The document discusses various topics related to financial planning including:
1. The six step financial planning process which includes establishing goals, gathering client data, analyzing the client's situation, developing recommendations, implementing recommendations, and monitoring progress.
2. Break-even analysis which determines the sales volume needed to cover total costs. It involves categorizing costs as fixed or variable.
3. Operating leverage which measures the percentage of a company's fixed costs and how that impacts profits and the break-even point.
4. Cash budgeting which forecasts cash inflows and outflows to determine if a company has sufficient funds. Additional funds needed may need to be raised if sales increase.
In this revision presentation, we provide an overview of financial efficiency rations - which assess how effectively a business is managing its assets.
In this revision presentation, we provide an overview of financial efficiency rations - which assess how effectively a business is managing its assets.
The secret way to sell pi coins effortlessly.DOT TECH
Well as we all know pi isn't launched yet. But you can still sell your pi coins effortlessly because some whales in China are interested in holding massive pi coins. And they are willing to pay good money for it. If you are interested in selling I will leave a contact for you. Just telegram this number below. I sold about 3000 pi coins to him and he paid me immediately.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
How to get verified on Coinbase Account?_.docxBuy bitget
t's important to note that buying verified Coinbase accounts is not recommended and may violate Coinbase's terms of service. Instead of searching to "buy verified Coinbase accounts," follow the proper steps to verify your own account to ensure compliance and security.
Financial Assets: Debit vs Equity Securities.pptxWrito-Finance
financial assets represent claim for future benefit or cash. Financial assets are formed by establishing contracts between participants. These financial assets are used for collection of huge amounts of money for business purposes.
Two major Types: Debt Securities and Equity Securities.
Debt Securities are Also known as fixed-income securities or instruments. The type of assets is formed by establishing contracts between investor and issuer of the asset.
• The first type of Debit securities is BONDS. Bonds are issued by corporations and government (both local and national government).
• The second important type of Debit security is NOTES. Apart from similarities associated with notes and bonds, notes have shorter term maturity.
• The 3rd important type of Debit security is TRESURY BILLS. These securities have short-term ranging from three months, six months, and one year. Issuer of such securities are governments.
• Above discussed debit securities are mostly issued by governments and corporations. CERTIFICATE OF DEPOSITS CDs are issued by Banks and Financial Institutions. Risk factor associated with CDs gets reduced when issued by reputable institutions or Banks.
Following are the risk attached with debt securities: Credit risk, interest rate risk and currency risk
There are no fixed maturity dates in such securities, and asset’s value is determined by company’s performance. There are two major types of equity securities: common stock and preferred stock.
Common Stock: These are simple equity securities and bear no complexities which the preferred stock bears. Holders of such securities or instrument have the voting rights when it comes to select the company’s board of director or the business decisions to be made.
Preferred Stock: Preferred stocks are sometime referred to as hybrid securities, because it contains elements of both debit security and equity security. Preferred stock confers ownership rights to security holder that is why it is equity instrument
<a href="https://www.writofinance.com/equity-securities-features-types-risk/" >Equity securities </a> as a whole is used for capital funding for companies. Companies have multiple expenses to cover. Potential growth of company is required in competitive market. So, these securities are used for capital generation, and then uses it for company’s growth.
Concluding remarks
Both are employed in business. Businesses are often established through debit securities, then what is the need for equity securities. Companies have to cover multiple expenses and expansion of business. They can also use equity instruments for repayment of debits. So, there are multiple uses for securities. As an investor, you need tools for analysis. Investment decisions are made by carefully analyzing the market. For better analysis of the stock market, investors often employ financial analysis of companies.
how to swap pi coins to foreign currency withdrawable.DOT TECH
As of my last update, Pi is still in the testing phase and is not tradable on any exchanges.
However, Pi Network has announced plans to launch its Testnet and Mainnet in the future, which may include listing Pi on exchanges.
The current method for selling pi coins involves exchanging them with a pi vendor who purchases pi coins for investment reasons.
If you want to sell your pi coins, reach out to a pi vendor and sell them to anyone looking to sell pi coins from any country around the globe.
Below is the contact information for my personal pi vendor.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
where can I find a legit pi merchant onlineDOT TECH
Yes. This is very easy what you need is a recommendation from someone who has successfully traded pi coins before with a merchant.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold thousands of pi coins before the open mainnet.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins in all Africa Countries.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network for other cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, usdt , Ethereum and other currencies And this is done easily with the help from a pi merchant.
What is a pi merchant ?
Since pi is not launched yet in any exchange. The only way you can sell right now is through merchants.
