscus in half. Longitudinal tears run perpendicular to the plateau. The criteria for diagnosing a tear on MRI include meniscal distortion or increased intrasubstance signal intensity contacting the articular surface on two or more images.
The document provides an overview of the anatomy and pathologies of the craniovertebral junction (CVJ). It begins with the normal anatomy and embryological development of the CVJ. It then discusses the most common congenital malformations including assimilation, platybasia, basilar invagination, and abnormalities of the occiput, atlas, and axis. Finally, it reviews acquired disorders, associated syndromes like Chiari malformations and Klippel-Feil syndrome, and imaging techniques for evaluating the CVJ.
This document provides an overview of MRI of the menisci. It begins with normal meniscal anatomy, describing the shapes and attachments of the medial and lateral menisci. It then discusses the functions of the menisci, appropriate MR techniques, and various types of meniscal injuries and degenerations that can be seen on MRI such as vertical, horizontal, longitudinal, radial, and root tears. It provides descriptions of signs that indicate these different types of tears on MRI. It concludes with an overview of indirect signs of meniscal pathology like extrusion, cysts, and subchondral bone marrow edema.
This document discusses MRI findings related to knee trauma, including ACL, PCL, meniscal, and MCL injuries. It describes three mechanisms of ACL failure and signs of acute vs chronic ACL tears on MRI. Primary signs of ACL tears include abnormal ligament course, signal, and discontinuity. Secondary signs include bone bruises and signs of anterior tibial displacement. Grades of ACL tears and MRI signs of PCL, meniscal, and MCL injuries are also summarized.
This document provides information on MRI findings related to knee trauma. It describes common mechanisms of injury for the ACL, PCL, and menisci. It outlines primary and secondary MRI signs of ACL tears. It also details grading systems for ACL, meniscal, and chondromalacia injuries. Finally, it discusses characteristic bone bruise patterns associated with injuries like pivot shifts, dashboard impacts, hyperextensions, clips, and lateral patellar dislocations.
The document summarizes the radiological anatomy of the knee joint. It describes the various ligaments, tendons, bones and cartilage that make up the knee, including the medial and lateral menisci, anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments, patellar tendon, and surrounding muscles. It provides imaging protocols for MRI of the knee, covering positioning, slice thickness, pulse sequences and imaging planes used to visualize the different knee structures. Common anatomical variations and pitfalls in interpretation are also discussed.
Presentation1, artifact and pitfalls of the knee, hip and ankle joints.Abdellah Nazeer
The document summarizes common artifacts and pitfalls seen on MRI of the knee, hip, and ankle joints that can be mistaken for pathology but are actually normal anatomical variants or imaging findings. Some examples provided include meniscofemoral ligaments in the knee that can mimic meniscal tears, transverse ligaments that can appear to disrupt the meniscus, and popliteal tendon sheaths that can resemble lesions. For the hip, examples given are synovial pits, os acetabuli, the transverse acetabular ligament, perilabral recesses, and intraosseous contrast tracks in the acetabulum. Proper identification requires knowledge of anatomy and correlation across imaging planes.
The medial meniscus has a larger posterior horn than anterior horn. A meniscal root tear can cause the posterior root to go missing. Common criteria for identifying meniscal tears on imaging are abnormal meniscal shape and high signal intensity contacting the meniscal surface. There are three basic shapes of meniscal tears - longitudinal, horizontal, and radial. Complex tears involve a combination of these. A bucket-handle tear is a displaced longitudinal tear where a piece of the meniscus is missing and displaced elsewhere such as in the intercondylar fossa. A flipped meniscus involves the posterior horn detaching and flipping over the anterior horn.
Mr imaging for diagnosis of meniscal tearsSumiya Arshad
MR imaging is the preferred method for evaluating meniscal tears. It can identify tears and classify them according to subtype. Common tear types include horizontal, longitudinal, and radial tears. Horizontal tears run parallel to the tibial plateau and divide the meniscus in half. Longitudinal tears run perpendicular to the plateau. The criteria for diagnosing a tear on MRI include meniscal distortion or increased intrasubstance signal intensity contacting the articular surface on two or more images.
The document provides an overview of the anatomy and pathologies of the craniovertebral junction (CVJ). It begins with the normal anatomy and embryological development of the CVJ. It then discusses the most common congenital malformations including assimilation, platybasia, basilar invagination, and abnormalities of the occiput, atlas, and axis. Finally, it reviews acquired disorders, associated syndromes like Chiari malformations and Klippel-Feil syndrome, and imaging techniques for evaluating the CVJ.
This document provides an overview of MRI protocols and findings for evaluating knee injuries. It describes various pulse sequences used to image the knee, including T1, T2, gradient echo, and STIR. Key areas evaluated by MRI are listed as the menisci, ligaments, tendons, bones, and effusion. Common meniscal injuries like tears, degeneration, discoid meniscus, and cysts are depicted along with signs. Ligament injuries of the ACL, PCL, collateral and retinacular ligaments are shown. Primary signs within the ligament and secondary signs outside the ligament are defined for ACL tears. Partial ACL tears can be subtle to detect. Overall, the document serves
Fractures of the femoral neck are common injuries, especially in the elderly population. There are several classification systems for femoral neck fractures based on location and displacement. Treatment depends on factors like patient age and fracture characteristics. Undisplaced fractures may be treated conservatively with immobilization, while displaced fractures generally require surgical fixation or replacement of the femoral head. Complications can include nonunion, avascular necrosis, and thromboembolism.
