this is not complete but its enough to prevent medical emergencies in dental hospital/clinics.this is extracted from some medical and some dental emergency book !
This document provides an overview of managing medical emergencies in the dental office. It discusses preventing emergencies through patient evaluation and preparation. It then covers classifications of emergencies and managing specific issues like syncope, respiratory distress, allergic reactions, seizures, hypoglycemia, chest pain, and more. Emergency equipment and drugs are outlined. ABCs of evaluating and treating emergencies are also reviewed, including CPR procedures.
Medical emergencies in a dental clinicShermil Sayd
Medical emergencies can occur in a dental office. The staff must be prepared to handle situations like syncope, hyperventilation, allergic reactions, airway obstruction, asthma, and hypertensive or hypotensive emergencies. It is important to take thorough medical histories, have emergency equipment and medications available, and monitor patients closely during procedures to recognize and quickly treat any issues. Prevention methods include reducing stress, avoiding allergens, and stabilizing patients' medical conditions before elective treatment.
Instruments used in oral and maxillofacial surgeryCing Sian Dal
Instruments used in oral and maxillofacial surgery
Copyright (c) Dr. Ko Ko Maung
Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery
University of Dental Medicine, Yangon
This document outlines common medical emergencies that may occur in a dental practice and how to manage them. It discusses conditions like fainting, seizures, asthma attacks, allergic reactions, hypoglycemia, thyroid storm, adrenal crisis, chest pain, and stroke. For each emergency, it describes signs and symptoms, potential causes, and recommended first aid procedures like positioning the patient, administering oxygen, starting CPR, giving emergency medications, and calling for an ambulance. It emphasizes being prepared through training, having an emergency kit stocked with necessary supplies, and preventing issues by obtaining patient medical histories and reducing stress.
This document discusses basic life support (BLS) procedures and emergency drugs used in dentistry. It provides an overview of BLS procedures including assessing victims, performing chest compressions and rescue breathing. It also outlines the key drugs that may be used in dental emergencies, including epinephrine, antihistamines, atropine, nitroglycerin and bronchodilators. The document emphasizes that dentists should be prepared to provide initial emergency care and stabilize patients until full medical treatment can be given.
This document discusses various types of medical emergencies that can occur in a dental office setting and how to manage them. It begins by defining what constitutes a medical emergency and then describes common emergencies such as syncope, seizures, respiratory issues like asthma, cardiovascular events like angina and myocardial infarction, allergic reactions, hypoglycemia, and issues related to local anesthetic administration like overdose. For each type of emergency, it discusses signs and symptoms, prevention strategies, and management approaches. Throughout it emphasizes the importance of being prepared for emergencies through training and having emergency equipment and medications available.
This document provides an overview of managing medical emergencies in the dental office. It discusses preventing emergencies through patient evaluation and preparation. It then covers classifications of emergencies and managing specific issues like syncope, respiratory distress, allergic reactions, seizures, hypoglycemia, chest pain, and more. Emergency equipment and drugs are outlined. ABCs of evaluating and treating emergencies are also reviewed, including CPR procedures.
Medical emergencies in a dental clinicShermil Sayd
Medical emergencies can occur in a dental office. The staff must be prepared to handle situations like syncope, hyperventilation, allergic reactions, airway obstruction, asthma, and hypertensive or hypotensive emergencies. It is important to take thorough medical histories, have emergency equipment and medications available, and monitor patients closely during procedures to recognize and quickly treat any issues. Prevention methods include reducing stress, avoiding allergens, and stabilizing patients' medical conditions before elective treatment.
Instruments used in oral and maxillofacial surgeryCing Sian Dal
Instruments used in oral and maxillofacial surgery
Copyright (c) Dr. Ko Ko Maung
Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery
University of Dental Medicine, Yangon
This document outlines common medical emergencies that may occur in a dental practice and how to manage them. It discusses conditions like fainting, seizures, asthma attacks, allergic reactions, hypoglycemia, thyroid storm, adrenal crisis, chest pain, and stroke. For each emergency, it describes signs and symptoms, potential causes, and recommended first aid procedures like positioning the patient, administering oxygen, starting CPR, giving emergency medications, and calling for an ambulance. It emphasizes being prepared through training, having an emergency kit stocked with necessary supplies, and preventing issues by obtaining patient medical histories and reducing stress.
This document discusses basic life support (BLS) procedures and emergency drugs used in dentistry. It provides an overview of BLS procedures including assessing victims, performing chest compressions and rescue breathing. It also outlines the key drugs that may be used in dental emergencies, including epinephrine, antihistamines, atropine, nitroglycerin and bronchodilators. The document emphasizes that dentists should be prepared to provide initial emergency care and stabilize patients until full medical treatment can be given.
This document discusses various types of medical emergencies that can occur in a dental office setting and how to manage them. It begins by defining what constitutes a medical emergency and then describes common emergencies such as syncope, seizures, respiratory issues like asthma, cardiovascular events like angina and myocardial infarction, allergic reactions, hypoglycemia, and issues related to local anesthetic administration like overdose. For each type of emergency, it discusses signs and symptoms, prevention strategies, and management approaches. Throughout it emphasizes the importance of being prepared for emergencies through training and having emergency equipment and medications available.
This document discusses medical emergencies that can occur in a dental practice and how to manage them. It begins with an introduction and overview of common emergencies like syncope, allergies, and hypoglycemia. It then covers the principles of prevention, preparation, and action for emergencies. Specific emergencies are classified and their signs, symptoms and management are described in detail. The document emphasizes being prepared through training and having necessary equipment and medications to handle emergencies properly in the dental office.
This document provides information on medical emergencies that can occur in dental practice settings. It discusses the importance of recognizing at-risk patients and conducting thorough medical histories. It also outlines the primary survey process for assessing airway, breathing, circulation, disability, and exposure during a medical emergency. Finally, it provides details on responding to specific emergency situations like syncope, angina, myocardial infarction, seizures, hypoglycemia, asthma, foreign body obstruction, anaphylaxis, hyperventilation, and adrenal insufficiency.
Medical emergencies in the dental practiceRuhi Kashmiri
Medical emergencies do, can and will occur in any dental practice, oral health professionals need to know how to diagnose and manage any such situation when required.
The document provides an overview of medical emergencies that can occur in dental practice. It begins with an introduction defining medical emergency and classifications of emergencies. It then discusses the dental office emergency team and basic actions for any emergency. Common emergencies like syncope, postural hypotension, acute adrenal insufficiency, hyperventilation, asthma, diabetes, epilepsy and anaphylaxis are explained. Emergency equipment, drugs, and camp management are reviewed. Recent Indian studies on emergency preparedness and knowledge are summarized. The document aims to increase awareness of medical emergencies and their appropriate management in dental settings.
