This presentation broadly covers Mumbai University MMS Semester IV - Elective - Treasury Management.
It starts with History; factors leading to modern treasury management; main objectives; Integrated treasury; departments of treasury - Front, Middle and Back office.
www.abhijeetdeshmukh.com
This presentation broadly covers Mumbai University MMS Semester IV - Elective - Treasury Management.
It starts with History; factors leading to modern treasury management; main objectives; Integrated treasury; departments of treasury - Front, Middle and Back office.
www.abhijeetdeshmukh.com
Important issues relating to equity portfolio management. Active and passive management strategies are explained in brief along with the text book of Reilly and Brown.
This presentation will discuss the following topics:
Objectives
Introduction
What is a Financial Instrument?
Understanding Financial Instrument
Types of Financial Instrument
Financial Markets
Role of Financial Markets
MODULE 3:
Credit Risks Credit Risk Management models - Introduction, Motivation, Funtionality of good credit. Risk Management models- Review of Markowitz’s Portfolio selection theory –Credit Risk Pricing Model – Capital and Rgulation. Risk management of Credit Derivatives.
Working capital Management notes for MBA students to prepare for exam. The file contains ample theory and solved problems on working capital management
Important issues relating to equity portfolio management. Active and passive management strategies are explained in brief along with the text book of Reilly and Brown.
This presentation will discuss the following topics:
Objectives
Introduction
What is a Financial Instrument?
Understanding Financial Instrument
Types of Financial Instrument
Financial Markets
Role of Financial Markets
MODULE 3:
Credit Risks Credit Risk Management models - Introduction, Motivation, Funtionality of good credit. Risk Management models- Review of Markowitz’s Portfolio selection theory –Credit Risk Pricing Model – Capital and Rgulation. Risk management of Credit Derivatives.
Working capital Management notes for MBA students to prepare for exam. The file contains ample theory and solved problems on working capital management
Introduction
Working capital typically means the firm’s holding of current or short-term assets such as cash, receivables, inventory and marketable securities.
These items are also referred to as circulating capital
Corporate executives devote a considerable amount of attention to the management of working capital
Definition
Working Capital refers to that part of the firm’s capital, which is required for financing short-term or current assets such a cash marketable securities, debtors and inventories. Funds thus, invested in current assets keep revolving fast and are constantly converted into cash and this cash flow out again in exchange for other current assets. Working Capital is also known as revolving or circulating capital or short-term capital.
Nature Of Working Capital
Working capital management is concerned with the problems that arise in attempting to manage the current assets, the current liabilities and the interrelations that exist between them.
Current assets refer to those assets which in the ordinary course of business can be, or will be, converted into cash within one year without undergoing a diminution in value and without disrupting the operations of the firm.
Examples- cash, marketable securities, accounts receivable and inventory.
Current liabilities are those liabilities which are intended, at their inception, to be paid in the ordinary course of business, within a year, out of the current assets or the earnings of the concern.
Examples- accounts payable, bills payable, bank overdraft and outstanding expenses.
what is the best method to sell pi coins in 2024DOT TECH
The best way to sell your pi coins safely is trading with an exchange..but since pi is not launched in any exchange, and second option is through a VERIFIED pi merchant.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and pioneers and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive amounts before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade pi coins with.
@Pi_vendor_247
how can I sell pi coins after successfully completing KYCDOT TECH
Pi coins is not launched yet in any exchange 💱 this means it's not swappable, the current pi displaying on coin market cap is the iou version of pi. And you can learn all about that on my previous post.
RIGHT NOW THE ONLY WAY you can sell pi coins is through verified pi merchants. A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges and crypto whales. Looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale or ico offerings, the only way to get my coins is from buying from miners. So a merchant facilitates the transactions between the miners and these exchanges holding pi.
I and my friends has sold more than 6000 pi coins successfully with this method. I will be happy to share the contact of my personal pi merchant. The one i trade with, if you have your own merchant you can trade with them. For those who are new.
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram.
I wouldn't advise you selling all percentage of the pi coins. Leave at least a before so its a win win during open mainnet. Have a nice day pioneers ♥️
#kyc #mainnet #picoins #pi #sellpi #piwallet
#pinetwork
how to sell pi coins effectively (from 50 - 100k pi)DOT TECH
Anywhere in the world, including Africa, America, and Europe, you can sell Pi Network Coins online and receive cash through online payment options.