Thank you for the detailed presentation on bucket handle tears of the medial meniscus. A thorough MRI evaluation is important to accurately identify and characterize this type of meniscal tear.
The document provides details on knee anatomy as seen on MRI. It describes the field of view and matrix used, as well as the benefit of a dedicated knee coil. It then summarizes the general anatomy of the knee joint as a compound synovial joint formed from the tibiofemoral and patellofemoral joints. Key ligaments and menisci are identified on various MRI planes including the anterior cruciate ligament, posterior cruciate ligament, medial and lateral menisci. Common anatomical variants and pitfalls are also discussed.
This document provides a detailed overview of cervical spine anatomy and common cervical spine injuries seen on CT imaging. It begins with a description of cervical spine anatomy including the typical vertebrae from C3-C6 and the atypical C1 and C2 vertebrae. It then discusses common cervical spine injuries such as fractures of C1-C2, hangman's fractures of C2, and odontoid fractures. Classification systems for these injuries are provided along with example CT images. The document concludes with a brief discussion of subaxial cervical spine injuries.
This document provides information on calcaneus (heel bone) fractures, including:
- Types of calcaneus fractures classified using the Sanders system ranging from non-displaced to fractures with multiple articular pieces.
- Treatment options depending on the severity of the fracture, including nonsurgical options like casting for non-displaced fractures or surgical options like open reduction and internal fixation to restore normal anatomy.
- Recovery typically involves keeping weight off the injured foot for up to 3 months and controlling swelling through elevation to aid healing. Surgical treatment aims to restore normal heel anatomy to improve outcomes.
Introduction to musculoskeletal radiologySubhanjan Das
Wilhelm Roentgen discovered X-rays in 1895 in Germany. He observed that X-rays could pass through human tissue and cast shadows of bones on photographic plates. In recognition of this groundbreaking discovery, Roentgen received the first Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901. X-rays provide valuable medical imaging by allowing visualization of internal structures in the body.
Background: Management of large and massive rotator cuff tears remains controversial. Such tears are often irreparable, and results of treatment are unpredictable. This study documents the current
practice of orthopaedic surgeons in the British Elbow and Shoulder Society.
Methods: A questionnaire was prepared pertaining to the management of large and massive rotator cuff tears with minimal degenerative changes in three age groups: Patients of 50 years (young), 65 years (still active), aged 75 years (elderly) were considered. Various risk factors for failure of repair were
considered.
This document summarizes a study on surgically treating displaced intra-articular fractures of the calcaneus bone with plates and screws. The study included 24 patients with 26 calcaneal fractures who underwent open reduction internal fixation surgery over an 18-month period. Patients were evaluated post-operatively using the Maryland foot score to assess functional outcomes and complications. The results found excellent or good outcomes in 87.5% of patients according to the scoring system, with complications including synovitis, bone broadening, and superficial infection. The conclusion is that surgical treatment with a low-profile locking plate to restore joint congruity can lead to good or excellent short-term outcomes in over 90% of patients with certain fracture types.
This document provides guidance on performing tension band wiring for patellar fractures. It discusses relevant anatomy, preoperative preparation including imaging and diagnosis, surgical approach and technique, and post-operative care. The surgical technique involves exposing the fracture through a midline incision, reducing fragments with K-wires or forceps, inserting two parallel K-wires outside-in or inside-out, and passing a figure-of-eight tension band wire around the K-wires while tightly twisting the ends. Early range of motion exercises are encouraged post-operatively while wearing a knee splint to allow full weight bearing.
This document provides guidance on performing tension band wiring for patellar fractures. It discusses relevant anatomy, preoperative preparation including imaging and diagnosis, surgical approach and technique, and post-operative care. The surgical technique involves exposing the fracture through a midline incision, reducing fragments with K-wires or forceps, inserting two parallel K-wires outside-in or inside-out, and passing a figure-of-eight tension band wire around the K-wires while tightly twisting the ends. Early range of motion exercises are encouraged post-operatively while wearing a knee splint to regain quadriceps strength before full weight bearing.
This document provides an overview of MRI techniques for imaging the elbow joint and describes various normal and pathological findings. Key points include:
1. MRI is useful for evaluating bone marrow edema, ligament and tendon injuries, cartilage defects, bursitis, and nerve entrapment around the elbow joint.
2. Common elbow injuries discussed include ulnar collateral ligament tears, lateral epicondylitis, osteochondritis dissecans, and triceps tendon avulsions.
3. Elbow arthropathies such as rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and loose bodies can also be identified on MRI.
The elbow joint in concern of diagnostic imaging .pptx 1DR Laith
The document discusses diagnostic imaging of the elbow joint, beginning with an overview of X-ray and MRI techniques. It then summarizes elbow anatomy including bones, ligaments, tendons and their attachments. Common pathologies are described such as medial epicondyle avulsion fractures, ulnar collateral ligament tears, and soft tissue masses including bursitis. MRI sequences and imaging features of normal structures and various injuries are presented.