Medical emergencies in oral and maxillofacial surgerypptHafeezAzeez1
Medical emergencies can occur during oral and maxillofacial surgery procedures. The document outlines how to prevent and manage some common medical emergencies through medical risk assessment of patients, having emergency drugs and equipment available, understanding how to perform a primary survey during an emergency, and being competent in emergency management skills. It also provides algorithms for managing some example emergencies like vasovagal syncope, angina, myocardial infarction, and hypoglycemia.
This document discusses medical emergencies that can occur in a dental office setting. It covers the classification of life-threatening emergencies like unconsciousness, respiratory distress, altered consciousness, seizures, and drug-related issues. It emphasizes the importance of prevention through medical history screening, physical evaluation, and reducing patient anxiety. It also covers preparation through training in basic life support, having an emergency drug kit and appropriate equipment, and developing emergency protocols. Specific conditions like vasodepressor syncope, postural hypotension, and adrenal insufficiency that can cause unconsciousness are explained in more depth.
Here are some key emergency medications to have available:
- Epinephrine 1:1000 for anaphylaxis or cardiac arrest
- Aspirin for cardiac events
- Diphenhydramine for allergic reactions
- Flumazenil for benzodiazepine overdose
- Dextrose solutions and oral glucose for hypoglycemia
- Glucagon for hypoglycemia if unable to take oral glucose
- Nitroglycerin for chest pain
Having these basic emergency medications can help manage common medical emergencies until EMS arrives.
1. Emergency care in dental offices is important due to increasing numbers of elderly patients and those with medical conditions that impact oral health.
2. Dentists need to understand various medical conditions that may be encountered and how to prevent complications, as some conditions like diabetes or cardiac issues can affect dental treatment and emergencies.
3. Proper evaluation of a patient's health history and condition is essential before any dental procedures, and management may require medical consultations, altered treatment plans, or hospital settings for high-risk patients.
Emergency drugs and equipment must be available in every dental office to manage life-threatening situations. They are presented in modules based on the level of training and experience of the doctor. Module one contains basic emergency drugs and equipment. Secondary injectable drugs included in later modules are anticonvulsants, analgesics, vasopressors, antihypoglycemics, corticosteroids, antihypertensives, and anticholinergics. Proper administration techniques are outlined for intramuscular, intravenous, and sublingual medications.
Local aneasthesia techniques which are to be performed extraorally when the conventional intraoral approches for local anaesthesia cant be performed.
Very useful for dental Practioners
Management of medical emergencies in the dental practiceKanika Manral
The document discusses the management of medical emergencies in dental practice. It covers various types of emergencies such as syncope, seizures, respiratory issues like airway obstruction and asthma, and cardiovascular emergencies like angina and myocardial infarction. It emphasizes prevention through comprehensive medical history, vigilance during procedures, and being prepared with basic life support equipment and training. It provides guidelines for managing specific emergencies through recognition of symptoms and stabilizing the patient until definitive medical care arrives.
1. The document discusses various common medical emergencies that may occur in a community setting and their management, including syncope, seizure, hypoglycemia, trauma, chest pain, airway obstruction, and asthma.
2. It provides guidance on assessing the situation, performing basic life support measures like opening the airway, giving oxygen, and positioning the patient, and determining if further definitive medical care is needed for stabilization or transfer to a hospital.
3. Emergency drug kits should contain medications for respiratory distress, cardiac issues, hypoglycemia, and more, with oxygen, epinephrine, nitroglycerin, bronchodilators, and glucagon being essential. Prompt recognition and appropriate first aid
This document provides information on principles of dental exodontia (tooth extraction) including:
- Types and parts of dental forceps and elevators used for tooth extraction
- Techniques for intra-alveolar extraction using forceps including proper grip, positioning, and extraction movements
- Factors that can complicate tooth extraction and considerations for radiographic examination
- Chair positioning and patient preparation for dental extractions
- Principles, mechanics, and rules for proper use of forceps and elevators during extraction
This document outlines emergency drugs used in dentistry. It discusses different medical emergencies that may occur during dental procedures like syncope, hypoglycemia, and anaphylactic shock. It categorizes emergency drugs into injectable and non-injectable types. Injectable drugs are further divided into primary (essential) and secondary (non-essential) categories. Primary injectables include epinephrine, antihistamines, anticonvulsants, and narcotic antagonists. Secondary injectables include analgesics, vasopressors, corticosteroids, and antihypoglycemics. Non-injectable emergency drugs discussed are oxygen, vasodilators, respiratory stimulants, antihypoglyce
This document discusses medical emergencies that can occur in a dental chair and how dentists should prepare for them. It notes that emergencies are more common in elderly patients, those undergoing painful procedures, or those with concomitant medical conditions or drug use. Taking a thorough patient history is important for prevention. Common conditions that can precipitate emergencies include syncope, angina, hypertension, and allergic reactions. Dental clinics should have an emergency kit containing drugs like oxygen, epinephrine, nitroglycerin, and glucose, as well as training in CPR, since drugs alone are not always sufficient. Proper preparation is key to treating emergencies without serious issues.
This document provides information on how to manage various medical emergencies that may occur in a dental setting. It discusses approaches to emergencies like syncope, seizures, hypoglycemia, trauma, chest pain, airway obstruction, and asthma. For each emergency, it describes signs and symptoms, prevention strategies, and management steps. The management sections emphasize maintaining the ABCs (airway, breathing, circulation), providing oxygen, treating underlying causes, monitoring vital signs, and seeking definitive medical care as needed. The document also lists common emergency medications and recommends having an emergency drug kit available.
This document outlines the principles and steps of surgical tooth extraction. It describes the indications for surgical extraction, including teeth with unusual root morphology, hypercementosis, dilacerated roots, ankylosed roots, fused teeth, retained root tips, and deciduous molars that embrace permanent teeth. Contraindications include asymptomatic root tips and situations with risk of local complications. The steps described include flap creation, bone removal, tooth extraction using forceps or elevators, and wound closure. Specific techniques are described for single-rooted, multi-rooted, ankylosed, and retained root extraction cases. Postoperative antibiotic recommendations are also provided.
