The document provides information on hepatic (liver) diseases in canines and felines. It discusses the structure and functions of the liver. It describes infectious causes of hepatitis including viral, parasitic, and bacterial sources. Non-infectious causes such as drugs/toxins, autoimmunity, and endocrine disorders are also outlined. Clinical signs, diagnosis including liver enzymes and imaging, and treatment approaches including medications, fluid therapy, and nutrition are summarized.
1. Hepatology is the branch of medicine involving the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. Diseases related to hepatitis viruses and alcohol are common reasons for consultation.
2. The liver performs many vital functions like breaking down red blood cells, storing glycogen, producing proteins and hormones, and detoxifying chemicals. Liver disease can result from cell damage, bile obstruction, fat accumulation, reduced blood flow, or infiltration by abnormal cells.
3. Dental treatment for patients with liver disease requires minimizing drugs metabolized by the liver like sedatives, using local anesthetics cautiously, and managing those with a history of viral hepatitis as potentially infectious.
Gastro intestinal diseases( sample study of peptic ulcer)saugat lamsal
Gastrointestinal diseases refer to diseases involving the gastrointestinal tract and accessory organs of digestion. Common causes include food allergies or intolerance, poor diet, viral or bacterial infection, inflammation, autoimmune diseases, structural abnormalities, genetic factors, lifestyle choices, medication side effects, and cancer. Common signs and symptoms include constipation, diarrhea, stomach pain, bleeding, ulcers, and vomiting or nausea. Common gastrointestinal diseases are gastroesophageal reflux disease, peptic ulcers, stomach flu, inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, constipation, hemorrhoids, and diverticular disease.
OBSTRUCTIVE JAUNDICE: UNDERSTANDING THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGYKETAN VAGHOLKAR
Jaundice is one of the most prevalent symptom in hepatobiliary disorders. The nature of jaundice may varyfrom hepatocellular to obstructive pattern. In a few cases, it may be haemolytic in nature. Identifying and ascertainingthe type is pivotal for further investigation. A combination of haematological and radiological investigations will notonly provide information on the severity and the impact of obstructive jaundice on various organ systems of the bodybut also help in determining the prognosis. Endoscopy can also provide diagnostic as well as a therapeutic benefit inobstructive jaundice. The pathophysiology, clinical evaluation and investigations in a case of obstructive jaundice isdiscussed in this paper.
1. The document discusses various types of liver and gallbladder pathology including cholangitis, pyogenic cholangitis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, pyogenic liver abscess, amoebic liver abscess, and hydatid disease.
2. Pyogenic liver abscess most commonly results from ascending cholangitis due to obstruction of the biliary tract by gallstones. Amoebic liver abscess is caused by Entamoeba histolytica spreading from the intestines. Hydatid disease involves infection by the larval cyst stage of the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus.
3. Drug and chemical injury to the liver can occur through direct toxicity, hepatic
This document provides an overview of liver diseases. It begins with an introduction to liver anatomy and functions. It then discusses signs and symptoms of liver problems. The main types of liver diseases covered are hepatitis, cirrhosis, fatty liver diseases, and liver cancer. Diagnostic tests for liver function are also mentioned. The document concludes with some dietary recommendations for supporting liver health.
Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver that can be caused by viruses, alcohol, medications, toxins, and other infections or autoimmune diseases. Symptoms range from fatigue and jaundice to liver damage and cancer. Diagnosis involves blood tests to check liver enzymes and imaging or biopsy. Treatment depends on the cause but may include rest, diet, vaccines, antiviral medication, or addressing the underlying condition in cases of ischemic hepatitis.
The document discusses chronic liver disease and the progression from fibrosis to cirrhosis. It explains that cirrhosis is defined as the development of regenerative nodules surrounded by fibrous bands in response to chronic liver injury. The key causes of cirrhosis mentioned include viral hepatitis, alcohol, autoimmune conditions, and genetic disorders. The role of hepatic stellate cells in the development of fibrosis through excess collagen deposition is also outlined.
PANEL MODUL BLOODY DEFECATION (BAB CAIR BERDARAH)Rindang Abas
A man aged 55 years, come to emergency unit with blood diarrhea complaints. Patients also complain of heartburn. A history of using medications for arthritic pain in the knee during the last 6 months. A history of suffering from the DM and irregular treatment.
1. Hepatology is the branch of medicine involving the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. Diseases related to hepatitis viruses and alcohol are common reasons for consultation.
2. The liver performs many vital functions like breaking down red blood cells, storing glycogen, producing proteins and hormones, and detoxifying chemicals. Liver disease can result from cell damage, bile obstruction, fat accumulation, reduced blood flow, or infiltration by abnormal cells.
3. Dental treatment for patients with liver disease requires minimizing drugs metabolized by the liver like sedatives, using local anesthetics cautiously, and managing those with a history of viral hepatitis as potentially infectious.