Tips, Pearls and Pitfalls of Spinal Cord MRIWafik Bahnasy
- Many neurological disorders simultaneously or consecutively affect the brain and spinal cord, however most neurologist find their comfort zone in attending the diagnosis via the brain access.
- This concept resulted in lagging of spinal cord imaging researches compared to brain ones and consecutive underestimation of the opportunity of an important tool sometimes essential to reach a definite diagnosis.
This document discusses MRI imaging of the knee, focusing on the meniscus. It provides details on different MRI sequences that can be used to image the knee, including T1, proton density, T2, and fat suppression sequences. It outlines criteria for diagnosing a meniscal tear based on MRI findings. Specific types of meniscal tears are described, such as bucket-handle tears and cleavage tears. Other knee structures discussed include the ligaments, popliteus tendon, and transverse ligament. Factors that can complicate interpretation, such as normal meniscal vascularity and postoperative changes, are also covered. Accuracy rates of MRI for diagnosing meniscal tears are provided.
This document provides information on part 2 of a presentation titled "SKULL BASE 360°". It includes detailed descriptions of various parts of the skull base, including the orbit, cavernous sinus, internal carotid artery, petrous carotid artery, inferior petrosal sinus, jugular foramen, and cranial nerves 3 and 7. Links are provided for downloading additional presentations on the skull base from the website skullbase360.in. The presenter is Dr. N. Murali Chand who specializes in ENT.
The document discusses fractures of the talus bone. It provides a brief history of studies on talus injuries from 1919 to 1970. It then describes the anatomy of the talus bone and its limited blood supply. Different classification systems for talus fractures are mentioned. Treatment depends on fracture type but generally involves closed or open reduction and internal fixation to restore alignment and blood flow. Complications like osteonecrosis can occur depending on displacement and are challenging to treat.
Meniscal ramp lesions occur at the posterior meniscocapsular junction of the medial meniscus. They were historically difficult to diagnose due to limitations of standard anterior arthroscopic portals and MRI. Ramp lesions are increasingly recognized as an important injury, occurring in 9.3-24% of ACL deficient knees. A systematic exploration of the posteromedial compartment via a trans-notch approach is needed for diagnosis. Left untreated, ramp lesions may contribute to residual instability after ACL reconstruction. Arthroscopic repair techniques using suture hooks and all-inside sutures exist for treatment of ramp lesions when they are greater than 10mm in size or unstable.
This document provides a summary of key information about trauma to the head and face:
1. Various types of facial fractures are described, such as orbital floor fractures which can be missed on axial CT scans. Parotid duct injuries may cause buccal branch facial nerve weakness.
2. Certain clinical signs help diagnose specific fractures. A "spectacle" hematoma indicates a superior orbital rim fracture. One cc volume increase is needed per mm of globe displacement.
3. Pediatric facial fractures differ from adults due to lack of sinus development and more cancellous bone. "Growing skull fractures" enlarge due to brain pulsations. Orbital floor trapdoor fractures in children are emergencies.
This document provides information on knee radiological anatomy, including descriptions of:
1. Normal anatomy of the medial and lateral menisci, including their shapes, sizes, positions, and attachments.
2. Criteria for diagnosing meniscal tears based on abnormal shape and high signal intensity contacting the meniscal surface. Common types of meniscal tears are described.
3. Normal anatomy and criteria for diagnosing tears of the anterior cruciate ligament, posterior cruciate ligament, and medial collateral ligament. Associated injuries like bone bruises and Segond fractures are mentioned.
This document provides an overview of MRI protocols and findings for evaluating knee injuries. It describes various pulse sequences used to image the knee, including T1, T2, gradient echo, and STIR. Key areas evaluated by MRI are listed as the menisci, ligaments, tendons, bones, and effusion. Common meniscal injuries like tears, degeneration, discoid meniscus, and cysts are depicted along with signs. Ligament injuries of the ACL, PCL, collateral and retinacular ligaments are shown. Primary signs within the ligament and secondary signs outside the ligament are defined for ACL tears. Partial ACL tears can be subtle to detect. Overall, the document serves
Fractures of the femoral neck are common injuries, especially in the elderly population. There are several classification systems for femoral neck fractures based on location and displacement. Treatment depends on factors like patient age and fracture characteristics. Undisplaced fractures may be treated conservatively with immobilization, while displaced fractures generally require surgical fixation or replacement of the femoral head. Complications can include nonunion, avascular necrosis, and thromboembolism.
Thank you for the detailed presentation on bucket handle tears of the medial meniscus. A thorough MRI evaluation is important to accurately identify and characterize this type of meniscal tear.
The document provides details on knee anatomy as seen on MRI. It describes the field of view and matrix used, as well as the benefit of a dedicated knee coil. It then summarizes the general anatomy of the knee joint as a compound synovial joint formed from the tibiofemoral and patellofemoral joints. Key ligaments and menisci are identified on various MRI planes including the anterior cruciate ligament, posterior cruciate ligament, medial and lateral menisci. Common anatomical variants and pitfalls are also discussed.