A verified Pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins from miners and resell them to investors looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview.pptxmarketing367770
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview
If you're dreaming of owning a home in California's rural or suburban areas, a USDA loan might be the perfect solution. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) offers these loans to help low-to-moderate-income individuals and families achieve homeownership.
Key Features of USDA Loans:
Zero Down Payment: USDA loans require no down payment, making homeownership more accessible.
Competitive Interest Rates: These loans often come with lower interest rates compared to conventional loans.
Flexible Credit Requirements: USDA loans have more lenient credit score requirements, helping those with less-than-perfect credit.
Guaranteed Loan Program: The USDA guarantees a portion of the loan, reducing risk for lenders and expanding borrowing options.
Eligibility Criteria:
Location: The property must be located in a USDA-designated rural or suburban area. Many areas in California qualify.
Income Limits: Applicants must meet income guidelines, which vary by region and household size.
Primary Residence: The home must be used as the borrower's primary residence.
Application Process:
Find a USDA-Approved Lender: Not all lenders offer USDA loans, so it's essential to choose one approved by the USDA.
Pre-Qualification: Determine your eligibility and the amount you can borrow.
Property Search: Look for properties in eligible rural or suburban areas.
Loan Application: Submit your application, including financial and personal information.
Processing and Approval: The lender and USDA will review your application. If approved, you can proceed to closing.
USDA loans are an excellent option for those looking to buy a home in California's rural and suburban areas. With no down payment and flexible requirements, these loans make homeownership more attainable for many families. Explore your eligibility today and take the first step toward owning your dream home.
how to sell pi coins on Bitmart crypto exchangeDOT TECH
Yes. Pi network coins can be exchanged but not on bitmart exchange. Because pi network is still in the enclosed mainnet. The only way pioneers are able to trade pi coins is by reselling the pi coins to pi verified merchants.
A verified merchant is someone who buys pi network coins and resell it to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
The Evolution of Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) in India: Challenges...beulahfernandes8
Role in Financial System
NBFCs are critical in bridging the financial inclusion gap.
They provide specialized financial services that cater to segments often neglected by traditional banks.
Economic Impact
NBFCs contribute significantly to India's GDP.
They support sectors like micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs), housing finance, and personal loans.
Even tho Pi network is not listed on any exchange yet.
Buying/Selling or investing in pi network coins is highly possible through the help of vendors. You can buy from vendors[ buy directly from the pi network miners and resell it]. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal vendor.
@Pi_vendor_247
BYD SWOT Analysis and In-Depth Insights 2024.pptxmikemetalprod
Indepth analysis of the BYD 2024
BYD (Build Your Dreams) is a Chinese automaker and battery manufacturer that has snowballed over the past two decades to become a significant player in electric vehicles and global clean energy technology.
This SWOT analysis examines BYD's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats as it competes in the fast-changing automotive and energy storage industries.
Founded in 1995 and headquartered in Shenzhen, BYD started as a battery company before expanding into automobiles in the early 2000s.
Initially manufacturing gasoline-powered vehicles, BYD focused on plug-in hybrid and fully electric vehicles, leveraging its expertise in battery technology.
Today, BYD is the world’s largest electric vehicle manufacturer, delivering over 1.2 million electric cars globally. The company also produces electric buses, trucks, forklifts, and rail transit.
On the energy side, BYD is a major supplier of rechargeable batteries for cell phones, laptops, electric vehicles, and energy storage systems.
how can i use my minded pi coins I need some funds.DOT TECH
If you are interested in selling your pi coins, i have a verified pi merchant, who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
Because the core team has announced that pi network will not be doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges like huobi, bitmart and hotbit can get pi is by buying from miners.
Now a merchant stands in between these exchanges and the miners. As a link to make transactions smooth. Because right now in the enclosed mainnet you can't sell pi coins your self. You need the help of a merchant,
i will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant below. 👇 I and my friends has traded more than 3000pi coins with him successfully.
@Pi_vendor_247
Empowering the Unbanked: The Vital Role of NBFCs in Promoting Financial Inclu...Vighnesh Shashtri
In India, financial inclusion remains a critical challenge, with a significant portion of the population still unbanked. Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) have emerged as key players in bridging this gap by providing financial services to those often overlooked by traditional banking institutions. This article delves into how NBFCs are fostering financial inclusion and empowering the unbanked.
The European Unemployment Puzzle: implications from population agingGRAPE
We study the link between the evolving age structure of the working population and unemployment. We build a large new Keynesian OLG model with a realistic age structure, labor market frictions, sticky prices, and aggregate shocks. Once calibrated to the European economy, we quantify the extent to which demographic changes over the last three decades have contributed to the decline of the unemployment rate. Our findings yield important implications for the future evolution of unemployment given the anticipated further aging of the working population in Europe. We also quantify the implications for optimal monetary policy: lowering inflation volatility becomes less costly in terms of GDP and unemployment volatility, which hints that optimal monetary policy may be more hawkish in an aging society. Finally, our results also propose a partial reversal of the European-US unemployment puzzle due to the fact that the share of young workers is expected to remain robust in the US.