Gastro intestinal diseases( sample study of peptic ulcer)saugat lamsal
Gastrointestinal diseases refer to diseases involving the gastrointestinal tract and accessory organs of digestion. Common causes include food allergies or intolerance, poor diet, viral or bacterial infection, inflammation, autoimmune diseases, structural abnormalities, genetic factors, lifestyle choices, medication side effects, and cancer. Common signs and symptoms include constipation, diarrhea, stomach pain, bleeding, ulcers, and vomiting or nausea. Common gastrointestinal diseases are gastroesophageal reflux disease, peptic ulcers, stomach flu, inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, constipation, hemorrhoids, and diverticular disease.
OBSTRUCTIVE JAUNDICE: UNDERSTANDING THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGYKETAN VAGHOLKAR
Jaundice is one of the most prevalent symptom in hepatobiliary disorders. The nature of jaundice may varyfrom hepatocellular to obstructive pattern. In a few cases, it may be haemolytic in nature. Identifying and ascertainingthe type is pivotal for further investigation. A combination of haematological and radiological investigations will notonly provide information on the severity and the impact of obstructive jaundice on various organ systems of the bodybut also help in determining the prognosis. Endoscopy can also provide diagnostic as well as a therapeutic benefit inobstructive jaundice. The pathophysiology, clinical evaluation and investigations in a case of obstructive jaundice isdiscussed in this paper.
1. The document discusses various types of liver and gallbladder pathology including cholangitis, pyogenic cholangitis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, pyogenic liver abscess, amoebic liver abscess, and hydatid disease.
2. Pyogenic liver abscess most commonly results from ascending cholangitis due to obstruction of the biliary tract by gallstones. Amoebic liver abscess is caused by Entamoeba histolytica spreading from the intestines. Hydatid disease involves infection by the larval cyst stage of the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus.
3. Drug and chemical injury to the liver can occur through direct toxicity, hepatic
This document provides an overview of liver diseases. It begins with an introduction to liver anatomy and functions. It then discusses signs and symptoms of liver problems. The main types of liver diseases covered are hepatitis, cirrhosis, fatty liver diseases, and liver cancer. Diagnostic tests for liver function are also mentioned. The document concludes with some dietary recommendations for supporting liver health.
Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver that can be caused by viruses, alcohol, medications, toxins, and other infections or autoimmune diseases. Symptoms range from fatigue and jaundice to liver damage and cancer. Diagnosis involves blood tests to check liver enzymes and imaging or biopsy. Treatment depends on the cause but may include rest, diet, vaccines, antiviral medication, or addressing the underlying condition in cases of ischemic hepatitis.
The document discusses chronic liver disease and the progression from fibrosis to cirrhosis. It explains that cirrhosis is defined as the development of regenerative nodules surrounded by fibrous bands in response to chronic liver injury. The key causes of cirrhosis mentioned include viral hepatitis, alcohol, autoimmune conditions, and genetic disorders. The role of hepatic stellate cells in the development of fibrosis through excess collagen deposition is also outlined.
PANEL MODUL BLOODY DEFECATION (BAB CAIR BERDARAH)Rindang Abas
A man aged 55 years, come to emergency unit with blood diarrhea complaints. Patients also complain of heartburn. A history of using medications for arthritic pain in the knee during the last 6 months. A history of suffering from the DM and irregular treatment.
Hepatobiliary diseases in felines are common causes of morbidity. Two common inflammatory hepatopathies in cats are cholangiohepatitis and lymphocytic portal hepatitis. Neutrophilic cholangitis is more common in cats than dogs and can progress to bile duct rupture, necrosis or abscesses. Ultrasonography and fine needle aspiration are useful diagnostic tools for hepatobiliary diseases in cats. Liver failure can result from conditions like hepatic lipidosis, cholangiohepatitis, toxins or portosystemic shunts and results in non-specific symptoms like vomiting, weight loss and jaundice.
The document presented here deals with the basic description of the Liver and its associated functions. The main concern here is regarding the brief description of the hepatic disorders prevalent in the world.
The document discusses disorders of the liver in children. It begins by describing the anatomy and functions of the liver. It then discusses various liver diseases including hepatitis A, B, and C; cirrhosis; and Indian childhood cirrhosis. For each disease, it covers the etiology, clinical manifestations, laboratory diagnosis, complications, treatment, and prevention. It also discusses the psychosocial impact of chronic liver disease on parents and strategies for psychosocial management and support of parents.
The document discusses hepatotoxicity or liver damage. It begins by explaining the liver's role in detoxification and how certain toxins can damage the liver. It then describes the location of the liver and several mechanisms by which chemicals can injure liver cells. Common signs of liver damage include jaundice, fatigue and nausea. Many drugs, toxins, infections and other agents are identified that can cause liver damage through different pathological forms. Treatment focuses on removing the toxic agent and providing supportive care, with transplants as a last resort for severe liver failure.
This document provides information about hepatic disorders including cirrhosis, hepatitis, and fulminant hepatic failure. It discusses the liver's functions and locations. Common causes of cirrhosis include alcohol, hepatitis B and C, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Signs and symptoms can include jaundice, ascites, and hepatic encephalopathy. Hepatitis A, B, C, D, E, and G viruses are the main causes of viral hepatitis. Transmission occurs through fecal-oral, blood, or sexual contact. Treatment focuses on supportive care and management of complications while prevention emphasizes vaccination, hygiene, and avoiding risk factors.