This document provides a detailed overview of cervical spine anatomy and common cervical spine injuries seen on CT imaging. It begins with a description of cervical spine anatomy including the typical vertebrae from C3-C6 and the atypical C1 and C2 vertebrae. It then discusses common cervical spine injuries such as fractures of C1-C2, hangman's fractures of C2, and odontoid fractures. Classification systems for these injuries are provided along with example CT images. The document concludes with a brief discussion of subaxial cervical spine injuries.
This document provides information on calcaneus (heel bone) fractures, including:
- Types of calcaneus fractures classified using the Sanders system ranging from non-displaced to fractures with multiple articular pieces.
- Treatment options depending on the severity of the fracture, including nonsurgical options like casting for non-displaced fractures or surgical options like open reduction and internal fixation to restore normal anatomy.
- Recovery typically involves keeping weight off the injured foot for up to 3 months and controlling swelling through elevation to aid healing. Surgical treatment aims to restore normal heel anatomy to improve outcomes.
Introduction to musculoskeletal radiologySubhanjan Das
Wilhelm Roentgen discovered X-rays in 1895 in Germany. He observed that X-rays could pass through human tissue and cast shadows of bones on photographic plates. In recognition of this groundbreaking discovery, Roentgen received the first Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901. X-rays provide valuable medical imaging by allowing visualization of internal structures in the body.
Background: Management of large and massive rotator cuff tears remains controversial. Such tears are often irreparable, and results of treatment are unpredictable. This study documents the current
practice of orthopaedic surgeons in the British Elbow and Shoulder Society.
Methods: A questionnaire was prepared pertaining to the management of large and massive rotator cuff tears with minimal degenerative changes in three age groups: Patients of 50 years (young), 65 years (still active), aged 75 years (elderly) were considered. Various risk factors for failure of repair were
considered.
This document summarizes a study on surgically treating displaced intra-articular fractures of the calcaneus bone with plates and screws. The study included 24 patients with 26 calcaneal fractures who underwent open reduction internal fixation surgery over an 18-month period. Patients were evaluated post-operatively using the Maryland foot score to assess functional outcomes and complications. The results found excellent or good outcomes in 87.5% of patients according to the scoring system, with complications including synovitis, bone broadening, and superficial infection. The conclusion is that surgical treatment with a low-profile locking plate to restore joint congruity can lead to good or excellent short-term outcomes in over 90% of patients with certain fracture types.
This document provides guidance on performing tension band wiring for patellar fractures. It discusses relevant anatomy, preoperative preparation including imaging and diagnosis, surgical approach and technique, and post-operative care. The surgical technique involves exposing the fracture through a midline incision, reducing fragments with K-wires or forceps, inserting two parallel K-wires outside-in or inside-out, and passing a figure-of-eight tension band wire around the K-wires while tightly twisting the ends. Early range of motion exercises are encouraged post-operatively while wearing a knee splint to allow full weight bearing.
This document provides guidance on performing tension band wiring for patellar fractures. It discusses relevant anatomy, preoperative preparation including imaging and diagnosis, surgical approach and technique, and post-operative care. The surgical technique involves exposing the fracture through a midline incision, reducing fragments with K-wires or forceps, inserting two parallel K-wires outside-in or inside-out, and passing a figure-of-eight tension band wire around the K-wires while tightly twisting the ends. Early range of motion exercises are encouraged post-operatively while wearing a knee splint to regain quadriceps strength before full weight bearing.
This document provides an overview of MRI techniques for imaging the elbow joint and describes various normal and pathological findings. Key points include:
1. MRI is useful for evaluating bone marrow edema, ligament and tendon injuries, cartilage defects, bursitis, and nerve entrapment around the elbow joint.
2. Common elbow injuries discussed include ulnar collateral ligament tears, lateral epicondylitis, osteochondritis dissecans, and triceps tendon avulsions.
3. Elbow arthropathies such as rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and loose bodies can also be identified on MRI.
The elbow joint in concern of diagnostic imaging .pptx 1DR Laith
The document discusses diagnostic imaging of the elbow joint, beginning with an overview of X-ray and MRI techniques. It then summarizes elbow anatomy including bones, ligaments, tendons and their attachments. Common pathologies are described such as medial epicondyle avulsion fractures, ulnar collateral ligament tears, and soft tissue masses including bursitis. MRI sequences and imaging features of normal structures and various injuries are presented.
Tips, Pearls and Pitfalls of Spinal Cord MRIWafik Bahnasy
- Many neurological disorders simultaneously or consecutively affect the brain and spinal cord, however most neurologist find their comfort zone in attending the diagnosis via the brain access.
- This concept resulted in lagging of spinal cord imaging researches compared to brain ones and consecutive underestimation of the opportunity of an important tool sometimes essential to reach a definite diagnosis.
This document discusses MRI imaging of the knee, focusing on the meniscus. It provides details on different MRI sequences that can be used to image the knee, including T1, proton density, T2, and fat suppression sequences. It outlines criteria for diagnosing a meniscal tear based on MRI findings. Specific types of meniscal tears are described, such as bucket-handle tears and cleavage tears. Other knee structures discussed include the ligaments, popliteus tendon, and transverse ligament. Factors that can complicate interpretation, such as normal meniscal vascularity and postoperative changes, are also covered. Accuracy rates of MRI for diagnosing meniscal tears are provided.