Pi has not yet been launched on any exchange because we are currently using the confined Mainnet. The planned launch date for Pi is June 28, 2026.
Reselling to investors who want to hold until the mainnet launch in 2026 is currently the sole way to sell.
Consequently, right now. All you need to do is select the right pi network provider.
Who is a pi merchant?
An individual who buys coins from miners on the pi network and resells them to investors hoping to hang onto them until the mainnet is launched is known as a pi merchant.
debuts.
I'll provide you the Telegram username
@Pi_vendor_247
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024 - Ricerca sulle Startup e il Sistema dell'Innov...Quotidiano Piemontese
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024
Una ricerca de il Club degli Investitori, in collaborazione con ToTeM Torino Tech Map e con il supporto della ESCP Business School e di Growth Capital
when will pi network coin be available on crypto exchange.DOT TECH
There is no set date for when Pi coins will enter the market.
However, the developers are working hard to get them released as soon as possible.
Once they are available, users will be able to exchange other cryptocurrencies for Pi coins on designated exchanges.
But for now the only way to sell your pi coins is through verified pi vendor.
Here is the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor
@Pi_vendor_247
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview.pptxmarketing367770
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview
If you're dreaming of owning a home in California's rural or suburban areas, a USDA loan might be the perfect solution. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) offers these loans to help low-to-moderate-income individuals and families achieve homeownership.
Key Features of USDA Loans:
Zero Down Payment: USDA loans require no down payment, making homeownership more accessible.
Competitive Interest Rates: These loans often come with lower interest rates compared to conventional loans.
Flexible Credit Requirements: USDA loans have more lenient credit score requirements, helping those with less-than-perfect credit.
Guaranteed Loan Program: The USDA guarantees a portion of the loan, reducing risk for lenders and expanding borrowing options.
Eligibility Criteria:
Location: The property must be located in a USDA-designated rural or suburban area. Many areas in California qualify.
Income Limits: Applicants must meet income guidelines, which vary by region and household size.
Primary Residence: The home must be used as the borrower's primary residence.
Application Process:
Find a USDA-Approved Lender: Not all lenders offer USDA loans, so it's essential to choose one approved by the USDA.
Pre-Qualification: Determine your eligibility and the amount you can borrow.
Property Search: Look for properties in eligible rural or suburban areas.
Loan Application: Submit your application, including financial and personal information.
Processing and Approval: The lender and USDA will review your application. If approved, you can proceed to closing.
USDA loans are an excellent option for those looking to buy a home in California's rural and suburban areas. With no down payment and flexible requirements, these loans make homeownership more attainable for many families. Explore your eligibility today and take the first step toward owning your dream home.
The Evolution of Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) in India: Challenges...beulahfernandes8
Role in Financial System
NBFCs are critical in bridging the financial inclusion gap.
They provide specialized financial services that cater to segments often neglected by traditional banks.
Economic Impact
NBFCs contribute significantly to India's GDP.
They support sectors like micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs), housing finance, and personal loans.
Empowering the Unbanked: The Vital Role of NBFCs in Promoting Financial Inclu...Vighnesh Shashtri
In India, financial inclusion remains a critical challenge, with a significant portion of the population still unbanked. Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) have emerged as key players in bridging this gap by providing financial services to those often overlooked by traditional banking institutions. This article delves into how NBFCs are fostering financial inclusion and empowering the unbanked.
Financial Assets: Debit vs Equity Securities.pptxWrito-Finance
financial assets represent claim for future benefit or cash. Financial assets are formed by establishing contracts between participants. These financial assets are used for collection of huge amounts of money for business purposes.
Two major Types: Debt Securities and Equity Securities.
Debt Securities are Also known as fixed-income securities or instruments. The type of assets is formed by establishing contracts between investor and issuer of the asset.
• The first type of Debit securities is BONDS. Bonds are issued by corporations and government (both local and national government).
• The second important type of Debit security is NOTES. Apart from similarities associated with notes and bonds, notes have shorter term maturity.
• The 3rd important type of Debit security is TRESURY BILLS. These securities have short-term ranging from three months, six months, and one year. Issuer of such securities are governments.
• Above discussed debit securities are mostly issued by governments and corporations. CERTIFICATE OF DEPOSITS CDs are issued by Banks and Financial Institutions. Risk factor associated with CDs gets reduced when issued by reputable institutions or Banks.
Following are the risk attached with debt securities: Credit risk, interest rate risk and currency risk
There are no fixed maturity dates in such securities, and asset’s value is determined by company’s performance. There are two major types of equity securities: common stock and preferred stock.