The document discusses immune-mediated liver diseases and viral hepatitis. It describes different types of immune-mediated liver diseases including autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary cirrhosis, and primary sclerosing cholangitis. It outlines symptoms, diagnosis, and treatments for these conditions. The document also examines different types of viral hepatitis caused by hepatitis A, B, C, D, E, F, and G viruses and discusses who is at risk and how viral hepatitis is diagnosed and treated.
The document provides an overview of the gastrointestinal system, including:
- It describes the anatomy and functions of the GI tract from mouth to anus, as well as related organs like the liver and pancreas.
- It lists 100 key facts about the structure and function of different parts of the GI system, including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and liver.
- It explains that understanding the basic science of the normal GI system is important for learning about GI diseases.
Bacterial diarrhea and dysentery can be caused by a variety of bacteria including E. coli, Vibrio cholerae, Shigella, Salmonella, Campylobacter, and Clostridium. These bacteria cause diarrhea through different mechanisms including production of enterotoxins or neurotoxins that damage intestinal cells, or through invasion and infection of the intestinal mucosa. Symptoms range from watery diarrhea to bloody diarrhea and depend on the specific bacterium. Treatment focuses on fluid replacement and antibiotics when needed.
Bacterial diarrhea 2013 4th year unza medical,by DR MWANSAJonathan Bwalya
The document provides information on enteric infections and infectious diarrhea/gastroenteritis. It discusses the anatomy of the digestive tract and then covers the various causes of gastroenteritis including viruses, bacteria, and parasites. Viruses are the most common cause and can result in secretory diarrhea. Bacteria such as Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter, E. coli, and C. difficile can cause secretory, exudative, or bloody diarrhea depending on if they produce toxins or invade the intestinal mucosa. Parasites like Giardia and Cryptosporidium can also adhere to or invade the intestines and cause diarrhea. The document outlines symptoms of gastroenteritis such as
The pancreas is a glandular organ that produces hormones and digestive enzymes. It is located behind the stomach and connected to nearby organs. Under a microscope, it contains clusters of endocrine cells that produce hormones like insulin and clusters of exocrine cells that produce digestive enzymes. The enzymes help digest carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids in the small intestine. Diseases like chronic pancreatitis, cystic fibrosis, and pancreatic cancer can impair the pancreas's functioning and cause digestive issues. Treatment involves enzyme supplements, diet changes, and surgery in some cases.
Acute infectious diarrhea is usually caused by faecal–oral transmission of bacteria or their toxins, viruses or parasites. It is typically short-lived and presents with acute diarrhea, sometimes with vomiting, as the predominant symptom. Clinical assessment involves evaluating the history of illness, examining the patient for dehydration, and investigating stool and blood samples. Management focuses on fluid replacement to treat dehydration as well as controlling symptoms, while antibiotics are usually not needed except for specific invasive bacterial infections.
Cirrhosis is a late stage of scarring (fibrosis) of the liver caused by many forms of liver diseases and conditions, such as hepatitis and chronic alcoholism
This document discusses several diseases and conditions of the urinary system. It covers diabetic nephropathy, kidney stones, pyelonephritis, glomerulonephritis, renal failure, diabetes insipidus, urinary tract infections, dialysis, and kidney transplantation. For each topic, it provides a brief definition and overview of symptoms, causes, and in some cases treatment options. The document aims to inform readers about common urinary system diseases and conditions.
The presentation includes the parts and function of our digestive system as well as the process of the parts. Moreover, the presentation includes some diseases in digestive system.
This document discusses different types of toxemia, which are systemic disease states caused by toxins in the blood. It defines antigenic toxins produced by bacteria and metabolic toxins from abnormal body metabolism. Specific types covered include exotoxins, enterotoxins, and endotoxins. Endotoxemia is a common form of toxemia in farm animals caused by lipopolysaccharides from gram-negative bacteria cell walls entering the bloodstream. Diagnosis of toxemia relies on clinical signs, while treatment focuses on removing infection sources, antibiotics, fluid therapy, and anti-inflammatory drugs.
Haemorrhagic_Septicemia in Ruminant ,Gal ghotusKavitaJaidiya
Pasteruella multocida and Mannheimia haemolytica are bacteria that can cause pasteurellosis in cattle and other animals. P. multocida causes haemorrhagic septicemia in cattle, fowl cholera in fowl, and atropic rhinitis in pigs. M. haemolytica causes shipping fever in cattle. Haemorrhagic septicemia is an acute disease in cattle characterized by fever, respiratory distress, and diarrhea. The bacteria enter through ingestion or inhalation and spread systemically, causing hemorrhages on membranes. Johne's disease is a chronic wasting disease of ruminants caused by Mycobacterium paratuberculosis.
Canine hypoadrenocorticism, also known as Addison's disease, is a disorder caused by a lack of hormones produced by the adrenal glands. It results in electrolyte and blood pressure issues and can be fatal if not treated. Diagnosis involves ruling out other causes through tests of electrolyte and cortisol levels before and after administration of ACTH. Treatment focuses on rapid fluid therapy and steroid hormone replacement to correct electrolyte imbalances and restore blood volume and pressure. Long term management relies on mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid supplementation through oral or injectable medications.