This document provides information on part 2 of a presentation titled "SKULL BASE 360°". It includes detailed descriptions of various parts of the skull base, including the orbit, cavernous sinus, internal carotid artery, petrous carotid artery, inferior petrosal sinus, jugular foramen, and cranial nerves 3 and 7. Links are provided for downloading additional presentations on the skull base from the website skullbase360.in. The presenter is Dr. N. Murali Chand who specializes in ENT.
The document discusses fractures of the talus bone. It provides a brief history of studies on talus injuries from 1919 to 1970. It then describes the anatomy of the talus bone and its limited blood supply. Different classification systems for talus fractures are mentioned. Treatment depends on fracture type but generally involves closed or open reduction and internal fixation to restore alignment and blood flow. Complications like osteonecrosis can occur depending on displacement and are challenging to treat.
Meniscal ramp lesions occur at the posterior meniscocapsular junction of the medial meniscus. They were historically difficult to diagnose due to limitations of standard anterior arthroscopic portals and MRI. Ramp lesions are increasingly recognized as an important injury, occurring in 9.3-24% of ACL deficient knees. A systematic exploration of the posteromedial compartment via a trans-notch approach is needed for diagnosis. Left untreated, ramp lesions may contribute to residual instability after ACL reconstruction. Arthroscopic repair techniques using suture hooks and all-inside sutures exist for treatment of ramp lesions when they are greater than 10mm in size or unstable.
This document provides a summary of key information about trauma to the head and face:
1. Various types of facial fractures are described, such as orbital floor fractures which can be missed on axial CT scans. Parotid duct injuries may cause buccal branch facial nerve weakness.
2. Certain clinical signs help diagnose specific fractures. A "spectacle" hematoma indicates a superior orbital rim fracture. One cc volume increase is needed per mm of globe displacement.
3. Pediatric facial fractures differ from adults due to lack of sinus development and more cancellous bone. "Growing skull fractures" enlarge due to brain pulsations. Orbital floor trapdoor fractures in children are emergencies.
This document provides information on knee radiological anatomy, including descriptions of:
1. Normal anatomy of the medial and lateral menisci, including their shapes, sizes, positions, and attachments.
2. Criteria for diagnosing meniscal tears based on abnormal shape and high signal intensity contacting the meniscal surface. Common types of meniscal tears are described.
3. Normal anatomy and criteria for diagnosing tears of the anterior cruciate ligament, posterior cruciate ligament, and medial collateral ligament. Associated injuries like bone bruises and Segond fractures are mentioned.
Similar to Meniscus Meniscal Root Ligament Lesions, MRI of PMMRL tears posterior horn of the medial meniscus PHMM.pptx (20)
Discover the benefits of homeopathic medicine for irregular periods with our guide on 5 common remedies. Learn how these natural treatments can help regulate menstrual cycles and improve overall menstrual health.
Visit Us: https://drdeepikashomeopathy.com/service/irregular-periods-treatment/
Travel Clinic Cardiff: Health Advice for International TravelersNX Healthcare
Travel Clinic Cardiff offers comprehensive travel health services, including vaccinations, travel advice, and preventive care for international travelers. Our expert team ensures you are well-prepared and protected for your journey, providing personalized consultations tailored to your destination. Conveniently located in Cardiff, we help you travel with confidence and peace of mind. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
Giloy in Ayurveda - Classical Categorization and SynonymsPlanet Ayurveda
Giloy, also known as Guduchi or Amrita in classical Ayurvedic texts, is a revered herb renowned for its myriad health benefits. It is categorized as a Rasayana, meaning it has rejuvenating properties that enhance vitality and longevity. Giloy is celebrated for its ability to boost the immune system, detoxify the body, and promote overall wellness. Its anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and antioxidant properties make it a staple in managing conditions like fever, diabetes, and stress. The versatility and efficacy of Giloy in supporting health naturally highlight its importance in Ayurveda. At Planet Ayurveda, we provide a comprehensive range of health services and 100% herbal supplements that harness the power of natural ingredients like Giloy. Our products are globally available and affordable, ensuring that everyone can benefit from the ancient wisdom of Ayurveda. If you or your loved ones are dealing with health issues, contact Planet Ayurveda at 01725214040 to book an online video consultation with our professional doctors. Let us help you achieve optimal health and wellness naturally.
Pictorial and detailed description of patellar instability with sign and symptoms and how to diagnose , what investigations you should go with and how to approach with treatment options . I have presented this slide in my 2nd year junior residency in orthopedics at LLRM medical college Meerut and got good reviews for it
After getting it read you will definitely understand the topic.