This document provides information on acute myocardial infarction (MI) including its definition, causes, signs and symptoms, investigations, and nursing management. It defines MI as irreversible necrosis of heart muscles due to reduced blood supply. Common signs include chest pain and associated symptoms like nausea, sweating, and shortness of breath. Investigations include electrocardiogram (ECG), cardiac enzymes, chest x-ray, and cardiac catheterization. Nursing management focuses on monitoring the patient, providing oxygen therapy, administering medications, and assessing for complications.
This document provides an overview of difficult to treat asthma. It defines asthma and describes clinical phenotypes and methods of assessment. It discusses factors that can make asthma difficult to treat, such as incorrect inhaler technique, poor adherence, and comorbidities. Treatment options for difficult to treat asthma include biologics like omalizumab, mepolizumab, and benralizumab. Other challenges in managing difficult asthma include alternative diagnoses, vocal cord dysfunction, suboptimal adherence, comorbidities, environmental triggers, overuse of rescue inhalers, psychosocial factors, and brittle asthma. The document concludes by reviewing different inhaler devices and their advantages and disadvantages.
This document discusses medical emergencies that can occur in a dental practice and how to manage them. It begins with an introduction and overview of common emergencies like syncope, allergies, and hypoglycemia. It then covers the principles of prevention, preparation, and action for emergencies. Specific emergencies are classified and their signs, symptoms and management are described in detail. The document emphasizes being prepared through training and having necessary equipment and medications to handle emergencies properly in the dental office.
This document provides information on medical emergencies that can occur in dental practice settings. It discusses the importance of recognizing at-risk patients and conducting thorough medical histories. It also outlines the primary survey process for assessing airway, breathing, circulation, disability, and exposure during a medical emergency. Finally, it provides details on responding to specific emergency situations like syncope, angina, myocardial infarction, seizures, hypoglycemia, asthma, foreign body obstruction, anaphylaxis, hyperventilation, and adrenal insufficiency.
Medical emergencies in the dental practiceRuhi Kashmiri
Medical emergencies do, can and will occur in any dental practice, oral health professionals need to know how to diagnose and manage any such situation when required.
The document provides an overview of medical emergencies that can occur in dental practice. It begins with an introduction defining medical emergency and classifications of emergencies. It then discusses the dental office emergency team and basic actions for any emergency. Common emergencies like syncope, postural hypotension, acute adrenal insufficiency, hyperventilation, asthma, diabetes, epilepsy and anaphylaxis are explained. Emergency equipment, drugs, and camp management are reviewed. Recent Indian studies on emergency preparedness and knowledge are summarized. The document aims to increase awareness of medical emergencies and their appropriate management in dental settings.
Medical emergencies in oral and maxillofacial surgerypptHafeezAzeez1
Medical emergencies can occur during oral and maxillofacial surgery procedures. The document outlines how to prevent and manage some common medical emergencies through medical risk assessment of patients, having emergency drugs and equipment available, understanding how to perform a primary survey during an emergency, and being competent in emergency management skills. It also provides algorithms for managing some example emergencies like vasovagal syncope, angina, myocardial infarction, and hypoglycemia.
This document discusses medical emergencies that can occur in a dental office setting. It covers the classification of life-threatening emergencies like unconsciousness, respiratory distress, altered consciousness, seizures, and drug-related issues. It emphasizes the importance of prevention through medical history screening, physical evaluation, and reducing patient anxiety. It also covers preparation through training in basic life support, having an emergency drug kit and appropriate equipment, and developing emergency protocols. Specific conditions like vasodepressor syncope, postural hypotension, and adrenal insufficiency that can cause unconsciousness are explained in more depth.
Here are some key emergency medications to have available:
- Epinephrine 1:1000 for anaphylaxis or cardiac arrest
- Aspirin for cardiac events
- Diphenhydramine for allergic reactions
- Flumazenil for benzodiazepine overdose
- Dextrose solutions and oral glucose for hypoglycemia
- Glucagon for hypoglycemia if unable to take oral glucose
- Nitroglycerin for chest pain
Having these basic emergency medications can help manage common medical emergencies until EMS arrives.
1. Emergency care in dental offices is important due to increasing numbers of elderly patients and those with medical conditions that impact oral health.
2. Dentists need to understand various medical conditions that may be encountered and how to prevent complications, as some conditions like diabetes or cardiac issues can affect dental treatment and emergencies.
3. Proper evaluation of a patient's health history and condition is essential before any dental procedures, and management may require medical consultations, altered treatment plans, or hospital settings for high-risk patients.
Emergency drugs and equipment must be available in every dental office to manage life-threatening situations. They are presented in modules based on the level of training and experience of the doctor. Module one contains basic emergency drugs and equipment. Secondary injectable drugs included in later modules are anticonvulsants, analgesics, vasopressors, antihypoglycemics, corticosteroids, antihypertensives, and anticholinergics. Proper administration techniques are outlined for intramuscular, intravenous, and sublingual medications.
Local aneasthesia techniques which are to be performed extraorally when the conventional intraoral approches for local anaesthesia cant be performed.
Very useful for dental Practioners
Management of medical emergencies in the dental practiceKanika Manral
The document discusses the management of medical emergencies in dental practice. It covers various types of emergencies such as syncope, seizures, respiratory issues like airway obstruction and asthma, and cardiovascular emergencies like angina and myocardial infarction. It emphasizes prevention through comprehensive medical history, vigilance during procedures, and being prepared with basic life support equipment and training. It provides guidelines for managing specific emergencies through recognition of symptoms and stabilizing the patient until definitive medical care arrives.
1. The document discusses various common medical emergencies that may occur in a community setting and their management, including syncope, seizure, hypoglycemia, trauma, chest pain, airway obstruction, and asthma.
2. It provides guidance on assessing the situation, performing basic life support measures like opening the airway, giving oxygen, and positioning the patient, and determining if further definitive medical care is needed for stabilization or transfer to a hospital.