Hepatobiliary diseases in felines are common causes of morbidity. Two common inflammatory hepatopathies in cats are cholangiohepatitis and lymphocytic portal hepatitis. Neutrophilic cholangitis is more common in cats than dogs and can progress to bile duct rupture, necrosis or abscesses. Ultrasonography and fine needle aspiration are useful diagnostic tools for hepatobiliary diseases in cats. Liver failure can result from conditions like hepatic lipidosis, cholangiohepatitis, toxins or portosystemic shunts and results in non-specific symptoms like vomiting, weight loss and jaundice.
The document presented here deals with the basic description of the Liver and its associated functions. The main concern here is regarding the brief description of the hepatic disorders prevalent in the world.
The document discusses disorders of the liver in children. It begins by describing the anatomy and functions of the liver. It then discusses various liver diseases including hepatitis A, B, and C; cirrhosis; and Indian childhood cirrhosis. For each disease, it covers the etiology, clinical manifestations, laboratory diagnosis, complications, treatment, and prevention. It also discusses the psychosocial impact of chronic liver disease on parents and strategies for psychosocial management and support of parents.
The document discusses hepatotoxicity or liver damage. It begins by explaining the liver's role in detoxification and how certain toxins can damage the liver. It then describes the location of the liver and several mechanisms by which chemicals can injure liver cells. Common signs of liver damage include jaundice, fatigue and nausea. Many drugs, toxins, infections and other agents are identified that can cause liver damage through different pathological forms. Treatment focuses on removing the toxic agent and providing supportive care, with transplants as a last resort for severe liver failure.
This document provides information about hepatic disorders including cirrhosis, hepatitis, and fulminant hepatic failure. It discusses the liver's functions and locations. Common causes of cirrhosis include alcohol, hepatitis B and C, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Signs and symptoms can include jaundice, ascites, and hepatic encephalopathy. Hepatitis A, B, C, D, E, and G viruses are the main causes of viral hepatitis. Transmission occurs through fecal-oral, blood, or sexual contact. Treatment focuses on supportive care and management of complications while prevention emphasizes vaccination, hygiene, and avoiding risk factors.
The document discusses immune-mediated liver diseases and viral hepatitis. It describes different types of immune-mediated liver diseases including autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary cirrhosis, and primary sclerosing cholangitis. It outlines symptoms, diagnosis, and treatments for these conditions. The document also examines different types of viral hepatitis caused by hepatitis A, B, C, D, E, F, and G viruses and discusses who is at risk and how viral hepatitis is diagnosed and treated.
The document provides an overview of the gastrointestinal system, including:
- It describes the anatomy and functions of the GI tract from mouth to anus, as well as related organs like the liver and pancreas.
- It lists 100 key facts about the structure and function of different parts of the GI system, including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and liver.
- It explains that understanding the basic science of the normal GI system is important for learning about GI diseases.
Bacterial diarrhea and dysentery can be caused by a variety of bacteria including E. coli, Vibrio cholerae, Shigella, Salmonella, Campylobacter, and Clostridium. These bacteria cause diarrhea through different mechanisms including production of enterotoxins or neurotoxins that damage intestinal cells, or through invasion and infection of the intestinal mucosa. Symptoms range from watery diarrhea to bloody diarrhea and depend on the specific bacterium. Treatment focuses on fluid replacement and antibiotics when needed.
Bacterial diarrhea 2013 4th year unza medical,by DR MWANSAJonathan Bwalya
The document provides information on enteric infections and infectious diarrhea/gastroenteritis. It discusses the anatomy of the digestive tract and then covers the various causes of gastroenteritis including viruses, bacteria, and parasites. Viruses are the most common cause and can result in secretory diarrhea. Bacteria such as Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter, E. coli, and C. difficile can cause secretory, exudative, or bloody diarrhea depending on if they produce toxins or invade the intestinal mucosa. Parasites like Giardia and Cryptosporidium can also adhere to or invade the intestines and cause diarrhea. The document outlines symptoms of gastroenteritis such as
The pancreas is a glandular organ that produces hormones and digestive enzymes. It is located behind the stomach and connected to nearby organs. Under a microscope, it contains clusters of endocrine cells that produce hormones like insulin and clusters of exocrine cells that produce digestive enzymes. The enzymes help digest carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids in the small intestine. Diseases like chronic pancreatitis, cystic fibrosis, and pancreatic cancer can impair the pancreas's functioning and cause digestive issues. Treatment involves enzyme supplements, diet changes, and surgery in some cases.
Acute infectious diarrhea is usually caused by faecal–oral transmission of bacteria or their toxins, viruses or parasites. It is typically short-lived and presents with acute diarrhea, sometimes with vomiting, as the predominant symptom. Clinical assessment involves evaluating the history of illness, examining the patient for dehydration, and investigating stool and blood samples. Management focuses on fluid replacement to treat dehydration as well as controlling symptoms, while antibiotics are usually not needed except for specific invasive bacterial infections.
