This document discusses measuring national income in the Philippines. It defines key terms like gross national product (GNP) and gross domestic product (GDP) and explains how they are calculated. GNP refers to the total value of goods and services produced by Filipinos within and outside the country. GDP refers to the total value produced within the country's borders, including by foreign businesses. The National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) is responsible for analyzing the national economy and releasing national income data collected by the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA). National income measurement is important for understanding economic growth, setting development policies, and estimating individuals' standard of living.
All the three methods of national income accounting are explained with mathematical questions and answers. It is very helpful for the NCERT and SCERT plus two commerce and humanities students who have to learn these methods in the second chapter of macroeconomics.
Introduction
In life, there are universal laws that govern everything we do. These laws are so perfect that if you were to align yourself with them, you could have so much prosperity that it would be coming out of your ears. This is because God created the universe in the image and likeness of him. It is failure to follow the universal laws that causes one to fail. The laws that were created consisted of the following: ·
Law of Gratitude: The Law of Gratitude states that you must show gratitude for what you have. By having gratitude, you speed your growth and success faster than you normally would. This is because if you appreciate the things you have, even if they are small things, you are open to receiving more.
Law of Attraction: The Law of Attraction states that if you focus your attention on something long enough you will get it. It all starts in the mind. You think of something and when you think of it, you manifest that in your life. This could be a mental picture of a check or actual cash, but you think about it with an image.
Law of Karma: the Law of Karma states that if you go out and do something bad, it will come back to you with something bad. If you do well for others, good things happen to you. The principle here is to know you can create good or bad through your actions. There will always be an effect no matter what.
Law of Love: the Law of Love states that love is more than emotion or feeling; it is energy. It has substance and can be felt. Love is also considered acceptance of oneself or others. This means that no matter what you do in life if you do not approach or leave the situation out of love, it won't work.
Law of Allowing: The Law of Allowing states that for us to get what we want, we must be receptive to it. We can't merely say to the Universe that we want something if we don't allow ourselves to receive it. This will defeat our purpose for wanting it in the first place.
Law of Vibration: the Law of Vibration states that if you wish on something and use your thoughts to visualize it, you are halfway there to get it. To complete the cycle you must use the Law of Vibration to feel part of what you want. Do this and you'll have anything you want in life.
For everything to function properly there has to be structure. Without structure, our world, or universe, would be in utter chaos. Successful people understand universal laws and apply them daily. They may not acknowledge that to you, but they do follow the laws. There is a higher power and this higher power controls the universe and what we get out of it. People who know this, but wish to direct their own lives, follow the reasons. Successful people don't sit around and say "I'll try," they say yes and act on it.
Chapter - 1
The Law of Attraction
The law of attraction is the most powerful force in the universe. If you work against it, it can only bring you pain and misery. Successful people know this but have kept it hidden from the lower class for centuries because th
National Income and Its Measurement
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The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
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The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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1. Aralin 13
Pagsukat ng Pambansang Kita
Inihanda ni: ARNEL O. RIVERA
www.slideshare.net/sirarnelPHhistory
2. Balik-aral:
• Ang makroekonomiks (macroeconomis) ay dibisyon
ng ekonomiks na sumusuri sa lagay ng
pambansang ekonomiya.
• Ang pambansang ekonomiya ay tumutukoy sa lagay
ng ekonomiya ng isang bansa at kung natutugunan
ba ng mga mamamayan ang kanilang mga
pangangailangan.
• Upang mailarawan ang galaw ng pambansang
ekonomiya sa isang simpleng kalagayan, naipakikita
ito sa pamamagitan ng Paikot na Daloy ng
Ekonomiya. Ipinaliwanag nito ang ugnayang
namamagitan sa bawat kasapi ng pambansang
ekonomiya.
3. Panimula:
• Sinusuri ng makroekonomiks ang
pambansang ekonomiya. Pangunahing
layunin ng pag-aaral ng pambansang
ekonomiya ay malaman kung may paglago
sa ekonomiya (economic growth) ng bansa.
• Ginagamit ang mga economic models sa
pagsusuri ng pambansang ekonomiya.
4. Economic Performance
• Tumutukoy sa
pangkalahatang
kalagayan ng mga
gawaing pang-
ekonomiya ng bansa.