3. Emergency drug kits should contain medications for respiratory distress, cardiac issues, hypoglycemia, and more, with oxygen, epinephrine, nitroglycerin, bronchodilators, and glucagon being essential. Prompt recognition and appropriate first aid
This document provides information on principles of dental exodontia (tooth extraction) including:
- Types and parts of dental forceps and elevators used for tooth extraction
- Techniques for intra-alveolar extraction using forceps including proper grip, positioning, and extraction movements
- Factors that can complicate tooth extraction and considerations for radiographic examination
- Chair positioning and patient preparation for dental extractions
- Principles, mechanics, and rules for proper use of forceps and elevators during extraction
This document outlines emergency drugs used in dentistry. It discusses different medical emergencies that may occur during dental procedures like syncope, hypoglycemia, and anaphylactic shock. It categorizes emergency drugs into injectable and non-injectable types. Injectable drugs are further divided into primary (essential) and secondary (non-essential) categories. Primary injectables include epinephrine, antihistamines, anticonvulsants, and narcotic antagonists. Secondary injectables include analgesics, vasopressors, corticosteroids, and antihypoglycemics. Non-injectable emergency drugs discussed are oxygen, vasodilators, respiratory stimulants, antihypoglyce
This document discusses medical emergencies that can occur in a dental chair and how dentists should prepare for them. It notes that emergencies are more common in elderly patients, those undergoing painful procedures, or those with concomitant medical conditions or drug use. Taking a thorough patient history is important for prevention. Common conditions that can precipitate emergencies include syncope, angina, hypertension, and allergic reactions. Dental clinics should have an emergency kit containing drugs like oxygen, epinephrine, nitroglycerin, and glucose, as well as training in CPR, since drugs alone are not always sufficient. Proper preparation is key to treating emergencies without serious issues.
This document provides information on how to manage various medical emergencies that may occur in a dental setting. It discusses approaches to emergencies like syncope, seizures, hypoglycemia, trauma, chest pain, airway obstruction, and asthma. For each emergency, it describes signs and symptoms, prevention strategies, and management steps. The management sections emphasize maintaining the ABCs (airway, breathing, circulation), providing oxygen, treating underlying causes, monitoring vital signs, and seeking definitive medical care as needed. The document also lists common emergency medications and recommends having an emergency drug kit available.
This document outlines the principles and steps of surgical tooth extraction. It describes the indications for surgical extraction, including teeth with unusual root morphology, hypercementosis, dilacerated roots, ankylosed roots, fused teeth, retained root tips, and deciduous molars that embrace permanent teeth. Contraindications include asymptomatic root tips and situations with risk of local complications. The steps described include flap creation, bone removal, tooth extraction using forceps or elevators, and wound closure. Specific techniques are described for single-rooted, multi-rooted, ankylosed, and retained root extraction cases. Postoperative antibiotic recommendations are also provided.
This document provides information on acute myocardial infarction (MI) including its definition, causes, signs and symptoms, investigations, and nursing management. It defines MI as irreversible necrosis of heart muscles due to reduced blood supply. Common signs include chest pain and associated symptoms like nausea, sweating, and shortness of breath. Investigations include electrocardiogram (ECG), cardiac enzymes, chest x-ray, and cardiac catheterization. Nursing management focuses on monitoring the patient, providing oxygen therapy, administering medications, and assessing for complications.
This document provides an overview of difficult to treat asthma. It defines asthma and describes clinical phenotypes and methods of assessment. It discusses factors that can make asthma difficult to treat, such as incorrect inhaler technique, poor adherence, and comorbidities. Treatment options for difficult to treat asthma include biologics like omalizumab, mepolizumab, and benralizumab. Other challenges in managing difficult asthma include alternative diagnoses, vocal cord dysfunction, suboptimal adherence, comorbidities, environmental triggers, overuse of rescue inhalers, psychosocial factors, and brittle asthma. The document concludes by reviewing different inhaler devices and their advantages and disadvantages.
Anaphylactic shock is a severe allergic reaction that can be triggered by medications, foods, insect bites or stings. It results from the interaction of allergens with immunoglobulin E antibodies, causing the release of histamine and other mediators from mast cells. This leads to respiratory distress, decreased blood pressure, hives, and potentially death. Treatment involves stopping exposure to the trigger, administering epinephrine, antihistamines and steroids, monitoring breathing and circulation, and managing symptoms. Nurses assess for allergies and anaphylaxis risk factors, and provide care to address impaired breathing, circulation issues, skin problems and pain.
This document provides information on post-operative care, including common complications, their prevention and treatment. It discusses care of patients in the post-anesthesia care unit and criteria for discharge. Some immediate complications discussed are respiratory and cardiovascular issues. Long term complications include infections, DVT and wound healing problems. The importance of early mobilization and physiotherapy to aid recovery is also covered.
Emergency drugs are used to treat life-threatening conditions and work quickly to control symptoms and save lives. Aspirin is used for pain, fever reduction, and its anti-inflammatory and blood thinning effects. It has contraindications for things like asthma, bleeding disorders, and recent surgery. Common side effects include heartburn and bleeding. Adrenaline stimulates heart function, breathing, and blood vessel constriction. It is used to treat allergic reactions, respiratory distress, and cardiac arrest, and has contraindications for conditions like shock. Potential side effects include abnormal heart rhythms and vision changes.
This document provides information on endocarditis, including:
- Endocarditis is inflammation of the inner lining of the heart caused usually by bacterial infection.
- Common causes are various bacteria and fungi transmitted through dental procedures, IV drug use, and other means.
- Risk factors include heart defects, artificial heart valves, and past endocarditis.
- Symptoms can include fever, chest pain, murmurs, and signs of heart failure.
- Treatment involves antibiotics, sometimes for 6 weeks or more, and possibly surgery for complicated cases.
- Nursing care focuses on pain management, monitoring for heart failure and embolism, giving medications and treatments correctly, and health teaching.
The document discusses meningitis, including its anatomy, causes, symptoms, diagnostic criteria, treatment, and nursing management. Meningitis is an inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord known as the meninges, which can be caused by bacterial, viral, or fungal infections. Symptoms include headache, fever, and neck stiffness, while diagnosis involves lumbar puncture, CSF analysis, and neuroimaging.
Menigitis final.ppt medical surgical nursingswethahaashini
Meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges, the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. It can be caused by bacterial, viral, or fungal infections. Bacterial meningitis is the most severe form and requires immediate medical treatment with antibiotics to prevent permanent brain damage or death. Nursing care involves frequent assessment of neurological status, managing fever and pain, maintaining fluid balance, and promoting mobility once the infection resolves. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are important to manage meningitis effectively.
The document discusses seronegative spondyloarthropathies, which are a group of autoimmune inflammatory joint disorders characterized by axial and/or peripheral arthritis, negative rheumatoid factor, and potential for extra-articular involvement. Some of the main types discussed include ankylosing spondylitis, reactive arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and IBD-associated arthritis. The diseases are described in terms of their classification, epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis.
This document provides information about different types of shock. It defines shock as a condition where blood pressure is inadequate to deliver oxygen and nutrients to vital organs. It then describes the main types of shock: hypovolemic, cardiogenic, anaphylactic, and neurogenic. For each type, it outlines the causes, signs and symptoms, nursing diagnoses, and treatment priorities. It also includes sections on snake bites, defining types of toxins, symptoms, and emergency management including antivenin administration.