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024 - Ricerca sulle Startup e il Sistema dell'Innov...Quotidiano Piemontese
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024
Una ricerca de il Club degli Investitori, in collaborazione con ToTeM Torino Tech Map e con il supporto della ESCP Business School e di Growth Capital
2. • 1. The process of financial planning.
• 2. Break even analysis, and operating leverage.
• 3. Cash budget.
• 4. Sales forecast in cash budget.
• 5. Additional funds needed (AFN- Additional Funds Needed)
3. 6 Steps in the Financial Planning Process
• 1. Establishing and defining the client-planner relationship
• 2. Gathering client data and determining goals and expectations
• 3. Analyzing and evaluating the client's financial status
• 4. Developing and presenting the financial planning
recommendations and/or alternatives
• 5. Implementing the financial planning recommendations
• 6. Monitoring the financial planning recommendations
4.
5. 1. Establishing and defining the client-planner
relationship
• The financial planner explains or documents the services to be
provided and defines his or her responsibilities along with the
responsibilities of the client.
• The planner explains how he or she will be paid and by whom. The
planner and client should agree on how long the relationship will last
and on how decisions will be made.
6. 2. Gathering client data and determining
goals and expectations
• The financial planner asks about the client's financial situation,
personal and financial goals and attitude about risk. The planner
gathers all necessary documents at this stage before giving advice.
7. 3. Analyzing and evaluating the client's
financial status
• The financial planner analyzes client information to assess his or her
current situation and determine what must be done to achieve the
client's goals. Depending on the services requested, this assessment
could include analyzing the client's assets, liabilities and cash flow,
current insurance coverage, investments or tax strategies.
8. 4. Developing and presenting the financial
planning recommendations and/or alternatives
• The financial planner offers financial planning recommendations that
address the client's goals, based on the information the client
provided. The planner reviews the recommendations with the client
to allow the client to make informed decisions. The planner listens to
client concerns and revises recommendations as appropriate.
9. 5. Implementing the financial planning
recommendations
• The financial planner and client agree on how recommendations will
be carried out. The planner may carry out the recommendations for
the client or serve as a "coach, " coordinating the process with the
client and other professionals such as attorneys or stockbrokers.
10. 6. Monitoring the financial planning
recommendations
• The client and financial planner agree upon who will monitor the
client's progress toward goals. If the planner is involved, he or she
should report to the client periodically to review the situation and
adjust recommendations as needed.
11. Break-even analysis
• It is based on categorising costs to
• "variable" (costs that change when the production output changes) and
• "fixed" (costs not directly related to the volume of production)
12. Fixed Costs
• Fixed costs are those business costs that are not directly related to
the level of production or output.
• Even if the business has a zero output or high output, the level of
fixed costs will remain the same.
• In the long term fixed costs can change - as a result of investment in
production capacity or through the growth in expenses required to
support a larger, more complex business.
13. Examples of fixed costs:
• - Rent and rates
• - Depreciation
• - Research and development
• - Marketing costs (non- revenue related)
• - Administration costs
14. Variable Costs
• Variable costs are those costs which change directly with the level of
output.
• E.g. raw materials, direct labour, fuel and revenue-related costs such
as commission
15. "Direct" variable costs and
"Indirect" variable costs
• Direct variable costs are directly related to the production.
• E.g. Raw materials and the wages those working on the production
line
• Indirect variable costs cannot be directly related to production but
they do change with output.
• E.g. depreciation, maintenance and certain labour costs
16. Break-even analysis
• Total variable and fixed costs are compared with sales revenue
• in order to determine the level of sales volume, sales value or
production
• at which the business makes neither a profit nor a loss
• (the "break-even point")
17.
18. The Break-Even Chart
• the "break-even point" is represented on the chart by the intersection
of the two lines:
• In the diagram above, the line OA represents the variation of income
at varying levels of production activity ("output").
• OB represents the total fixed costs in the business.
• As output increases, variable costs are incurred, meaning that total
costs (fixed + variable) also increase.
• At low levels of output, Costs are greater than Income.
• At the point of intersection, P, costs are exactly equal to income, and
hence neither profit nor loss is made.
19. The Break-Even Chart
• Sales ↑ - Output ↑ - variable costs ↑ - total costs (fixed + variable) ↑
• Break-even point: costs = income (output)
• Sales should cover costs
20. Operating leverage
• Measures a company’s fixed costs as a percentage of its total costs.