• Pangunahing layunin
ng ekonomiya ang
pagtugon sa mga
pangangailangan ng
mga tao sa bansa. https://www.philstar.com/opinion/2020/08/08/2033664/
editorial-recession
5. Pambansang Kita
(National Income)
• Ang pambansang kita
ay ang kabuuang
halaga ng mga
tinatanggap na kita ng
pambansang
ekonomiya.
• Nasusukat ang
pambansang kita sa
pamamagitan ng
National Income
Accounts na binubuo
ng GNP at GDP.
https://depositphotos.com/113847204/stock-photo-national-
income-word-cloud-concept.html
6. ANG KAHALAGAHAN NG
PAGSUKAT NG PAMBANSANG KITA
CampbellR. McConnel & StanleyBrue, EconomicsPrinciples,Problems,andPolicies(1999)
• Ang sistema ng pagsukat sa pambansang kita ay
nakapagbibigay ng ideya tungkol sa antas ng
produksyon ng ekonomiya sa isang partikular na
taon at maipaliwanag kung bakit ganito kalaki o
kababa ang produksyon ng bansa.
• Sa paghahambing ng pambansang kita sa loob ng
ilang taon, masusubaybayan natin ang direksyon
na tinatahak ng ating ekonomiya at malalaman
kung may nagaganap na pag-unlad o pagbaba sa
kabuuang produksiyon ng bansa.
7. ANG KAHALAGAHAN NG
PAGSUKAT NG PAMBANSANG KITA
CampbellR. McConnel & StanleyBrue, EconomicsPrinciples,Problems,andPolicies(1999)
• Ang nakalap na impormasyon mula sa
pambansang kita ang magiging gabay ng mga
nagpaplano sa ekonomiya upang bumuo ng mga
patakaran at polisiya na makapagpapabuti sa
pamumuhay ng mga mamamayan at
makapagpapataas sa economic performance ng
bansa.
• Kung walang sistematikong paraan sa pagsukat
ng pambansang kita, haka-haka lamang ang
magiging basehan na walang matibay na batayan.
Kung gayon, ang datos ay hindi kapani-paniwala.
8. ANG KAHALAGAHAN NG
PAGSUKAT NG PAMBANSANG KITA
CampbellR. McConnel & StanleyBrue, EconomicsPrinciples,Problems,andPolicies(1999)
• Sa pamamagitan ng
National Income
Accounting,
maaaring masukat
ang kalusugan ng
ekonomiya.
9. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine
_Statistics_Authority
Anong sangay ng pamahalaan ang
nagsusuri ng pambansang kita?
• Ang National Economic
Development Authority (NEDA)
ang opisyal na tagalabas ng tala ng
pambansang kita.
• Ang NEDA rin ang gumagawa ng
mga programang pangkaunlaran.
• Isang sangay ng NEDA ang
Philippine Statistics Authority
(PSA) ang may tungkulin na magtala
ng National Income Accounts
(GNP at GDP). Ang lahat ng datos
ay tinitipon ng PSA sa Philippine
Statistical Yearbook.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Econo
mic_and_Development_Authority
10. • Tumutukoy sa kabuuang halaga ng mga
produkto at serbisyo na nagawa ng buong
ekonomiya (loob at labas) sa loob ng isang
taon.
• Kabuuang kita ng isang bansa.
• Tinatawag din itong Gross National Income
(GNI)
Gross National Product (GNP)
11. • Tumutukoy sa halaga ng kabuuang produkto
at serbisyo kasama ang partisipasyon ng
mga dayuhang negosyante sa produksyon sa
bansa sa loob ng isang taon.
• Tinatawag din ito bilang Gross Domestic
Income (GDI)
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
12. Ano ang pagkakaiba ng
GNP sa GDP?
GNP
• Halaga ng lahat ng
mga produkto at
serbisyo na ginawa
ng mga PILIPINO
sa loob at labas ng
bansa.
GDP
• Halaga ng lahat ng
mga produkto at
serbisyo na ginawa
sa PILIPINAS
kasama na ang
gawa ng mga
dayuhan.
13. Ang GNP ay Gawa Ng mga
Pilipino samantalang ang
GDP ay Gawa Dito sa
Pilipinas.
In other words....
14. •Income Approach – batay sa kita
ng mga Pilipino na mula sa
pagbebenta ng produkto at
serbisyo.
•Expenditure Approach – batay
sa halagang ginastos sa paglikha
ng produkto o serbisyo.