Emergency management of anaphylactic shockHiba Hamid
Anaphylactic shock is a life-threatening allergic reaction that can be triggered by medications, foods, insect stings, latex, or exercise. It occurs when a sensitized individual is re-exposed to an allergen, activating antibodies that cause symptoms affecting the skin, gastrointestinal tract, respiratory system, and circulation. Common signs include itching, hives, swelling, nausea, vomiting, difficulty breathing, low blood pressure, and shock. Emergency treatment involves administering epinephrine, antihistamines, oxygen, and performing CPR if needed to prevent respiratory failure or circulatory collapse.
The document discusses several cardiovascular conditions including aneurysms, peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAOD), Buerger's disease, and Raynaud's disease.
For aneurysms, it describes the types (saccular and fusiform), risk factors like atherosclerosis and genetic disorders, pathophysiology of vessel wall damage, and assessment involving imaging tests. Treatment includes medications to lower blood pressure and surgical grafting.
PAOD is described as atherosclerosis of the extremities, with risk factors like smoking, hypertension, obesity. Symptoms include intermittent claudication relieved by rest. Diagnosis involves pulse and Doppler exams. Treatment includes medications to improve blood flow and possible surgery.
Buerger's
The document provides information about shock, including its definition, classification, causes, clinical manifestations, complications, and nursing management. Shock is defined as a condition where tissue perfusion is inadequate to deliver oxygen and nutrients to support vital organ function. There are five main types of shock: cardiogenic, hypovolemic, septic, anaphylactic, and neurogenic. The nursing management of shock involves immediate care, fluid replacement, vasoactive medications, nutritional support, and ongoing monitoring of cardiovascular status, lab values, and response to treatment.
The document presents a seminar on encephalitis, defining it as inflammation of the brain and describing its main types, causes, symptoms, diagnostic tests, treatment including pharmacological and nursing management, complications, and prevention methods. Encephalitis is usually caused by a viral infection but can also be caused by bacteria, and symptoms may include fever, headache, nausea, and confusion.
This document provides information on various medical emergencies that may occur in a dental practice setting. It discusses conditions that may arise due to anxiety of the procedure like hyperventilation and vasovagal syncope. It also covers emergencies related to prior medical conditions of the patient such as asthma, cardiac issues, epilepsy, and diabetes. Procedures that could potentially cause emergencies like anaphylaxis from anesthetic drugs or choking from a foreign object are also outlined. Each condition discusses signs, symptoms and recommended management approaches.
This document discusses inflammatory disorders of the heart, including infective endocarditis, acute pericarditis, and myocarditis. Infective endocarditis is an inflammatory process affecting the heart valves that can have high morbidity and mortality but can be improved with early diagnosis and treatment. Common causative organisms include staphylococci and streptococci. Risk factors include prior heart damage and dental and surgical procedures. Symptoms include fever and heart murmur. Treatment involves long-term antibiotic therapy. Nursing care focuses on monitoring for complications, managing symptoms, providing education and supporting the patient.
- Sarcoidosis is a multi-system inflammatory disease characterized by non-caseating granulomas that can affect multiple organs. It most commonly involves the lungs, skin, and eyes.
- Diagnosis requires compatible clinical features along with histological evidence of non-caseating granulomas and exclusion of alternative diagnoses. Treatment involves glucocorticoids and immunosuppressants depending on the severity and organs involved. Prognosis depends on the specific organs affected and presence of adverse factors like lupus pernio or chronic uveitis.
Dengue is a mosquito-borne viral infection found in tropical and subtropical regions. It causes symptoms like fever, headache, and rashes. While most cases are mild, it can develop into a severe form with complications like bleeding, shock, and organ impairment. There is no specific treatment, only supportive care. Prevention focuses on controlling mosquito populations and avoiding bites.
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease characterized by reversible airway obstruction. It is triggered by environmental factors that cause airway hypersensitivity and inflammation. Common symptoms include coughing, wheezing, chest tightness and shortness of breath. While asthma has no cure, symptoms can be controlled through environmental trigger avoidance and medication. Risk factors include family history of allergy or asthma, tobacco smoke exposure, viral infections and low birth weight. Asthma is classified as intermittent or persistent based on frequency of symptoms.
Bleeding, also called hemorrhage, is the name used to describe blood loss. It can refer to blood loss inside the body, called internal bleeding, or to blood loss outside of the body, called external bleeding. Blood loss can occur in almost any area of the body.
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Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
Summer is a time for fun in the sun, but the heat and humidity can also wreak havoc on your skin. From itchy rashes to unwanted pigmentation, several skin conditions become more prevalent during these warmer months.
14. HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS
• Several drugs….
• Type-1 (immediate hypersensitivity)….Acute
• Mediated by IgE….
• Least severe….Dermal….But sign…
• Dentist should ask specifically about
medication..
• L.A. check..
15. Drugs used in dental practice that may potentially
cause an allergic reaction
• ANTIBIOTICS
• Penicillin
• Tetracycline
• ANALGESICS
• Aspirin
• NSAIDs
• OPIODS
• Morphine
• Codeine
• ANTIANXIETY DRUGS
• Barbiturates
LOCAL ANESTHETICS
Esters
procaine
benzocaine
Antioxidant
sodium met bisulfite
Parabens
methylparaben
OTHER AGENTS
methyl methacrylate
16. MANIFESTATIONS
REACTIONS:
SKIN SIGNS:
Delayed- onset skin signs:
Erythema, uticaria, pruritis,
angioedema
IMMEDIATE –ONSET SKIN
SIGNS:
Erythema, urticaria, pruritis
RESPIRATORY TRACT Signs with or
without cardiovascular or skin signs
Wheezing, dyspnea
STIRDOROUS BREATHING:
(Crowing sound), moderate to severe
dyspnea
17. • ANAPHYLAXIS (WITH OR WOTHOUT SKIN SIGNS):
• Malaise, wheezing, cyanosis,
total airway obstruction, cardiac arrest
• Management
• Stop adm. Of all drugs
• Administer epinephrine
• Provide iv access
• Give oxygen 6l/min
18. MANAGEMENT:
Stop adm. Of all drugs
Admi. Epinephrine 0.3 ml of 1:1000 sc,im,iv
Admi. Antihistamine IM or IV, benadryl
50mg/chlor-trimeton 10mg
Monitor vital signs
Consult physician
19. CHEST DISCOMFORT
• CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS:
• Squeezing, bursting, burning pain(not sharp)
• Substernally located, with
variable radiation to left shoulder, arm…..