Cirrhosis is a late stage of scarring (fibrosis) of the liver caused by many forms of liver diseases and conditions, such as hepatitis and chronic alcoholism
This document discusses several diseases and conditions of the urinary system. It covers diabetic nephropathy, kidney stones, pyelonephritis, glomerulonephritis, renal failure, diabetes insipidus, urinary tract infections, dialysis, and kidney transplantation. For each topic, it provides a brief definition and overview of symptoms, causes, and in some cases treatment options. The document aims to inform readers about common urinary system diseases and conditions.
The presentation includes the parts and function of our digestive system as well as the process of the parts. Moreover, the presentation includes some diseases in digestive system.
This document discusses different types of toxemia, which are systemic disease states caused by toxins in the blood. It defines antigenic toxins produced by bacteria and metabolic toxins from abnormal body metabolism. Specific types covered include exotoxins, enterotoxins, and endotoxins. Endotoxemia is a common form of toxemia in farm animals caused by lipopolysaccharides from gram-negative bacteria cell walls entering the bloodstream. Diagnosis of toxemia relies on clinical signs, while treatment focuses on removing infection sources, antibiotics, fluid therapy, and anti-inflammatory drugs.
Haemorrhagic_Septicemia in Ruminant ,Gal ghotusKavitaJaidiya
Pasteruella multocida and Mannheimia haemolytica are bacteria that can cause pasteurellosis in cattle and other animals. P. multocida causes haemorrhagic septicemia in cattle, fowl cholera in fowl, and atropic rhinitis in pigs. M. haemolytica causes shipping fever in cattle. Haemorrhagic septicemia is an acute disease in cattle characterized by fever, respiratory distress, and diarrhea. The bacteria enter through ingestion or inhalation and spread systemically, causing hemorrhages on membranes. Johne's disease is a chronic wasting disease of ruminants caused by Mycobacterium paratuberculosis.
Canine hypoadrenocorticism, also known as Addison's disease, is a disorder caused by a lack of hormones produced by the adrenal glands. It results in electrolyte and blood pressure issues and can be fatal if not treated. Diagnosis involves ruling out other causes through tests of electrolyte and cortisol levels before and after administration of ACTH. Treatment focuses on rapid fluid therapy and steroid hormone replacement to correct electrolyte imbalances and restore blood volume and pressure. Long term management relies on mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid supplementation through oral or injectable medications.
This document discusses the Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) agreement. It notes that TRIPS sets minimum standards for intellectual property protection as part of the World Trade Organization agreements. It was signed by 153 parties and subjects intellectual property rights to enforcement mechanisms, national treatment principles, and the WTO dispute settlement process. The document outlines some of the key provisions of TRIPS regarding availability and scope of intellectual property rights, enforcement, procedures, transitional agreements, and dispute resolution.
Hypothyroidism is a common endocrine disease in dogs that results from a deficiency of thyroid hormones. It is primarily caused by lymphocytic thyroiditis or idiopathic thyroid atrophy in 95% of cases. Clinical signs vary but commonly include dermatological abnormalities like hair loss and skin infections, obesity, lethargy, mental dullness, and cold intolerance. Untreated hypothyroidism can also impact the nervous, cardiovascular, ocular, and reproductive systems. Diagnosis is based on abnormal thyroid hormone levels and is typically treated with lifelong thyroid hormone supplementation.
East Coast Fever is caused by the parasite Theileria parva, which is transmitted between cattle via ticks. It causes high mortality in cattle and poses a major economic burden for farmers in sub-Saharan Africa. The study examined treating cattle naturally infected with ECF early through diagnosis and chemotherapy. It found a high recovery rate with this approach and that it can help cattle develop immunity against future infections, providing an alternative to vaccination.
Hypothyroidism is a common endocrinopathy in dogs resulting from a deficiency of thyroid hormones. It can be primary, secondary, or tertiary in origin. Primary hypothyroidism accounts for over 95% of cases and is usually caused by lymphocytic thyroiditis or idiopathic thyroid atrophy. Clinical signs vary but commonly include dermatological abnormalities such as hair loss and skin infections, obesity, lethargy, neurologic issues like peripheral neuropathy, and cardiovascular effects like bradycardia. Untreated hypothyroidism can impact multiple body systems and result in long-term health problems.
The document summarizes autophagy and electron microscopy. It defines autophagy as the degradation of cells through lysosomes and discusses its importance in survival, cancer, and disease. Three forms of autophagy are identified: macroautophagy, microautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy. Electron microscopes use electron beams for high magnification imaging of cells and materials. Transmission electron microscopes image thin samples while scanning electron microscopes image surface structure of bulk samples. Sample preparation for electron microscopy involves cleaning, coating, and thin film deposition depending on the analysis needs.
This document provides an overview of microbiology and principles of laboratory diagnosis of infectious diseases. It discusses the history of microbiology from the discovery era to the modern era. Key figures who contributed to early discoveries include Van Leeuwenhoek, Pasteur, Koch, Fleming and others. The document also summarizes different sample types used for diagnosis, specimen collection and transport, staining techniques including Gram staining and acid-fast staining, and isolation of bacteria through culture. The overall principles of laboratory diagnosis involve direct examination, culture, antigen detection and antibody detection.