Summer is a time for fun in the sun, but the heat and humidity can also wreak havoc on your skin. From itchy rashes to unwanted pigmentation, several skin conditions become more prevalent during these warmer months.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/Pt1nA32sdHQ
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/uFdc9F0rlP0
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
STUDIES IN SUPPORT OF SPECIAL POPULATIONS: GERIATRICS E7shruti jagirdar
Unit 4: MRA 103T Regulatory affairs
This guideline is directed principally toward new Molecular Entities that are
likely to have significant use in the elderly, either because the disease intended
to be treated is characteristically a disease of aging ( e.g., Alzheimer's disease) or
because the population to be treated is known to include substantial numbers of
geriatric patients (e.g., hypertension).
Computer in pharmaceutical research and development-Mpharm(Pharmaceutics)MuskanShingari
Statistics- Statistics is the science of collecting, organizing, presenting, analyzing and interpreting numerical data to assist in making more effective decisions.
A statistics is a measure which is used to estimate the population parameter
Parameters-It is used to describe the properties of an entire population.
Examples-Measures of central tendency Dispersion, Variance, Standard Deviation (SD), Absolute Error, Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Eigen Value
“Psychiatry and the Humanities”: An Innovative Course at the University of Mo...Université de Montréal
“Psychiatry and the Humanities”: An Innovative Course at the University of Montreal Expanding the medical model to embrace the humanities. Link: https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/-psychiatry-and-the-humanities-an-innovative-course-at-the-university-of-montreal
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga-GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS-2024.pdfOsvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
Gastrointestinal Infections
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS result from the ingestion of pathogens that cause infections at the level of this tract, generally being transmitted by food, water and hands contaminated by microorganisms such as E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, Campylobacter, Staphylococcus, Rotavirus among others that are generally contained in feces, thus configuring a FECAL-ORAL type of transmission.
Among the factors that lead to the occurrence of gastrointestinal infections are the hygienic and sanitary deficiencies that characterize our markets and other places where raw or cooked food is sold, poor environmental sanitation in communities, deficiencies in water treatment (or in the process of its plumbing), risky hygienic-sanitary habits (not washing hands after major and/or minor needs), among others.
These are generally consequences (signs and symptoms) resulting from gastrointestinal infections: diarrhea, vomiting, fever and malaise, among others.
The treatment consists of replacing lost liquids and electrolytes (drinking drinking water and other recommended liquids, including consumption of juicy fruits such as papayas, apples, pears, among others that contain water in their composition).
To prevent this, it is necessary to promote health education, improve the hygienic-sanitary conditions of markets and communities in general as a way of promoting, preserving and prolonging PUBLIC HEALTH.
Gastritis and Gastric Health
Gastric Health is one of the most relevant concerns in human health, with gastrointestinal infections being among the main illnesses that affect humans.
Among gastric problems, we have GASTRITIS AND GASTRIC ULCERS as the main public health problems. Gastritis and gastric ulcers normally result from inflammation and corrosion of the walls of the stomach (gastric mucosa) and are generally associated (caused) by the bacterium Helicobacter pylor, which, according to the literature, this bacterium settles on these walls (of the stomach) and starts to release urease that ends up altering the normal pH of the stomach (acid), which leads to inflammation and corrosion of the mucous membranes and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
In addition to bacterial infections, gastritis and gastric ulcers are associated with several factors, with emphasis on prolonged fasting, chemical substances including drugs, alcohol, foods with strong seasonings including chilli, which ends up causing inflammation of the stomach walls and/or corrosion. of the same, resulting in the appearance of wounds and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
Among patients with gastritis and/or ulcers, one of the dilemmas is associated with the foods to consume in order to minimize the sensation of pain and discomfort.
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Medical Quiz ( Online Quiz for API Meet 2024 ).pdf
Meniscus Meniscal Root Ligament Lesions, MRI of PMMRL tears posterior horn of the medial meniscus PHMM.pptx
1. Meniscus Meniscal Root Ligament Lesions, MRI of PMMRL tears
posterior horn of the medial meniscus PHMM
2. The meniscal roots are ligament-like structures that serve to anchor the
fibrocartilaginous menisci onto the tibial intercondylar fossa or intercondylar
eminence [1, 2].
The role of the meniscal root is paramount; it prevents the meniscus from
being extruded and allows the meniscus to generate hoop stress. This
enables the menisci to effectively transfer the load from the femur to the
tibia while protecting the articular cartilage of the knee from excessive load
[2].
Therefore, complete tearing of a meniscal root results in complete loss of
hoop stress, which is nearly functionally identical to that of total
meniscectomy [3] and a critical risk factor of early osteoarthritis of the
knee [4–6].
Read More: https://www.ajronline.org/doi/10.2214/AJR.14.12559?mobileUi=0
3. The “posterior medial meniscus root ligament (PMMRL)” attaches to the posterior
intercondylar fossa between the attachments of
• the posterior root of the lateral meniscus and
• posterior cruciate ligament [1].
Several recent reports have suggested that PMMRL tears are relatively
common, particularly in the middle-aged or elderly population, and may be a
cause of medial tibiofemoral osteoarthritis of the knee, which is the most common
source of total knee arthroplasty [7, 8].
MRI is the primary diagnostic tool for PMMRL tears and has been regarded as
both reliable and accurate for detection [4, 9].
Read More: https://www.ajronline.org/doi/10.2214/AJR.14.12559?mobileUi=0
4.
5.
6.