Paraan ng Pagsukat ng GNP
15. • Industrial Origin Approach – batay
sa pinagmulang industriya sa ating
bansa.
• Ang tinutukoy na sektor ng ekonomiya
ay agrikultura industriya (industriya) at
paglilingkod (service).
Paraan ng Pagsukat ng GNP
16. Expenditure Approach
FORMULA:
GDP = [C + I + G + (X – M)]
GNP = GDP + NFIA
Where:
C = Personal Consumption Expenditure
G = Government Consumption
I = Capital Formation
X = Export Revenues
M = Import Spending
NFIA = Net factor income from abroad
17. Ano ang NFIA?
• Kita ng pambasang ekonomiya mula sa salik
ng produksyon na nasa ibang bansa (e.g.
mga OFW)
• Pambayad sa dayuhang ekonomiya para sa
angkat na mga salik ng produksyon (e.g.
imported raw materials).
18. Particulars Amount
Personal Consumption Expenditure (C) 3,346,716
Government Consumption (G) 492,110
Capital Formation (I)
• Fixed Capital
• Changes in stocks
815,981
784,066
31,915
Exports (X)
• Merchandize Exports
• Non-factor Services
2,480,966
2,186,749
294,217
Imports (M)
• Merchandise Imports
• Non-Factor Services
2,659,009
2,507,035
151,974
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) 4,476,764
Net Factor Income from Abroad (NFIA) 376,509
Gross National Product (GNP) for 2004 4,853,273
19. Income Approach
GNP = consumption capital allowance
+ indirect business tax +
compensation of employees +
rents + interests + proprietor’s
income + corporate income taxes
+ dividends + undisturbed
corporate profits
20. Kahulugan:
Consumption capital
allowance
Halaga ng nagamit na kapital
Indirect business tax Buwis na ipinapataw sa pamahalaan
Rent Kita mula sa lupa
interest Kita mula sa kapital
Proprietor’s income Kita ng entreprenyur sa kanyang
negosyo
Corporate income tax Buwis na galing sa kita ng mga bahay
kalakal
Dividends Kita ng mga may-ari ng bahay kalakal
Undisturbed corporate profits Natira sa kinita ng bahay-kalakal
matapos mabawasan ng dividends
21. Industrial Origin Approach
Mga sektor ng ekonomiya
• Agrikultura – paglikha ng pagkain at mga hilaw na
materyales.
• Industriya – pagpoproseso sa mga hilaw na
materyales, konstruksyon, pagmimina, at paggawa
ng mga kalakal.
• Paglilingkod – umaalalay sa buong yugto ng
produksyon, distribusyon, kalakalan at pagkonsumo
ng kalakal sa loob o labas ng bansa. Kabilang dito
ang transportasyon, komunikasyon, pananalapi,
kalakalan at turismo.
23. Pagsukat sa pag-unlad ng bansa
• Inilalarawan ng GNP at GDP ang
produksyon ng bansa. Magandang makita
na papataas ang GNP at GDP.
• Ibig sabihin nito, tumataas ang produksyon
ng bansa. Dumarami ang kumikita sa
ekonomiya. Umaangat ang kabuhayan ng
mga kasapi ng ekonomiya.
24. Antas ng Paglago
(Growth Rate)
• Malalaman kung may natamong pag-unlad
sa ekonomiya sa pamamagitan ng Growth
Rate.
• Ang Growth Rate ay ang sumusukat kung
ilang bahagdan (percent) ang naging pag-
angat ng ekonomiya kompara sa nagdaang
taon.
25. Antas ng Paglago
(Growth Rate)
• Ang paglago ng GNP ay nasusukat gamit ang
formula sa ibaba:
Growth Rate =
𝐺𝑁𝑃2−𝐺𝑁𝑃1
𝐺𝑁𝑃1
x 100
Whereas:
GNP2 = bagong GNP
GNP1 = lumang GNP
26. Halimbawa:
• GNP ng 2001 = 3,876,603
• GNP ng 2002 = 4,218,883
Growth Rate =
𝐺𝑁𝑃2−𝐺𝑁𝑃1
𝐺𝑁𝑃1
x 100
Growth Rate =
4,218,883−3,876,603
3,876,603
x 100
Growth Rate =
342,280
3,876,603
x 100 = 8.83%
27. Per Capita GNP
• Panukat na ginagamit upang matantiya
(estimate) ang halaga ng produksyon ng
bawat Pilipino sa loob ng isang panahon.