Common Stock: These are simple equity securities and bear no complexities which the preferred stock bears. Holders of such securities or instrument have the voting rights when it comes to select the company’s board of director or the business decisions to be made.
Preferred Stock: Preferred stocks are sometime referred to as hybrid securities, because it contains elements of both debit security and equity security. Preferred stock confers ownership rights to security holder that is why it is equity instrument
<a href="https://www.writofinance.com/equity-securities-features-types-risk/" >Equity securities </a> as a whole is used for capital funding for companies. Companies have multiple expenses to cover. Potential growth of company is required in competitive market. So, these securities are used for capital generation, and then uses it for company’s growth.
Concluding remarks
Both are employed in business. Businesses are often established through debit securities, then what is the need for equity securities. Companies have to cover multiple expenses and expansion of business. They can also use equity instruments for repayment of debits. So, there are multiple uses for securities. As an investor, you need tools for analysis. Investment decisions are made by carefully analyzing the market. For better analysis of the stock market, investors often employ financial analysis of companies.
US Economic Outlook - Being Decided - M Capital Group August 2021.pdfpchutichetpong
The U.S. economy is continuing its impressive recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic and not slowing down despite re-occurring bumps. The U.S. savings rate reached its highest ever recorded level at 34% in April 2020 and Americans seem ready to spend. The sectors that had been hurt the most by the pandemic specifically reduced consumer spending, like retail, leisure, hospitality, and travel, are now experiencing massive growth in revenue and job openings.
Could this growth lead to a “Roaring Twenties”? As quickly as the U.S. economy contracted, experiencing a 9.1% drop in economic output relative to the business cycle in Q2 2020, the largest in recorded history, it has rebounded beyond expectations. This surprising growth seems to be fueled by the U.S. government’s aggressive fiscal and monetary policies, and an increase in consumer spending as mobility restrictions are lifted. Unemployment rates between June 2020 and June 2021 decreased by 5.2%, while the demand for labor is increasing, coupled with increasing wages to incentivize Americans to rejoin the labor force. Schools and businesses are expected to fully reopen soon. In parallel, vaccination rates across the country and the world continue to rise, with full vaccination rates of 50% and 14.8% respectively.
However, it is not completely smooth sailing from here. According to M Capital Group, the main risks that threaten the continued growth of the U.S. economy are inflation, unsettled trade relations, and another wave of Covid-19 mutations that could shut down the world again. Have we learned from the past year of COVID-19 and adapted our economy accordingly?
“In order for the U.S. economy to continue growing, whether there is another wave or not, the U.S. needs to focus on diversifying supply chains, supporting business investment, and maintaining consumer spending,” says Grace Feeley, a research analyst at M Capital Group.
While the economic indicators are positive, the risks are coming closer to manifesting and threatening such growth. The new variants spreading throughout the world, Delta, Lambda, and Gamma, are vaccine-resistant and muddy the predictions made about the economy and health of the country. These variants bring back the feeling of uncertainty that has wreaked havoc not only on the stock market but the mindset of people around the world. MCG provides unique insight on how to mitigate these risks to possibly ensure a bright economic future.
What website can I sell pi coins securely.DOT TECH
Currently there are no website or exchange that allow buying or selling of pi coins..
But you can still easily sell pi coins, by reselling it to exchanges/crypto whales interested in holding thousands of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell to these crypto whales and holders of pi..
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners and pi merchants stands in between the miners and the exchanges.
How can I sell my pi coins?
Selling pi coins is really easy, but first you need to migrate to mainnet wallet before you can do that. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
Tele-gram.
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins on Bitmart crypto exchangeDOT TECH
Yes. Pi network coins can be exchanged but not on bitmart exchange. Because pi network is still in the enclosed mainnet. The only way pioneers are able to trade pi coins is by reselling the pi coins to pi verified merchants.
A verified merchant is someone who buys pi network coins and resell it to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
2. • 1. Explain the term working capital and the importance of working
capital management.
• 2. Understand the need for external sources to finance working
capital
• 3. Understand the approach of funding sources (sources of short-
term, medium-term, and long-term funds)
• 4. Explain the working capital cashflow cycle
3. Long-term vs short-term decisions
• While long-term financial decisions like buying capital equipment or
issuing debentures involve cash flows over an extended period of
time (5 to 15 years or even more)
• Short-term financial decisions typically involve cash flows within a
year or within the operating cycle of the firm
4. The definition of working capital
• Working capital is money available to a company for day-to-day
operations.