Malassezia dermatitis is a common skin infection in dogs caused by the yeast Malassezia pachydermatis. It develops due to disorders that alter the skin environment or immune system. Clinically, it presents as erythematous, alopecic, and scaly skin with pruritus. Diagnosis is based on cytology and culture. Treatment involves systemic antifungals like ketoconazole for 3-4 weeks along with topical shampoos. Prognosis is good with prolonged therapy and follow up to prevent recurrence.
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...AbdullaAlAsif1
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
ESPP presentation to EU Waste Water Network, 4th June 2024 “EU policies driving nutrient removal and recycling
and the revised UWWTD (Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive)”
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...Leonel Morgado
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...Leonel Morgado
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
1. Hepatic Diseases in Canine and Feline
Credit seminar
Department of Veterinary Medicine
Credit seminar
on
2. • Liver is the main principal largest glandular digestive organ
located under a rib cage on the right side in abdominal
cavity.(Somaye et al., 2018)
• It consist of hepatocyte, hepatic stellate cells or sinusoidal
cells include Kuffer cells and endothelial cells. (Kassahum et
al., 2021)
3. Carbohydrate , Fat, Protein Metabolism
Detoxification of drugs, hormones and convert them into less
toxic substance for excretion.
Secretion of bile in the intestine
Storage of glycogen, trace mineral iron and vitamin A, D and
Vitamin B 12
Participate in the formation of blood particularly in the embryo.
(Aashish et al.,2012)
• Maintaining a healthy liver is a crucial factor for the overall
health and well being of life of animals.
(Ahmedullah et al.,2008)
Function of Liver
4. • Liver is vital and complex organ of the body it become
susceptible to many adverse effects including drugs,
chemicals, infectious agents, autoimmune diseases.
• Hepatitis is familiarly termed as inflammation of the
liver. It can be caused by both infectious and non-
infectious ways. (Kassahum et al., 2021)
5. Hepatitis
Infectious Hepatitis
Non -infectious
•Viral hepatitis
•Parasitic disease
•Bacterial disease
• Mycotic infection
•Wilson’s disease
•Drug and toxin
•Autoimmunity hepatitis
• Reactive hepatitis
• Endocrine disorder
• Bile duct obstruction
( Gura et al.,2011)
6. • The liver cells affected by a number of infectious agents and results
inability of liver to function properly.
• Inflammation of the Liver by virus is named as viral hepatitis. It is
specific for each felines and canines. Infectious canine hepatitis is an
acute liver infection in dogs caused by adenovirus type-1 .
• Viruses cause feline leukemia and feline infectious peritonitis can
results in feline viral hepatitis, as the virus destroy liver tissues.
• These pathogens not only destroy liver but also affect other organs
of the body. ( Bouznach et al.,2015)
Infectious hepatitis
Viral hepatitis
7. • Infection with protozoan parasites Toxoplasma gondi ans Leishmania
infantum in cats and dogs cause chronic hepatitis by affecting Kuffer
cells and hepatocytes in immunocompromised patients.
• Infection with liver fluke Platynosomum concinnum can cause acute
and chronic cholangitis. Since the liver fluke infecting emerges from
the intestine and migrate into the common bile duct, gall bladder or
hepatic ducts and cause hepatic bile duct damage.( Bouznach et
al.,2015)
Parasitic hepatitis
8. • Leptospirosis is caused by Leptospira Interrogans and L. canicola
which is the most pathogenic bacteria that affect the liver of small
animals. The disease produces an acute multisystem disease affecting
the liver, kidney and other organs. It is known to cause hepatitis due
to direct leptospiral cytotoxic effect on endothelial hepatocytic
membranes. Infection in dogs and cats most commonly occurs in
immune compromised. (Pritt et al., 2010)
• It is an infectious disease characterised by necrosis of liver since the
bacteria resides in cytoplasm of hepatocytes and results liver
swelling with multiple areas of hepatocellular necrosis with
infiltrates of neutrophils and mononuclear cells. (Lionel et al., 2013)
Bacterial Hepatitis
9. • The most common mycotic infections associated with liver
dysfunction in small animals are candiasis is caused by Candida
albicans, Histoplamosis by Histoplasma capsulatum , aspergilosis by
Aspergilus fumigates. Fungal infections occurred in immunune
compromised patients. The spores from lungs or the intestines or it
may spread to other parts of the body through the bloodstream or
lymphatic system, caussing a generalised or systemic infection in
different organs including liver. (Bantel et al., 2017)
Mycotic infection
10. • Wilson’s disease is an autosomal recessive inherited disease of
copper metabolism. When the hepatic storage capacity of copper is
exceeded, parenchymal inflammation followed by cell death with
copper release into the plasma causing hemolysis. This causes an
inability to excrete copper into the biliary tract, which is toxic and
since has the formation and release of free copper which is toxic and
since has the potential to create reactive oxygen species cause
hepatocyte damage and subsequent chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis.
(Margaret et al., 2017)
Non- infectious hepatic disease
Wilson disease
11. • The liver is the major site of drug metabolism and is therefore a
common target of adverse drug reactons.