7. D:??????Downloads?????? ?? IDMA - Diagnosis and treatment of rotatory knee instability2019.pdf
Fig. 2 A MRI of a medial
meniscus root tear in
conjunction with an ACL
tear.
The white arrows point
to the meniscus root as
it enters its insertion on
the tibia.
images (a and b), there
is fluid underneath the
root with no clear
attachment to the tibia.
8. D:??????Downloads?????? ?? IDMA - Diagnosis and treatment of rotatory knee instability2019.pdf
Fig. 2 A MRI of a medial
meniscus root tear in
conjunction with an ACL
tear.
The white arrows point
to the meniscus root as
it enters its insertion on
the tibia.
images (a and b), there
is fluid underneath the
root with no clear
attachment to the tibia.
9. D:??????Downloads?????? ?? IDMA - Diagnosis and treatment of rotatory knee instability2019.pdf
Fig. 2 A MRI of a medial
meniscus root tear in
conjunction with an ACL tear.
The white arrows point to the
meniscus root as it enters its
insertion on the tibia.
image (c) demonstrates no
clear attachment of the root to
the tibia
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10. tear extends to either the anterior or posterior meniscal root attachment to the
central tibial plateau.
They often tend to be radial tears extending into the meniscal root.
Epidemiology
According to one source, they are thought to account for ~10% of all arthroscopic
meniscectomies 5.
Pathology
While they can arise from a number of mechanisms, root tears are generally
thought to be chronic 5.
Associations
ACL tears are associated with posterior horn root tears of the lateral meniscus ref
https://radiopaedia.org/articles/meniscal-root-tear#:~:text=For%20root%20tears%20in%20general,demonstrate%20a%20meniscal%20ghost%20sign.
11. Classification
The LaPrade classification system of meniscal root tears has
become commonly used in arthroscopy, and there is evidence
that this system can be to some extent translated to MRI
assessment of these tears ref.
https://radiopaedia.org/articles/meniscal-root-tear#:~:text=For%20root%20tears%20in%20general,demonstrate%20a%20meniscal%20ghost%20sign.
12. Radiographic features MRI
Best assessed on T2 weighted sequences.
When it involves the posterior root, medial root tears are easier to diagnose than lateral
root tears.
On medial posterior root tears there is often 2:
• shortening or absence of the root on sagittal images
• vertical fluid cleft on coronal fluid-sensitive (T2) images
https://radiopaedia.org/articles/meniscal-root-tear#:~:text=For%20root%20tears%20in%20general,demonstrate%20a%20meniscal%20ghost%20sign.
13. Radiographic features MRI
On posterior root radial tears of the lateral meniscus, the appearance may be similar to
radial tears in other locations.
For root tears in general, sagittal imaging may demonstrate a
• meniscal ghost sign.
Other features include:
1. truncation sign on coronal images 4
2. features meniscal extrusion on coronal plane 4
https://radiopaedia.org/articles/meniscal-root-tear#:~:text=For%20root%20tears%20in%20general,demonstrate%20a%20meniscal%20ghost%20sign.
14. Meniscal root
tear
First study the
image on the left
and try to
recognize the
meniscal tear.
These tears often
go unnoticed.
Then continue with
the next images.
https://radiologyassistant.nl/musculo
skeletal/knee/meniscus-special-
cases#meniscal-root-tear
15. A radial tear is
present at the
posterior root
junction of the
medial meniscus
which extends
through the
entire thickness
of the meniscus
with a cleft of
fluid tracking
through the
defect (red
arrows).
16. A radial tear is
present at the
posterior root
junction of the
medial meniscus
which extends
through the
entire thickness
of the meniscus
with a cleft of
fluid tracking
through the
defect (red
arrows).
17. A radial tear is
present at the
posterior root
junction of the
medial meniscus
which extends
through the
entire thickness
of the meniscus
with a cleft of
fluid tracking
through the
defect (red
arrows).
18. A radial tear is
present at the
posterior root
junction of the
medial meniscus
which extends
through the
entire thickness
of the meniscus
with a cleft of
fluid tracking
through the
defect (red
arrows).
19. Meniscal root tears
are often associated
with extrusion of the
meniscus beyond
the margin of the
tibial plateau.
More than 3 mm
meniscus extrusion
is often associated
with tears involving
the meniscal root
(6).
In the case on the
left there is a
complete radial tear
separating the
posterior horn from
its root (red arrows).
There is also
minimal extrusion of
the meniscus (image
1/6).
20. Meniscal root tears
are often associated
with extrusion of the
meniscus beyond
the margin of the
tibial plateau.
More than 3 mm
meniscus extrusion
is often associated
with tears involving
the meniscal root
(6).
In the case on the
left there is a
complete radial tear
separating the
posterior horn from
its root (red arrows).
There is also
minimal extrusion of
the meniscus (image
1/6).
21. Meniscal root tears
are often associated
with extrusion of the
meniscus beyond
the margin of the
tibial plateau.
More than 3 mm
meniscus extrusion
is often associated
with tears involving
the meniscal root
(6).
In the case on the
left there is a
complete radial tear
separating the
posterior horn from
its root (red arrows).