• Working capital is a measure of both a company's efficiency and its
short-term financial health. Working capital is calculated as:
• Working Capital = Current Assets - Current Liabilities
• WC = CA - CL
6. • Cash balances may be held for a week or two
• Accounts receivable may have a life span of 30 to 90 days
• Inventories may be held for 1 to 60 days
CA have a short life span
8. WC term
• WC involves short-term asset accounts such as cash, inventory, and
accounts receivable, as well as short-term liability accounts such as
accounts payable
• The level of these accounts depends on factors such as the type
of business and industry standards
9. WC term
• A company must have or be able to generate enough cash to meet its
short-term needs if it is to continue in business
• Therefore, working capital management is a key factor in the
company’s long-term success
10. Positive/Negative WC:
• Positive working capital generally indicates that a company is able to
pay off its short-term liabilities almost immediately
• Negative working capital generally indicates a company is unable to
do so
• The greater the extent to which current assets exceed current
liabilities, the more solvent or liquid a company is likely to be
11. The objectives of WC management
• The two main objectives of working capital management are to
increase the profitability of a company and to ensure that it has
sufficient liquidity to meet short-term obligations
• Profitability is related to the goal of shareholder wealth maximisation.
While liquidity is needed for a company to continue in business.
• However
• Cash kept in a safe will not generate a return, for example, while a six-
month bank deposit will earn interest in exchange for loss of access
for the period.
12. WC cashflow cycle
• The level of WC reflects the length of time between when cash goes
out of a firm at the beginning of the production process and when it
comes back in
14. WC cashflow cycle
• A company first buys inventory from its suppliers, in the form of either
raw materials or finished goods.
• A firm typically buys its inventory on credit, which means that the firm
does not have to pay cash immediately.
• After receiving the inventory, even if the inventory is in the form of finished
goods, it may sit on the shelf for some time.
• Finally, when the inventory is ultimately sold, the firm may extend credit
to its customers, delaying when it will receive the cash.
• A firm’s cash cycle is the length of time between when the firm pays cash
to purchase its initial inventory and when it receives cash from the sale of
the output produced from that inventory.
15. Cash conversion cycle
• The firm is not out of cash for the entire length of the operating cycle.
Although it starts by purchasing raw materials, it does not generally
pay for them immediately
• This accounts payable period reduces the amount of time that the
firm is out of cash. The interval between the firm’s payment for its
raw materials and the collection of payment from the customer is
known as the firm’s cash conversion cycle:
• Cash conversion cycle = operating cycle - accounts payable period
• Cash conversion cycle = (inventory period + receivables period) -
accounts payable period
18. Negative Cash Cycle: example
• Internet-based bookseller Amazon.com manages its cash cycle
extremely well
• It turns its inventory over 26 times a year, making its inventory period
very short
• It charges its customer's credit card when it ships a book and it gets
paid by the credit card firm usually in a day
• Finally, it takes about 46 days to pay the suppliers. All this means that
Amazon.com has a negative cash cycle
21. Working Capital in Various Industries
• Because of the characteristics of different industries, working capital
levels vary significantly.
• For example, grocery stores (Kroger) and fast-food restaurants
(Chipotle Mexican Grill) typically sell on a cash-only basis, and thus
have very short accounts receivable days
• Similar results hold for Southwest Airlines, because many of its
customers pay in advance for airline tickets with cash or credit cards.
22. Working Capital in Various Industries
• Inventory represents the largest percentage of sales for firms such as
Constellation Brands and KB Home, whose products have long
production and sales cycles, whereas The Washington Post holds
minimal inventory
• Note also the wide variation in the firms’ cash conversion cycles;
Amazon.com and Southwest’s cash conversion cycle is negative,
reflecting the fact that they receive cash from their customers before
having to pay suppliers
• Whereas firms such as Tiffany & Co. must spend cash to produce their
products more than one year before they receive revenues from them
23.
24. • For example, current assets constitute about 60% of the total assets
of telecom companies, while they account for less than 10% of the
assets of railroads. For some companies “current assets” means
principally inventory; in others it means accounts receivable or cash
and securities
• For example, you can see that inventory constitutes the majority of
the current assets of retail firms, receivables are more important for
oil companies, and cash and short-term securities make up the bulk
of the current assets of software companies