• Heavy meal
20. POTENTIAL CAUSES OF CHEST PAIN
• Cardiac related
• Angina pectoris- most common
• Hyperventilation- common
• MI- less common
• Non cardiac related
• Muscle strain
• Pulmonary embolism
• esophagitis
• Intestinal “gas”
21. ATHEROSCLEROSIS
• Major etiologic factor for all forms of
cv dis..
• Represents spl type of thickening of
medium and large sized arteries
22. RISK FACTORS FOR ATHEROSCLEROTIC DISEASE
• Dyslipidemia
• Smoking
• Hypertension
• Insulin resistance and diabetes
• Exercise and obesity
• Mental stress
23. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Normal blood there is constant
movement of lipids
When proliferative changes occur, cell
losses its ability…
This influx initially made up of
cholesterol, triglyceride
As lesion progress cholesterol
becomes predominant lipid
Obstruction occur
24. MANAGEMENT
• Terminate all dental Rx
• Position patient in semi-reclined position
• Give nitroglycerin tablet or spray
27. Chest pain describes "sharp- knife like pain, associated with breathing
Non-ischemic origin
Anginal pain is not associated with breathing, not localized,
Pt describes as a ‘region’
Stable angina
Triggered by four ‘E’….
Pain last for 1-15 min
Variant angina
Develops at odd times
Cause - Coronary artery spasm
Unstable angina
Important to dental care as
Lies intermediate between stable angina and MI
Pain differs in character, frequency, duration
29. DENTAL THERAPY CONSIDERATIONS
• Length of appointment
• Supplemental oxygen..3-5 L/min via cannula
• Pain control therapy.. L.A.. always small but effective dose
• Retraction cord containing epinephrine…contraindicated
• Psychosedation
• Nitroglycerin spray/tablets
1-2 metered dose(0.3-0.6mg),no more than 3 metered dose
Within 15 mins period
51. Instruments and techniques used to prevent aspiration and
swallowing of objects
Rubber dam
Oral packing
Chair position
Dental assistant
Suction
Magill intubation forceps
Ligature(dental floss)
52. ASSESSMENT OF COMPLETE UPPER AIRWAY
OBSTRUCTION
Phase signs and symptoms
• First phase conscious; universal choking sign
(1-3 min)
• Second phase loss of consciousness
(2-5 min)
• Third phase coma; absent vital signs, dilated pupils
(5 min)
53.
54. Establishing an emergency airway
• Non invasive procedures
• Back blows
• Manual thrust
• Abdominal thrust (Heimlich maneuver)
• Chest thrust
• Finger sweep
56. MANAGEMENT OF VISIBLE OBJECTS
• If assistant Is present
• Place patient in trendelenburg position
• Use Magill intubation forceps/suction
• If assistant is not present
• Instruct patient to bend over arm of chair with their head down
• Encourage patient to cough
57. MANAGEMENT OF SWALLOWED OBJECTS
• Consult radiologist
• Obtain appropriate radiograph to determine the location of object
• Initiate medical consultation with appropriate specialist
61. • Psychogenic problems
• Exposure to toxins and drugs
• Cardiogenic causes
• Valvular heart dis..
• Dysrhythmia
• MI
• Disorders of oxygenation
• Anemia
• High altitude exposure
• Decompression sickness
62. POSSIBLE CAUSES OF UNCONSCIOUSNESS
• Vasodepressor syncope-most common
• Drug administration-common
• Orthostatic hypotension-less common
• Epilepsy-less common
• Hypoglycemic reaction-less common
63. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
• Inadequate del. Of oxy to brain….
• Oxygen deprivation…..
• Sys/local metabolic deficiencies…
• Direct/reflux effect on CNS
• Psychic mechanisms
64. VASODEPRESSOR SYNCOPE
• Predisposing factors
Psychogenic factors
• Fright
• Anxiety
• Emotional stress
• Sight of blood or surgical or other dental
instruments
Nonpsychogenic factors
• Standing posture
• Hunger from dieting
• Exhaustion
• Hot, humid environment
66. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
• Presyncope
• Syncope
• Post syncope
• Presyncope
• Pt feeling warmth, loses color(pale)
• Heart rate increases
• As it continues. Pupillary dilation, yawning
• B.P. and heart rate decreases…..
67. SYNCOPE
Breathing may become irregular, jerky
Pupils dilate
Pt takes on death like appearance
Heart rate less than 50 beats/min-common
Pulse become weak and thread
Unconsciousness for more than 5 min….
68. POST SYNCOPE(RECOVERY)
• With proper position… Recovery is rapid
• Pt may demonstrate pallor, nausea, weakness
• It can last from few mins-sev hours
• Pt experience a short period of confusion
• Arterial blood pressure begins to rise..
69. MANAGEMENT
• Presyncope
• Step 1: position
• Step 2: A-B-C
• Step 3: definite care…
• Syncope
• Step 1: assessment of consciousness
• Step 2: activation of the EMS
• Step 3: P
• Step 4: A-B-C
71. ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION
• Dis. Of ANS…..when pt. assumes upright posture..
• Drop n systolic prs..30mm Hg r diastolic 10mm Hg
• Cause-failure of baroreceptor reflex-mediated inc. in peri.
76. SEIZURE
• Partial seizures
motor, sensory, autonomic…..
variable degree of amnesia present.
• Grand mal seizure(tonic-clonic)
frightening display of clonic
contraction of extremities
last for 2-3 min…
• Petit mal seizure(absence)
only episodic absence(blank stare)…
• Status epilepticus….continuous…medical assistance…
80. LOCAL ANAESTHETIC TOXICITY
1. Dose…Pt.. age, body mass, liver function
2. Manner of drug admin…
3. Choice of L.A. agent
81. CAUSES OF HIGH BLOOD LEVELS OF LOCAL
ANESTHETICS
• Biotransformation of drug is slow
• Elimination through kidney is slow
• High dose
• Absorption is rapid
• Inadvertently intravascular
82. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF LOCAL ANESTHETIC OVERDOSE
• SIGNS
• Low to moderate overdose levels
• Confusion
• Talkativeness
• Apprehension
• Slurred speech
• Elevated B.P.