• The drugs that cause liver damage in small animals ( dogs and cat) are
anticonvulsants drugs include phenytoin, primidone and phenobarbital
have hepatotoxic effects, especially in long term treatment.
• Anti- fungal ketoconazole and antibiotic (trimethoprim-sulfa),
antihelminths (Mebendazole, diethylcarbamazine- oxybendazole and
thiaacetarsamide), inhalation anesthetics (halothane and methoxyflurane
) and analgesics (acetaminophen, naproxen and phenylbutazone) cause
liver toxicity.
• Certain enviromental toxins ( Pesticides, herbicides, cleaning agents,
and plant toxins) have heptotoxic effect in dogs and cats. As well as
other animals. ( Joseph et al., 2017)
Drugs and toxins
12. • Reactive hepatitis is an inflammatory disorder of the liver induce by
an extra hepatic process. It is associated with disorders of many
other organs apart from the liver including gastrointestinal ,
respiratory diseases, heart failure, diseases of the urinary and
reproductive system.
• Different inflammatory mediators cytokines such as interleukin -1 (IL-1),
(IL-6) and tomor necrosis factors are released as lipopolysaccharides
can activate kuffer cells in the liver parenchyma.
• A consequence of this activation is the release of pro-inflammatory
that induce leukocyte migration and therefore induces reactive
hepatitis results excessive damage of liver damage. ( Elhiblu et al.,
2015)
Reactive hepatitis
13. • Endocrine diseases develop when body produces too much hormone
or too little hormones.
• Diabetes mellitus, hyperadrenocorticocism ( cushing syndrome), and
hyperthyroidism can all cause impaired liver function because of their
effects on the organs.
• Hyperthyroidism is one of the most common endocrine disorders
which cause liver dysfucntions. I t is caused by increase of thyroid
hormones T3, and T4. Excess T3 and T4 induce apotosis of hepatosis
which is programmed cell death and cause liver dysfunction it is
more common in cats but rare in dogs. ( Elhiblu et al., 2015)
Endocrine Disorders
14. • Cushing disorder is excessive production of cortisol hormone produced
by the abnormalitis adrenal glands.It is more commonly found in
dogs and rare in cats.
• In liver cortisol induces enzymes activity and also decrease insulin
from pancreas to then leading to hyperglycemia in cushing’s dogs
and cats.
• Excessive liver metabolism causes the liver overload and the liver
become hepatomegaly.
15. • Bile duct obstruction is associated with a number of diverse primary
conditions, including inflammation ( e.g, pancreatitis, duodenitis,
duodenal foreign body etc), cholelithiasis, gallbladder mucocoele,
cholecystitis, neoplasia, bile duct malformations, parasitic infection in
the bile duct and extrinsic compression and fibrosis.
• Complete bile duct obstruction results cholestasis which is an
impairment of bile flow from the liver to the duodenum. Bile cannot
enter the distal “ stagnant loop” of the ductal system or gallbaldder (
cystic duct occulsion ). Increased ductal mucin contributes to duct
distension. In this the biliary tree become colonized by bacteria cause
cholangitis and ascending infection of the liver, inadequate antibiotic
penetration into bile duct and result liver dysfunction from liver cell
damage.( Joseph et al., 2017 and Pradhan et al.,2015)
Bile duct obstruction
16. • Acute hepatitis is morphologically charcterized by comination of
inflammation hepatocellualar apoptosis and necrosis and in some
instance, regeneration. This can result in sudden death of the animal
even within 48 hours after the start of the disease.
• Chronic hepatitis involves a wide range of liver pathogies that include
hepatic lipidosis , neoplasia, fibrosis or cirrosis, cholangitis complex.
(Pritt et al., 2010 )
General classification of Liver Diseases
Acute hepatitis Chronic hepatitis
18. • Cholangitis- It is inflammation of the biliary system and liver.
• It is most common hepatic disease in felines.
• Cholelithiasis- It is medical condition resulting from the formation of
stones in the gallbladder.
Choleliths are form due to imbalances influexs between bile salt
and cholesterol that maintain a liquid composition to bile. Resultant
change to a thicker or congealed form of bile provides scaffolding for
the deposition of cholesterol, bilirubin or calcium salts resulting in the
formation of choleliths.
Pneumobilia-
The presence of gas in the biliary system is pneumobilia. It is a
commomn finding in dogs and cats that have recently undergone
biliary surgery or endoscopic biliary procedure, infection by gas
forming bacteria.
19. • Choledocholithiasis- It is condition when a gallstone lodge within any
duct of bile system. The ducts typically involved are the common bile
duct, the cystic duct and common hepatic duct. Gallstones usually form
in the gallbaldder.
• Cholecystitis- Cholecystitis means painful inflammation of the
gallbladder, most cases are caused by gallstones. Gall stone become
stuck in the cystic duct. The walls of the gallbladder become
inflamed. In some cases the inflamed gallbladder becomes infected.
An infected gallbladder is more prone to lead to complications.
(Hilla et al., 2012)
20. • Hepatic encephalopathy- Hepatic encephalopathy can be acquired and
congenital , neurological changes that occur with liver failure as the
liver becomes less able to remove toxins, drugs and metabolilites
from the blood.
