1) Ecological rainfall infrastructure involves investing in trees for sustainable development. Trees help store water by changing soils to be more effective buffers. 2) Trees consume water through evapotranspiration which leads to air cooling. They also help recycle water and store it in soils. This makes streamflow from forests more gradual. 3) Rainfall over land comes from oceans (60%) and vegetation (40%) on land. Trees use 100-200 mm more water per year than short vegetation through evapotranspiration, which has a cooling effect and puts more water in the atmosphere.

1. Ecological(rainfall(infrastructure:(investment(in(
trees(for(sustainable(development(
Ecological(rainfall(infrastructure,(Rio(Pavillion(
COP(PARIS(02@12@2015(
Meine%van%Noordwijk(
Chief(ScienDst,(World(Agroforestry((
Centre((ICRAF);(Professor(of(Agro@(
forestry,(Wageningen(University(
Long(cycle:((
oceans(
(to(land(
Short(cycle:((
Land(to(land(

3. Forest(and(water(–(big(picture(on(‘cool(forests’(
Q(((=(((P((((@((((E(((±((ΔS(
Stream(flow((blue(
water):(flow(persis@
tence(depends(on(
watershed(health,(as(
does(water(quality(
PrecipitaDon(of(‘rainbow(
water’:(60%(of(rainfall(over(
land(derives(from(oceans,(40%(
from(vegetaDon(on(land(
EvapotranspiraDon(
(green(water(use)(
leads(to(air(cooling,(
trees(use(100@200(
mm/year(more(than(
short(vegetaDon(
Soil(water(storage(
(‘sponge(effect’)(
depends(on(soil(
depth(and(structure(

4. Blue water
streamflow
Rainfall triggering
conditions
Precipi-
tation
Rainbow water Atmospheric transport
Soil & ground-water
buffering
GreenwaterET
evapotranspiration
Precipi-
tation
GreenwaterET
evapotranspiration
Blue water
streamflow
Soil & ground-water
buffering

5. van(der(Ent(RJ,(Savenije(
HHG,(Schaefli(B,(Steele@(
Dunne(SC,(2010.(Origin(
and(fate(of(atmospheric(
moisture(over(
conDnents.(Water(
Resources(Research(46,(
W09525,(
E/P(
Pfrom(Et/P(

6. • Trees(consume(water(
• Trees(recycle(water(
• Trees(help(store(water(by(changing(
soil(to(be(
(((((a(more(effecDve(buffer(
• Streamflow(from(healthy(
catchments(with(forests(and(trees(
is(more(gradual(
Higher(evapotranspi@
raDon(means(more(
cooling(effect(
Higher(evapotranspi@
raDon(means(more(
atmospheric(water(
vapour(
Prevailing(winds(BioDc@pump@induced(air(
flows?(
Oceanic(input(
Biological(precipitaDon(
triggers?( Rainfall(
Downstream(water(use,(
livelihoods(risks(and(
benefits(
Scien1fic%
debate%
Downstream(and(downwind(
benefits(of(watershed(
restoraDon(

7. Lightning(
BNF( Denitrifiers(
Long(cycle(rain(
BRG( ET(

9. Stem-flow
Through
-fall
Rainfall Cloud
interception
Lateral
outflows
(interflow) Recharge
Soil surface
evaporation
Transpiration
Canopy water
evaporation
Uptake
Quick-
flow
Base flow
{
Surface
run-on
Surface
Run-off
Streams
& river
Litter layer
Sub-
surface
lateral
inflows
Infil-
tra-
tion
Percolation
Canopy
inter-
ception

10. Cooling%effect%of%E%
(
Foresters%&%farmers%%
managing%tree%cover:%
ET(translated(into(tree,((
crop(and(pasture(
producDvity(
(
New%BRGCscience%
(
Rainbow(water(closes((
the(hydrological(cycle(
Hydrologists:%
Q,(Blue(water(
implies(focus(
on(stream@
flow((floods,(
drought,(use(
as(irrigaDon(
source)(
Tree%ecophyC
siologists:%Et,(
Green(water(
implies(focus(
on(use(of(wa@
ter(by(vegeta@
Don,(compe@
Dng(with(what(
enters(streams(
Soil%scien1sts:%
ΔS,(Sponge(
effect(focus(on(
buffering(by(
soil(with(good(
infiltra@Don(
and(deep(root(
systems(
Landscape%ecologists:%scaling(from(patch,(via(hillslopes(to(
watersheds(in(relaDon(to(human(land(use(
Climatologists:%P,%
PrecipitaDon((rainfall)(
sourced(from(oceans(+(
land,(global(circulaDon(

11. Decarbonizing(the(debate(on(forests,(
trees(and(climate:(cool(trees(
Trees(make(it(cooler(,(
help(with(rainfall(and(
keep(the(soil(moist(
UNFCCC:(global(climate(
change(depends(on(
greenhouse(gas(emissions(
This(carbon(thing(is(
hard(to(understand,(
we(can’t(see(it…(