• Moderate to high blood levels
• Generalized tonic- clonic seizure
• SYMPTOMS
• Headache
• Dizziness
• Blurred vision
• Loss of consciousness
86. DIABETES MELLITUS
Most common endocrine
Group of dis.. high level of blood glucose resulting
From Insulin production…insulin action, both
87. CLASSIFICATION
By American Diabetes Association
Casual blood glucose level…200 mg/dl with symptoms
Fasting glucose of 126 mg/dl
2-hour post prandial glucose higher than..200 mg/dl
88. ACUTE COMPLICATIONS
HYPERGLYCEMIA
HYPOGLYCEMIA….blood glucose level below 50 mg/100 ml
Loss of consciousness
CHRONIC COMPLICATIONS
Vascular systems- atherosclerosis, large vessel dis
Kidneys- diabetic glomerulonephritis
Nervous system- motor, sensory and autonomic nephropathy
Eyes- retinopathy, glaucoma
100. PREDISPOSING FACTORS
• After sudden withdrawal of steroid hormones
• Stress
• After bilateral adrenalectomy
• Sudden destruction of pituitary gland
• Adrenal gland injury
101. DENTAL THERAPY CONSIDERATIONS:
RULE OF TWO
• Adrenocortical suppression should be suspected….if…
• Pt. has rcvd dose of 20 mg of cortisone
• Via oral or parenteral route for 2 weeks…
• Within 2 years of dental therapy
102. CLINICAL FEATURES
• SYMPTOMS:
• Weakness
• Anorexia
• GIT symptoms
• Salt craving
• SIGNS:
• Weight loss
• Hyperpigmentation
• hypotension
106. CEREBROVASCULAR COMPROMISE
• Embolization of matter..distant site
• Formation of thrombus in a cerebral vessel
• Rupture of vessel
• Embolize…mostly comes….left side of heart,carotid artery…..
• Level of consciousness..depend on the cerebral lesion
107. MANIFESTATIONS
• Headache..mild to worst
• unilateral weakness or paralysis of extremities of facial muscle
• Slurring of speech
• Difficulty in breathing
• Loss of bladder and bowel control
• seizures
110. Dental extraction, prolonged bleeding, hemorrhagic emergencies
Thrombocytopenia
Dental management-hemostasis after minor surgery adequate when platelet level >50*10/1
for major surgery more than 75*10/1
Bleeding tendency in such patient is controlled by corticosteroid
Coagulation defects
Hemophilia A-inheriated,sex linked recessive gene affects male,need for family history,bleeding history
and drug history
Measurement of activated partial thromboplastin time(APTT)
Prothrombin time(PT) bleeding time(BT)…
Decrease factor VIII
Management(photo)
Hemophillia B-pt should receive antofibrinolytic agent may also require factor replacement therapy
depending on the procedure.
111. MANAGEMENT OF BLEEDING DISORDERS
Close communication between dentist and hematologist
Comprehensive dental plan-good oral hygiene, prophylaxis
Mode of anaethesia ….
Some form of hemostatic treatment shoukd be considered……
Common therapy (photo).
112. PREGNANACY
• Pregnancy has been considered an impediment to dental treatment …..
• STAGES OF PREGNANCY
1st Trimester (1-12 weeks)
•Fetal organ formation and differentiation.
•Most susceptible to adverse effects of teratogens.
•Avoid all elective care but provide care as needed.
113. •2nd Trimester (13-24 weeks)
•Fetal growth and maturation.
•Safest period Trimester (13-24 weeks)
•Fetal growth and maturation.
•Safest period to provide dental care.
•3rd Trimester (25-40 weeks)
•Fetal growth continues.
•Focus of concern is risk to upcoming birth process and safety and comfort of the pregnant
woman
114. DENTAL CONSIDERATIONS
• timing of treatment for pregnant patients
• dental radiation exposure
• use of local anesthetics
• prescription of common antibiotics and analgesics
• nitrous oxide gas administration
Treatment Timing
First Trimester
Spontaneous miscarriages…
Avoid elective treatment that can be delayed…
• Plaque control
• Oral hygiene instruction
• Scaling, polishing, curettage
Offer anticipatory guidance
115. Second Trimester
The optimal time for dental treatment
Organogenesis complete
Easier to prevent than treat established disease
Plaque control
Oral hygiene instruction
Scaling, polishing, curettage
Routine dental care
Third Trimester
Late in term very uncomfortable (short visits)
Position slightly on left side
Plaque control
Oral hygiene instruction
Scaling, polishing, curettage
Routine dental care (after middle of third trimester, elective care should be avoided)
116. Risks of Dental X-Rays
• X-ray only if necessary (i.e. root canal therapy, trauma)
• When x-rays are indicated, radiation exposure is
extremely low
• Exposure can be limited by:
• Lead apron shielding
• Modern fast film
• Avoiding retakes
• Radiographs during Pregnancy
Take as needed with optimal methods for reducing secondary radiation and exposure time.
Always use a lead apron.
Exposure to fetus (with apron use) is .00001 centiGray.(rad)
Daily cosmic radiation - .0004 centiGray (rad)
117. SUPINE HYPOTENSION
SYNDROME (VENA CAVA COMPRESSION)
SYMPTOMS:
Sweating
Nausea
Weakness
Sense of lack of air
Obstruction of inferior vena cava and aorta from pressure
of the large fetus
MANAGEMENT: Roll patient onto her left side, left lateral
position…..
118. PHARMACOTHERAPY IN PREGNANCY
COMMON ANALGESICS
paracetamol (B)
Ibuprofen (B/D*)
Oxycodone (B/D*)
Hydrocodone and codeine (C/D*)
*avoid in third trimester
Paracetamol is the analgesic of choice for all stages of gestation
COMMON ANTIBIOTICS
Penicillin (B)
Amoxicillin (B)
Cephalexin (B)
Clindamycin (B
Antibiotics to Avoid during
Pregnancy
Doxycycline
Tetracycline
Erythromycin (estolate form)
Vancomycin
Editor's Notes
In dental school, dentist are trained in way to assess patient risk and manage medical emergencies.
Imp feature in continuing education is to maintain certification in basic life support(BLS)
The dentist must ensure that all office personal are trained to assist in the recognition and management of emergencies.
Lack of response to sensory stimulation establishes a diagnosis of unconsciousness.
Assistance should be sought as soon as unconsciousness is recognized.place the patient in supine position and feet raised.
While maintainin head tilt-chin lift,rescuer places his ear 1 inch away from the victim’s mouth and nose so that any exhaled air from the victim may be felt and heard.breathing is assessd for at least 5 sec not more than 10 sec
4b-mouth to mask ventilation.give 1 breath every 5-6 sec.each breath shud result in visible chest rise.check pulse in 2min.