There is also
minimal extrusion of
the meniscus (image
1/6).
22. Meniscal root tears
are often associated
with extrusion of the
meniscus beyond
the margin of the
tibial plateau.
More than 3 mm
meniscus extrusion
is often associated
with tears involving
the meniscal root
(6).
In the case on the
left there is a
complete radial tear
separating the
posterior horn from
its root (red arrows).
There is also
minimal extrusion of
the meniscus (image
1/6).
23. Meniscal root tears
are often associated
with extrusion of the
meniscus beyond
the margin of the
tibial plateau.
More than 3 mm
meniscus extrusion
is often associated
with tears involving
the meniscal root
(6).
In the case on the
left there is a
complete radial tear
separating the
posterior horn from
its root (red arrows).
There is also
minimal extrusion of
the meniscus (image
1/6).
24. Meniscal root tears
are often associated
with extrusion of the
meniscus beyond
the margin of the
tibial plateau.
More than 3 mm
meniscus extrusion
is often associated
with tears involving
the meniscal root
(6).
In the case on the
left there is a
complete radial tear
separating the
posterior horn from
its root (red arrows).
There is also
minimal extrusion of
the meniscus (image
1/6).
25. Here another
medial meniscal
root tear.
Notice that the
posterior horn
is not attached
to the tibia.
Instead there is
a gap (curved
arrow).
You can easily
overlook these
tears and think
that the
posterior horn
is normal.
26. Here another
medial meniscal
root tear.
Notice that the
posterior horn
is not attached
to the tibia.
Instead there is
a gap (curved
arrow).
You can easily
overlook these
tears and think
that the
posterior horn
is normal.
27. Here another
medial meniscal
root tear.
Notice that the
posterior horn
is not attached
to the tibia.
Instead there is
a gap (curved
arrow).
You can easily
overlook these
tears and think
that the
posterior horn
is normal.
28. Here another
medial meniscal
root tear.
Notice that the
posterior horn
is not attached
to the tibia.
Instead there is
a gap (curved
arrow).
You can easily
overlook these
tears and think
that the
posterior horn
is normal.
29. Here another
medial meniscal
root tear.
Notice that the
posterior horn
is not attached
to the tibia.
Instead there is
a gap (curved
arrow).
You can easily
overlook these
tears and think
that the
posterior horn
is normal.
30. Here another
medial meniscal
root tear.
Notice that the
posterior horn
is not attached
to the tibia.
Instead there is
a gap (curved
arrow).
You can easily
overlook these
tears and think
that the
posterior horn
is normal.
35. Clinical History: 53 year old female with 2-3 weeks of
knee pain and instability. Fat suppressed proton density
coronal and sagittal images are provided. What are the
findings? What is your diagnosis?
https://radsource.us/posterior-root-tear-of-the-medial-
meniscus/
37. Figure 2:(2a)
A proton
density-
weighted
coronal image
demonstrates
fluid signal
extending
through the
posterior
meniscal root
medially
(arrow).
Extensive
degenerative
signal is
present within
the posterior
horn of the
meniscus. (2b)
A proton
density-
weighted
sagittal image
demonstrates
focal absence
of the posterior
meniscal root
with fluid
signal between
the posterior
cruciate
ligament and
the posterior
tibial eminence
(arrow).
38. 3
Figure 3:(3a) A proton density-weighted
sagittal image obtained at the level of the
PCL demonstrates a normal posterior medial
meniscal root - (arrows). Compare this
image with figure B, where fluid signal is
seen between the PCL and the tibial
eminence.
39. Figure 4:(4a) A proton density-
weighted coronal image obtained
at the level of the PCL insertion.
Notice that the posterior root of the
medial meniscus extends
horizontally to attach adjacent to
the PCL insertion (arrow).
Compare this image with figure A
where a fluid-filled gap is seen
between the PCL insertion and the
posterior horn of the medial
meniscus.
40. The meniscus is considered
“extruded” when it extends beyond the
margin of the tibia (figure
5a).1 Meniscal extrusions of greater
than 3mm are associated with tears of
the posterior meniscal
root.1,5 Meniscal extrusion is caused
by disruption of the collagen fibers
Figure 5:(5a) Figure 5a is from
another patient with a medial meniscal
root tear. As in the initial case, fluid
signal is seen within the posterior
meniscal root (arrow). The medial
meniscal body is extruded several
millimeters beyond the margin of the
tibial plateau (arrowheads). Such
meniscal extrusion is associated with
the development of osteoarthritis.
41. increased loading of the subchondral bone may lead to
insufficiency fracture (figure 6a). Yao, et. al. found
subchondral insufficiency fractures to have a predilection
for the medial joint compartment and to be associated
with meniscal tears, particularly radial tears and root
tears. They also found that the affected patients were
older
6Figure 6:
(6a) A coronal proton density-weighted image in another
patient with a meniscal root tear (not shown) demonstrates
crescentic low signal in the subchondral regions of both the
medial femoral condyle and the medial tibial plateau(arrows)
with extensive associated marrow edema. The appearance is
compatible with subchondral insufficiency fractures.
Notice that the medial meniscus is extruded several
millimeters beyond the margin of the tibia (arrowheads).