Meningococcal disease is a severe bacterial infection that causes rapid onset of fever, headache, and a rash. It can progress quickly and cause death within hours if not treated. The disease is caused by Neisseria meningitidis bacteria, which are spread through respiratory and throat secretions. Serogroups A, B, and C account for most cases worldwide. Symptoms include sudden high fever, headache, stiff neck, confusion, and a red-purple rash. Diagnosis is made through cultures, gram stains, and PCR testing of spinal fluid or blood. Treatment involves intravenous antibiotics like penicillin or ceftriaxone. Contacts are given antibiotic prophylaxis and vaccination to prevent further
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To learn more, please visit www.waidid.org!
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It is a life threatening condition, a medical emergency requiring in-patient care. Early treatment curtails the dismal outcomes of this condition.
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In this study Professor Kathryn M. Edwards (Sarah H. Sell and Cornelius Vanderbilt Professor - Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases - Vanderbilt University Medical Center) provides an update on measles and its prevention.
To learn more, please visit www.waidid.org!
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The slideset by Professor Susanna Esposito aims at explaining how to manage the salivary gland infections in pediatric age, from pathogenesis, to transmission, treatments and vaccination coverage, that should be urgently increased in Italy as well as in EU Countries.
Severe malaria is an important cause of U-5 morbidity and mortality in malaria endemic areas like the subsaharan Africa particularly Nigeria which accounts for more than half of the burden on the continent.
It is a life threatening condition, a medical emergency requiring in-patient care. Early treatment curtails the dismal outcomes of this condition.
The most important preventive measures is use of insecticide treated mosquito nets in addition to environmental control, seasonal chemoprophylaxis and use of Malaria Vaccine.
The recent recommendations by the WHO is use of IV Artesunate or if unavailable, artemether and quinine followed by full course of ACTs. Other complications should be treated as required and those with life threatening complications should preferably be managed in the ICU.
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The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
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Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
2. It commences suddenly with prostration of strength,
often extreme: the face is distorted, the pulse feeble.
There appears a violent pain in the head, especially
over the forehead; then there comes pain of the heart or
vomiting of greenish material, stiffness of the spine,
and in infants, convulsions. In cases which were fatal,
loss of consciousness occurred. The course of the
disease is very rapid, termination by death or by cure.
In most of the patients who died in 24 hours or a little
after, the body is covered with purple spots at the
moment of death or very little time afterward.
The Disease Which Raged During the Spring of 1805
Gaspard Vieusseux
3. Epidemiology
• In the United States, approximately 3000
sporadic cases occur each year.
• Nasopharyngeal carriage rate: 3-15%
• Belt across sub-Saharan Africa: 1%
• In Taiwan, 81 sporadic cases occurred from
1992 to 2000 including 8 fetal cases.
• In 2001, 30 sporadic cases occurred
including 6 fetal cases.
5. Genus of Neisseria
• N. gonorrhoeae
• N. meningitidis
• N. kochii
• N. sicca
• N. lactamica
• N. subflava
• N. flavescens
•N. mucosa
•N. cinerea
•N. polysacchreae
•N. elongata
•N. macacae
•N. canis
•N. dentrificans.
6. N. meningitidis
• gram-negative diplococcus, kidney beans,
encapsulated
• facultatively anaerobic, catalase (+) and
oxidase (+)
• autolyse when exposed to drying or sunlight
• 13 serogroups currently are recognized: A,
B, C, D, H, I, K, L, X, Y, Z, W135, and 29E.
7. Group Chemical Composition of Capsule
A
B
C
D
X
Y
Z
29E
W135
2-Acetamido-2-deoxy-D-mannopyranosyl
phosphate
-2.8 N-acetylneuraminic acid
-2,9 O-acetylneuraminic acid
Composition not known
2-Acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranosyl phosphate
4-O--D-glucopyranosyl-N-acetylneuraminic acid
Composition not known
3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid
4-O--D-galactopyranosyl-N-acetylneuraminic acid
Chemical Structure of Group-Specific
Polysaccharide Capsules of Meningococci
8. • Serogroups A, B, and C account for more than 90
% of meningococcal disease worldwide.
• Serogroup A: periodic epidemics in developing
countries, is responsible for only 3 % of in the
United States.
• Serogroup B: sporadic disease but occasionally is
associated with outbreaks.
• Serogroup C: associated with numerous outbreaks
in the United States, Canada, and Europe.
• Serotype Y: has been associated with
meningococcal pneumonia in military recruits.
9. • The germ is spread by direct contact with
secretions from the nose and throat, such as
by kissing, coughing, sneezing, and sharing
of cigarettes, drinks, and food.
• Prevalence : winter and spring
• Incubation period: 1-10 days, most < 4
days
10. Risk factors
• inversely to age
• upper respiratory pathogens
• smoke and passive smoke
• family members
• late complement component deficiencies
• alternate pathway (properdin) deficiency
11. Clinical manifestations
• Serious/Invasive Disease
• Conjunctivitis
• Pharyngitis
• Meningococcal Pneumonia
• Meningococcal Pericarditis
• Mesenteric Adenitis and Peritonitis
• Infections of the Genitourinary Tract
• Chronic Meningococcemia
12. • Symptoms are usually sudden and initially
are like the flu: fever, feeling generally
unwell, headache, vomiting, and in some
cases a stiff neck.
• People with this disease are visibly sick and
may be confused, excited, or drowsy.
• Sometimes a reddish-purple rash that may
look like bruises appears.
Symptoms and Signs
13. • The rash is flat and smooth, does not itch,
and may spread quickly once it starts.
• In rare cases, the symptoms are followed by
lowered blood pressure, shock, delirium,
sudden extreme weakness, coma, and death.
• Because the disease spreads quickly in the
body, it is important to see a physician
immediately if symptoms suggesting
meningococcal disease develop.
14. Clinical Feature Per Cent at Presentation
Fever 71-88.8
Rash 68.4-71
Shock 38-42
Vomiting 34-67
Lethargy 30-55
Headache 34
Irritability 21-34
Poor feeding 18
Cough or rhinorrhea 18
Seizures 8-10
Signs and Symptoms in Serious
Meningococcal Disease
18. Therapy
• For penicillin-susceptible meningococcemia
or meningitis, iv penicillin G, 250,000
units/kg/day every 4 hours for 7 days.
• Third-generation cephalosporins,
ceftriaxone (100 mg/kg/day iv in two
divided doses) and cefotaxime (200 mg/
kg/day iv in four divided doses
• Steroid therapy is controversal
19. Presenting Features of Meningococcal
Infection Associated with Poor Prognosis
• Presence of petechiae < 12 hours before
admission
• Presence of hypotension (systolic <70 mm Hg)
• Absence of meningitis (<20 WBC/mm3)
• Peripheral white blood cell count <10,000/mm3
• Erythrocyte sedimentation rate <10 mm/hour
Stiehm, E. R.et al J. Pediatr 1966
20. Additional prophylactic
• Rifampin, 10 mg/ kg/dose (maximum, 600
mg/dose) every 12 hours for 2 days
• Single ceftriaxone (125 mg IM for children
< 12 years of age or 250 mg IM for those >
12 years of age)
21. Disease Risk for Contacts of Index Cases of
Invasive Meningococcal Disease
22. Drug Age Group Dose Duration
Rifampin <1 month 5 mg/kg q 12 hr 2 days
> 1 month 10 mg/kg q 12 hr 2 days
Adults 600 mg q 12 hr 2 days
Ciprofloxacin Adults 500 mg Single dose
Ceftriaxone <15 years 125 mg IM Single dose
Adults 250 mg IM Single dose
Chemoprophylaxis