5a-having delivered o2 to the blood, health care provider must next determine whether that blood Is being circulated or not.carotid.ease of access,it transport blood to brain.if the rescuer is unsure whether or not the victim has a pulse, chest compression should be started.
5b-inform EMS about location, exactly what happened, condition of the victim,
5c-external chest compression consis rhythmic application of pressure over the lower half of the sternum.sternum is compresses 1-2 inch.Acc to 2005 American heart association guideline compression rate should be 100/min.compression to ventilation ratio:30:2
6-defibrillation stuns the myocardium,producing a period of asystole. If the myocardium is till viable, the heart’s normal pacemaker may resume firing producing an effective ECG rhythm that ultimately may produce adequate blood flow.
As with all allergies,initiation of type 1 response requires exposure to allergen previously seen by immune system.
The reexposure to the antigen triggers a cascade of events that are exhibited locally, systemic
If allergy is truly in question…referral to physician is necessary
determined by the binding of IgE antibodies to a high affinity receptor which binds the Fc portion of IgEs with subnanomolar affinity and is located on the membrane of mast cells and basophils. As a result, a significant fraction of the IgE produced following initial contact with antigen, becomes 'fixed' on the surface of these cells and, in case of a second contact with antigen, the antigen-antibody reactions occurs not only in solution but also or predominantly on the mast cell and basophil membrane
The IgE-antigen reaction occurring on the surface of basophils and mast cells leads to receptor cross-linking and degranulation, ie release of vasoactive amines (histamine and serotonin)
There are many spec. causes of chest pain that is non cardiac In origin…bt sudden onset of chest pain is frightening exp..
Recgn.. Of potentially high risk pt…,incorporation of spc treatment modify go far to diminish life tharetening situation.
Blood lipid levels and CAD.
LDL is responsible.
However no cut off point below which there is no risk
Bt 300mg/ml –risk
42% risk of ischemic stork for every 7mm hg rise in diastolic blood pressure.
To maintain normal lipid level
Characteristic thoracic pain usually substernal precipitated by exercise ,heavy meal
Relieved by vasodilator drugs,rest
Exercise, emotion, exposure to cold, eating
L.A.-0.04mg=1 cartridge.=1.8mL=1:50,000 conc.epinephrine
Psychosedation=n20, o2 not less than 27 to 30%
to a region of myocardium that results in cellular death and necrosis.
Ant.descending branch of the left coronary artery
Acute dental problems like infection pain…managed by prescribing drugs
Acute MI is a result of sudden occlusion of major coronary vessel.
It results from acute thrombosis, hemorrhage,plaque..
Artery most often involved is ant.descending brach of left coronary artery,supplies ant left ventricle.
Blood supply leaving the heart diminished..,leading to sign symptoms
Patient survival after MI..depends on
1-state of left ventricular function
2-severity of obstructive lesion in the coronary vascular bed…
Aspirin dose=160-325mg orally..least side effect with 160mg
50% of patient..allergans may be household dust, feathers,food,drug
Environmental and air pollutionOccupational stimuliPsychological factors
Most severe clinical form…pt experience wheezing, dyspnea,hypoxia..
If not managed properly pt may die…respiratoty change..hypotension and respitarory acidosis may follow.
Provoke bronchospasm
Bisulfite is present in la with vasopressor, so plain la is advised.
B2 adrenergic agonists..epinephrine,albuterol,isoproterenol…
If severe bronchospasm is present IV-hydrocortisone sodium succinate 100-200mg
Ventilation in excess of that required to maintain normal blood Pao2(arterial oxygen tension) and Paco2.
Produced by an increase in frequency or depth of respiration or both.
Decrease In paco2 level…increase in blood ph-7.55-respiratory alkalosis.
1-Dilatation of peripheral arterioles
Failure of normal peripheral vasoconstrictor system
Sharp drop in cardiac output
Occlusion of the internal carotid of the brain
2-resuscitation of the unconscious pt focuses primarily on relief of obstruction.
Brain accounts 2%total body mass,20%total o2, 65%total glucose the body consumes.redding et al noted complete aireway obstruction,victim become anoxic,leads to irrv neurologic change within 4-6 min and to cardiac arrest within 5-10 min.
3-hyperventilation,hypoglycemia
Pt is In upright position it wil take 30sec to reach the pt into syncope stage.
If patient does not undergo clinical recovery in 15-20 min,causes other than syncope should be considered.
Bt it will take few hours
Following management of presyncope, attempts should be made to determine the cause of the episode while the pt recovers.
Psychotherapeutics,opiods,drugs used to manage fear and anxiety can cause postural hypotension…midazolam,meperidine
Pt in upright for longer period.
Two forms..1st in 1st trimester=
2nd in 3rd trimester= woman remains in supine post for more than 5-7 min
For each 1 inch that the head is situated below the level of the heart, blood pressure increases by 2mm hg.
Symptoms during which the consciousness is preserved.
Grand mal seizure is also called as tonic clonic seizure. 90% of the patient….produced by neurologic dis..meningitis..encephalitis..hardly 5 min.
Petit mal seizure incidence is rare aft age of 30 years.pt may experience multiple daily episode..duration rarely exceeds 10 sec…
Status epilepticus..seizure that continuous more than 5 min..most common factor is failure of taking anti epileptic drug.
1-Hypoxia during delivery, trauma,2-hypocalcemia,hypoglycemia..vascular disease importance in causing seizure is it increase with age..aft 60 yr
Any dis that cause impairs th blood flow that can provoke a seizure.
Tonic clonic seizure
L.A.when properly used..
As with all medications toxicity reactions occur if L.A. is given in amount that exceed its serum concentration.
2-avoid IV inj.
Proper functioning of thyroid gland is vital for normal growth.
Inherited enzymatic defect,
Adrenocortical suppression should be suspected if a patient has received glucocorticosteriod therapy through two of the following methods
100 mg hydrocortisone sodium succinate …re administered every after 6-8 hrs.
Drug history-use of medication like blood thinner=coumadin.,aspirin,NSAID and antibiotics….pt asked to stop this drug for 3 days
Regional anaestheisa wirh inferior alv n. block can cause greater risk of hemorrhage compared woth infiltratiojn
Use of fibrin sealants, NSAID should be avoided.
However, preventive, emergency, and routine dental procedures are all suitable during various phases of a pregnancy, with some treatment modifications and initial planning
Place a small pillow under right hip - left lateral displacement
Head above feet