• It is used to evaluate the breakeven point of a business, as well as the
profit levels on individual sales.
21. High operating leverage
• A large proportion of the company’s costs are fixed costs.
• In this case, the firm earns a large profit on each sale, but must make
sufficient sales volume to cover its substantial fixed costs.
• If it can do so, then the entity will earn a major profit on all sales after
it has paid for its fixed costs.
22. Low operating leverage
• A large proportion of the company’s sales are variable costs, so it only
incurs these costs if there is a sale.
• In this case, the firm earns a smaller profit on each sale, but does not
have to generate much sales volume in order to cover its lower fixed
costs.
• It is easier for this type of company to earn a profit at low sales levels,
but it does not earn outsized profits if it can generate additional sales.
23. High and Low Operating Leverage
• It is essential to compare operating leverage among companies in the same
industry, as some industries have higher fixed costs than others.
• Most of a company’s costs are fixed costs that occur regardless of sales
volume.
• As long as a business earns a substantial profit on each sale and sustains
adequate sales volume, fixed costs are covered and profits are earned.
• Other company costs are variable costs incurred when sales occur. The
business earns less profit on each sale but needs a lower sales volume for
covering fixed costs.
• However, the business does not generate greater profits unless it increases
its sales volume.
24. High and Low Operating Leverage
• For example, a software business has greater fixed costs in
developers’ salaries, and lower variable costs with software sales.
Therefore, the business has high operating leverage.
• In contrast, a computer consulting firm charges its clients hourly,
resulting in variable consultant wages. Therefore, the business has
low operating leverage.
25. Examples of Operating Leverage
• Most of Microsoft’s costs are fixed, such as expenses for upfront
development and marketing. With each dollar in sales revenue
earned beyond the breakeven point, the company makes a profit.
Therefore, Microsoft has high operating leverage.
• Conversely, Walmart retail stores have low fixed costs and large
variable costs, especially for merchandise. Because Walmart stores
pay for holding the items they sell, the cost of goods sold increases as
sales increase. Therefore, Walmart stores have low operating
leverage.
27. Cash Budget
• A cash budget is an estimation of the cash inflows and outflows for a
business over a specific period of time, and this budget is used to
evaluate whether the entity has sufficient cash to operate.
• Companies use sales and production forecasts to create a cash
budget, along with assumptions about necessary spending and
accounts receivable.
• If a company does not have enough cash to operate, it must raise
more capital by issuing stock or by taking on debt.
28. Cash Budget example
• ABC estimates it will sell 8,000 stools during the first month of 2018
• With a 5% increase in sales each subsequent month
• Each stool is sold for $16
• Prepare a sales budget for the March of 2018
29. • Step 1. You have been provided the sales in units for January. Sales
during February will be 5% larger than January:
• February sales in units = 8,000 x 105% = 8,400 units
• Step 2. Sales for March are expected to be another 5% more than
February sales. The sales for March are expected to be:
• March sales in units = 8,400 x 105% = 8,820 units
30. • Only amounts for future periods should be included in budgets.
• Prior period amounts are never displayed because they are historical
amounts, and by definition, a budget is an estimate of future activity.
• Every budget should begin with a standard, three-line statement
heading which includes the company name, the name of the budget,
and the time period it covers.
• The sales budget will appear as follows:
31. Additional funds needed (AFN)
• is the amount of money a company must raise from external sources
to finance the increase in assets required to support increased level
of sales.
• In response to an increase in sales, a company must increase its
assets, such as property, plant and equipment, inventories, accounts
receivable, etc.
33. AFN= (A*/S0) ΔS - (L*/S0) ΔS - M(S1)(RR)
• A0*/S0 = Assets required per $1 of sales. When multiplied by the increase
in sales shows the required new assets for the coming year. The higher this
ratio, the more new assets the firm will need to support a given amount of
growth.
• L0*/S0 = Spontaneously generated funds per dollar of new sales. When
multiplied by ∆S, we find the new payables that are available to support
growth.
• M = Profit margin on sales
• S1 = new Sales = (1+g)(S0)
• RR = Retention Rate = (1 – Dividend Payout Ratio) = (1 –Dividends/Net
Income)
34. Example
• TransWorld Inc. runs a shipping business and has forecasted a 10%
increase in sales over 2013.
• Its assets and liabilities at the end of 2012 amounted to $25 billion
and $17 billion respectively.
• Sales for the period were $30 billion and it earned a 4% profit margin.
• It reinvests 40% of its net income and pays out the rest to its
shareholders.
• Calculate additional funds needed.
35. • Additional Funds Needed
• = Increase in Assets
• − Increase in Liabilities
• – Increase in Retained Earnings