1. Origin Of Epidemiology.
2. Definitions Of Epidemiology.
3. Objectives Of Epidemiology.
4. Branches Of Epidemiology.
5. Timeline Of Epidemiology.
6. John Graunt- The First Epidemiologist.
7. James Lind And Scurvy.
8. Edward Jenner And Small Pox.
9. Ignaz Semmelweis And Childbed Fever.
10. John Snow And Cholera
11. Conclusion
Tammy GingeryIliana MillerHumanities 10116 March 2018THE.docxdeanmtaylor1545
Tammy Gingery
Iliana Miller
Humanities 101
16 March 2018
THE AGES OF MEDICINE
For some of the more inquisitive people, the human body has continued to fascinate, bewilder us, and perplex us from the beginning of recorded time. As medical students develop their education, more reverence for the intricacies and complexity of the human body and the state in which the body all works in synchronization and harmony.
As far back as humans have existed, prehistoric data has shown that medicinal plants and herbs were used for treating various injuries and sickness. Even then, much like today, humans had to sample, test, taste, and finally learn (sometimes in deleterious ways) to discover medicinal healing properties of plants. Many of these medicinal factors are still just as important to making significant contributions to the more natural and ecological patient of today. Ancient humans used willow or willow bark for pain treatment. They discovered mint could ease gastric ailments. Garlic was good for the heart and fenugreek helped in the healing of pneumonia. Honey was used for burns and wounds. Current studies on honey have found that a dressing of honey is more effective than silver sulfadiazine dressings with burn victims due to the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Treatments such as acupuncture dateA back over 4000 years and is just now becoming recognized for its therapeutic qualities Much of the old archaic remedies are becoming new discoveries again.
Humanities oldest form of surgery was recently discovered by archeologists finding the boring of circular holes drilled at specific locations in buried skulls dating back 7000 years ago when civilizations engaged in trepanation. Prehistoric craniotomies were believed to be used during the stone age to treat conditions such as migraines, seizures, or possibly to release evil spirits of the sick and mentally ill.
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One of the founding legacies of medicine came from the discoveries from Egyptians. Ancient papyri document that the Egyptians were centuries ahead of its time in the study of physiology and the structure of the human body and it is believed it was based upon the knowledge gained from the embalming process of the dead. The oldest prosthetic was discovered on an ancient 2,700-year-old Egyptian female mummy discovered in 2011. She had two prosthetic toes made of leather and wood. They also practiced suturing, dentistry, extracting teeth and making false prosthetic teeth. Ancient Egyptians in 1500 BC used blood, dead rodents, moldy bread, horse saliva, and human and animal excrement as cures for many diseases and injuries. Unfortunately, these techniques also led to tetanus and severe infections.
Thousands of years of sickness was attributed to “bad blood”. Ancient Sumerians and Egyptians began the process of “bloodletting” and this ritual survived until the time of classical Greece and Rome. Physicians would cut open a vein “Venesection” to drain the bad blood that was c.
Tammy GingeryIliana MillerHumanities 10116 March 2018THE.docxbradburgess22840
Tammy Gingery
Iliana Miller
Humanities 101
16 March 2018
THE AGES OF MEDICINE
For some of the more inquisitive people, the human body has continued to fascinate, bewilder us, and perplex us from the beginning of recorded time. As medical students develop their education, more reverence for the intricacies and complexity of the human body and the state in which the body all works in synchronization and harmony.
As far back as humans have existed, prehistoric data has shown that medicinal plants and herbs were used for treating various injuries and sickness. Even then, much like today, humans had to sample, test, taste, and finally learn (sometimes in deleterious ways) to discover medicinal healing properties of plants. Many of these medicinal factors are still just as important to making significant contributions to the more natural and ecological patient of today. Ancient humans used willow or willow bark for pain treatment. They discovered mint could ease gastric ailments. Garlic was good for the heart and fenugreek helped in the healing of pneumonia. Honey was used for burns and wounds. Current studies on honey have found that a dressing of honey is more effective than silver sulfadiazine dressings with burn victims due to the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Treatments such as acupuncture dateA back over 4000 years and is just now becoming recognized for its therapeutic qualities Much of the old archaic remedies are becoming new discoveries again.
Humanities oldest form of surgery was recently discovered by archeologists finding the boring of circular holes drilled at specific locations in buried skulls dating back 7000 years ago when civilizations engaged in trepanation. Prehistoric craniotomies were believed to be used during the stone age to treat conditions such as migraines, seizures, or possibly to release evil spirits of the sick and mentally ill.
.
One of the founding legacies of medicine came from the discoveries from Egyptians. Ancient papyri document that the Egyptians were centuries ahead of its time in the study of physiology and the structure of the human body and it is believed it was based upon the knowledge gained from the embalming process of the dead. The oldest prosthetic was discovered on an ancient 2,700-year-old Egyptian female mummy discovered in 2011. She had two prosthetic toes made of leather and wood. They also practiced suturing, dentistry, extracting teeth and making false prosthetic teeth. Ancient Egyptians in 1500 BC used blood, dead rodents, moldy bread, horse saliva, and human and animal excrement as cures for many diseases and injuries. Unfortunately, these techniques also led to tetanus and severe infections.
Thousands of years of sickness was attributed to “bad blood”. Ancient Sumerians and Egyptians began the process of “bloodletting” and this ritual survived until the time of classical Greece and Rome. Physicians would cut open a vein “Venesection” to drain the bad blood that was c.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
1. MedicalThe New England Renaissance A presentation by: Lauren Stroble, Stephanie Zandarski, and Michelle Szyszkiewicz
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4. Dentistry No anesthetics No water/air-cooled drills – drills created heat, which caused extreme amounts of pain Lead fillings were popular
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7. Diseases – “The Fever” (cont.) Scarlet Fever – responsible for approx. 20,000 deaths in 1840 alone “Hooping Cough” Measles
8. Disease – “The Fever” (cont.) Puberty up until menopause (menstruation) was treated as a disease. Many women died during childbirth due to being exposed by bacteria on the doctor’s hands. They called this “Childbed Fever”. However, because of their limited knowledge of spreading bacteria, they saw the women as “the weaker sex”. Syphilis and other sexually transmitted diseases were spread due to lack of proper bathing/hygiene. Food poisoning – mainly caused by lack of refrigeration, and eating spoiled foods ; there was also a large amount of parasites and fleas
![Inventions and Developments The first largely accurate description of the human body – provided by Andreas Vesalius Sewing wounds (stitches), instead of cauterizing. Cauterization – burning of a wound to close it ,[object Object]](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)