• Ang halaga ng gastos ng bawat Pilipino.
Per Capita GNP =
𝐺𝑁𝑃
𝑃𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑦𝑜𝑛
28. Halimbawa:
GNP ng 2001 = 1,502,814,000
Populasyon ng 2001 = 76,900,000
Per Capita GNP =
𝐺𝑁𝑃
𝑃𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑦𝑜𝑛
Per Capita GNP =
1,502,814,000
76,900,000
= 19,542.44
29. LIMITASYON SA PAGSUKAT NG
PAMBANSANG KITA
• Ang GNP at GDP ay hindi sapat na batayan ng
pag-unlad ng ekonomiya ng bansa. Sa
pagtataya ng GNP, hindi naisasamang lahat ang
kabuuang halaga ng produkto at serbisyo sa
bansa.
• May mga produkto o serbisyo na nalilikha na
hindi nakukwenta dahil ang mga ito ay hindi
ipinagbabayad ng buwis , mga negosyo na
walang record sa ating pamahalaan o sa ibang
ahensya nito.
• Kabilang dito ay ang mga sumusunod:
30. LIMITASYON SA PAGSUKAT NG
PAMBANSANG KITA
• Hindi Pampamilihang Gawain
• Hal: pag-aalaga ng anak, paghuhugas ng
pinggan, at pagtatanim sa bakanteng lupa sa loob
ng bakuran
• Impormal na Sektor
• Hal: transaksyon sa black market, ilegal na droga,
nakaw na sasakyan at kagamitan, ilegal na
pasugalan, ata iba pa.
• Externalities o hindi sinasadyang epekto
• Hal: gastos ng isang planta ng koryente upang
mabawasan ang perwisyo ng polusyon
• Kalidad ng buhay
31. LIMITASYON SA PAGSUKAT NG
PAMBANSANG KITA
• Ang lahat ng limitasyong ito ay masasabing
hindi mainam na sukatan ng kagalingan ng
pagkatao ang pambansang kita.
• Gayunpaman, kahit may limitasyon ang
pagsukat ng pambansang kita, ipinapakita
naman nito ang antas ng pagsulong ng
ekonomiya.
32. Isaisip:
• Ang Economic Performance ay tumutukoy
sa pangkalahatang kalagayan ng mga
gawaing pang-ekonomiya ng bansa. Sa
ganitong paraan malalaman kung
natutugunan ba ng mga mamamayan ang
kanilang mga pangangailangan at
kagustuhan.
• Ang Pambansang Kita ay tumutukoy sa
kabuuang halaga ng mga kalakal at
serbisyo na nalilikha ng ating ekonomiya.
33. • Bakit mahalaga sa pangkaraniwang
Pilipino na maintindihan ang pagsukat ng
pambansang kita?
PAGPAPAHALAGA
TAKDA:
Isulat ang sagot sa ½ crosswise na papel. COPYAND
ANSWER. Isulat ang pangalan, lagda at Valid ID number
ng magulang o guardian.
34. References:
• Balitao B.R. (2015), EKONOMIKS 10 Araling Panlipunan –
Modyul para sa Mag-aaral Unang Edisyon, Department of
Education
• Chua J.L. (2001), Panahon, Kasaysayan at Lipunan
(Ekonomiks) Ikalawang Edisyon, DIWA Publishing House
• De Leon, Z.M. et. al. (2004), Ekonomiks Pagsulong at Pag-
unlad, Vibal Publishing House
• Mateo, G.C. et. al.(2012), Ekonomiks Mga Konsepto at
Aplikasyon, Vibal Publishing House
• Nolasco, L.I. et. al. (2004), Ekonomiks: Mga Konsepto,
Applikasyon at Isyu, Vibal Publishing House
• Cortez J. D. et. al. (2021) Araling Panlipunan Ikatlong
Markahan – Modyul 2: Pamamaraaan at Kahalagahan ng
Pagsukat ng Pambansang Kita, (Unpublished) DepEd Division
of San Fernando, Pampangga
35. References:
• Eko and Miya characters used with permission from
the National Economic Development Authority
(NEDA) retrieved March 20, 2020 from
http://2040.neda.gov.ph/eko-and-miya-series