• Ascities-Increase pressure in portal system there is leakage of blood
from capillaries and cause abnormal fluid accumulation in abdomen
cavity is ascities . Low albumin production in the liver, organ falilure like
liver and kidney seen in ascities .
• Jaundice
Mostly encountered clinical symptoms of Liver
diseases
21. Liver disease can be diagnosed by-
• Clinical symptoms
• Liver function test
• Tissue analysis or biopsy
• Billirubin-
An elavated level of bilirubin presence in the blood and urine
indicates jaundice may become clinically evident as serum bilirubin
level rises above the normal level in dogs 0.1-0.3 mg/dl and 0.1-0.4
mg/dl in cats. ( Stockhman et al., 2008)
Diagnosis of liver disease
Liver Function Tests other than liver
enzymes
22. • Bile acid-
Bile acid concentrations elevation in dog and cats are suggestive of
hepatobiliary disease. Bile acid concentrations elevation from the normal
range 25-30 micromol/L and 25 micromol/L in dogs and cats respectively
are suggestive of hepatobiliary disease i.e decreased functional mass,
alterations in portal circulation.
Albumin-
Albumin is produced by hepatocytes it is released into hepatic interstitial
and subsequently into the sinusoids and hepatic veins.
Hypoalbuminaemia is occurred on animals where the level of albumin in
the serum is less than the normal in dogs 2.7-44 mg/L and 2.5- 3.9 mg/ L
in cats. But hypoalbuminaemia usually is not specific to liver disease and
can occur due to many other disease , the most important are blood
loss, vasculitis , and large exudative skin injuries .
( Latimer et al.,2003)
23. • Urea
Reduce blood urea nitrogen below normal range 6-25 mg/dl in dogs
and 14-36 mg/dl in cats indicates liver insufficiency.
• Cholesterol
The elevation of cholesterol from the normal level 3-6.6 mmol/L in
dogs and 1.8- 4.2 mmol/L in cats usually indicates liver disease.
(Leonardo et al., 2001)
24. Alanine aminotransferase-
Alanine transferase is an enzyme specific to the liver, found in the
cytoplasm of the liver cells. It is almost exclusively found within
hepatocytes so serum ALT increase indicates high hepatocelluar injury
in dogs and cats.
In dogs and cats the normal ranges of ALT is 5-107 micro/l and 10-
100 micro/L respectively. ( Daniel et al., 2001)
Allakline phosphatase
It is primiarily an indicator of cholestasis liver disease. It also increase
with severe bone destruction and due to steroid induction. Hepatic
ALP is found mainy in liver canalicular cell membranes and increase
with liver diseases.
In dogs and cats norml range – ALP-10-150 micro/L, 6-102micro/L.
Liver function test based on liver
enzyme
25. • Gamma glutamyltransferase-
• It is found in many tissues, but serum Gamma glutamyl transferase
originates mainly in the liver.
• It is pridominatly found in the intrahepatic biliary epithelial cells.
Increase in GGT are most frequently observed in cholestaic liver
disease.
• Normal range- in dogs and cats- 0-14 micro/L and 1-10 micro/L,
respectively. ( Daniel et al., 2001)
26. • Antioxidants
• Oxidation is a significant mechanism of hepatocelluar damge therefore
providing antioxidants are free radical scavengers include vitamin E,
Zinc, silymarin, N-acetyl cistine. It is helpful for treating toxic
hepatopathies.
• Cholerectics stimulates bile flow indicates in all biliary stasis cases. The
best choice choleretis is ursodeoxycholic acid and Metronidazole relies
upon hepatic clearance. They displace toxic bile acids also important
in immune modulating and encourage antioxidant acitvity.
• Diuretics
• It is important to check blood albumin level and if low, dietary control
by supplementing the animal with a high biological value protein
including cottage cheese, and fish are advised.
Treatment
27. The administration of blood products e.g canine plasma or thiazide
diuretics or frusemide can can be intially used in combination with
sporonolactone to speed up diuresis.
Therapeutic paracentesis , which can cause a significant drop in blood
albumin levels due to in ability of the diseased liver to make up for
the loss, should be avoided unless the ascites are life- threating.
Medication such as lactulose is required to reduce gut absorbtion of
ammonia if the liver is too damage to break.
Zinc supplementation has been shown to reduce inflammation ,
reduce copper absorption from the gut and to protect the liver.
A low copper and high zinc diet can help to prevent accumulation or
re accumulation of hepatic copper in dogs with complex forms of
copper associated hepatitis. ( Pritt et al., 2010)
28. • Zinc gluconate or acetate can be used prophylatically, especially in
young dogs known to have copper storage disease, to reduce the
absorption of copper from the gastrointestinal tract and prevent the
development of copper associated hepatitis.
• Antibiotics
• Ampicillins, cephalosporins, enrofloxacine, metrinidazole,and
clindamycine and chloramphenicol are good choice of antibiotics for
treating bacterial liver diseases. ( Sussan et al.,2008)
• Fluid therapy
• Animals severaly affected by liver disease, particularly those that are
vomiting may require intravenous therapy to help to flush out toxins
from the blood stream and replace fluid lost in vomiting. ( Saro et al.,
2011)