Influential people of the victorian era
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This document summarizes several influential scientists from the Victorian era, including their contributions and discoveries. Edwin Chadwick persuaded London authorities to clean sewers which reduced cholera deaths. John Snow theorized cholera was caused by parasites and could be spread through bodily fluids. Joseph Lister pioneered antiseptic surgery by using carbolic acid to cover wounds, greatly reducing infection rates. George Francis Fitzgerald supported Maxwell's electromagnetism theory and concluded oscillating currents produce electromagnetic waves, laying the basis for wireless telegraphy.
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Edward Jenner was born in 1749 in England and became interested in medicine and immunology. He observed that milkmaids who had previously caught cowpox did not catch the more deadly smallpox. In 1796, he conducted an experiment where he inoculated an 8-year old boy with cowpox pus which protected him from later smallpox exposure. Jenner published his findings in 1798, establishing the technique of vaccination to prevent smallpox. Vaccination was later made compulsory and led to the eradication of smallpox, saving millions of lives. Jenner is considered the father of immunology.
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Crime rates in Victorian England rose significantly during the 1800s due to factors caused by the Industrial Revolution such as poverty and urbanization. Common minor crimes included drunkenness, vagrancy, prostitution, and petty theft while major crimes like burglary, murder, and rape often resulted in the death penalty. Over time, societal views of criminals shifted from seeing them as morally corrupt to viewing their criminal behavior as a product of their environment or mental illness. Punishments were harsh, including transportation to penal colonies and death by hanging for some petty crimes, while prisons and hard labor became more common alternatives to execution.
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The sandwich technique involves using two restorative materials bonded together to restore a tooth. There are open and closed techniques, with the open technique exposing the underlying material to the mouth. Common materials used are glass ionomer cement or flowable composite as the underlying liner layer, which bonds to tooth structure and the overlying composite. It provides benefits like increased retention, fluoride release to prevent decay, and stress absorption. The technique is indicated for lesions with non-enamel margins or class II composites involving the gingival area. It involves conditioning, placing the liner, etching, bonding, and incrementally placing the overlying composite.
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
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2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
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Influential people of the victorian era
- 1. Influential People of the Victorian Era BY ZOE RANEY
- 2. Common Beliefs of Victorian Era Scientists Miasmas: The belief that diseases are spread through bad smells and invisible poisonous clouds By getting rid of bad smells (miasmas), diseases like cholera would no longer cause epidemics
- 3. Edwin Chadwick Persuaded London authorities to clean out the sewers to get rid of the bad smell Sewage was swept into the Thames River 15,000 people died
- 4. John Snow Theorized that cholera was caused by tiny parasites Started tracking the cholera epidemic Theorized that cholera was spread through bodily fluids
- 5. James Young Simpson Appointed professor of medicine and midwifery at Edinburgh in 1839 Pioneered chloroform anaesthesia in obstetrics Sought to demolish all religious objections to painless childbirth and surgery
- 6. Charles Darwin Laid the foundations for the theory of evolution Teamed up with Alfred Russel Wallace; made a joint announcement of the theory in1858 ‘On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection’
- 7. Ignaz Semmelweis Insisted that doctors working for him wash their hands in calcium chloride to prevent ‘ward fever’ or puerperal fever Death percents fell from 12% to 1% Hungarian Pioneer of antiseptics
- 8. Joseph Lister ‘Father of Antiseptic Surgery’ Believed that germs could get into open wounds Covered wounds with lint dipped in carbolic acid High success rate Years Total Cases Recovered Died Death Rate 1864-1866 35 19 16 45.7 % 1867-1870 40 34 6 15 %
- 9. George Francis Fitzgerald Irish physicist Named the electron Supported Clerk Maxwell’s theory of electromagnetism Concluded that an oscillating electric current would produce electromagnetic waves Awarded the Royal Medal of the Royal Society of London Helped lay the basis of wireless telegraphy