A typical diesel engine port is of complicated geometry . This paper addresses the experimental studies of intake port of a four cylinder diesel engine for different vacuum pressures and valve lift positions. In this study the cylinder head is experimented through a paddle wheel flow setup which gives the flow coefficient and swirl number as output. The main scope of the work is to understand the flow behaviour through the
intake port and finally to determine mean flow coefficient and mean swirl number for different valve lift ratios L/D, where L is valve lift and D is bore diameter. This paper also addresses the geometry acquisition and grid generation for three dimensional Computational Fluid Analysis for flow filed computation and
obtain a calibrated CFD code for future design once the code is validated with experimental results
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON THE INTAKE PORT OF A DIESEL ENGINE TO DETERMINE SWIRLijmech
This paper focuses on experimentalstudies of intake port of a four cylinder diesel engine for different
vacuum pressures and valve lift positions. In this study, the cylinder head is experimented through a paddle
wheel flow setup, which gives the flow coefficient and swirl number asoutput. Main scope of the work is to
understand the flow behaviour through the intake port and finally to determine mean flow coefficient and
mean swirl number for different valve lift ratios L/D, where L is valve lift and D is bore diameter.
Performance, Optimization and CFD Analysis of Submersible Pump Impellerijsrd.com
To improve the efficiency of submersible flow pump, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis is one of the advanced tools used in the pump industry. A detailed CFD analysis was done to predict the flow pattern inside the impeller which is an active pump component. From the results of CFD analysis, the velocity and pressure in the outlet of the impeller is predicted. CFD analyses are done using ANSYS CFX software. In this research paper we will modified the impeller design by choosing some parameter.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
EXPERIMENTAL VALIDATION AND COMBUSTION CHAMBER GEOMETRY OPTIMIZATION OF DIESE...IAEME Publication
Compression ignition diesel engines are very popular both in stationary and mobile applications. These engines find large applications because of their higher compression ratios,
robustness in design and higher thermal efficiencies. Air is sucked in to the chamber when the piston moves from TDC to BDC through the intake manifold during suction stroke. The fuel in atomized form is sprayed onto the compressed air in the chamber
Design improvement of mobile emulsion tankerLaukik Raut
The present investigation is an approach to enhance the outline of tanker. Thicker tanker builds the vehicle weight
because of this the quantity of shipments required to transport a similar measure of item. The fundamental target is to make the
ideal plan and enhance its capacity to withstand the powers. By giving the filet shape stresses will be disseminate all through and
configuration will safe. Initially the Cad model of existing tanker will be modeled after that FEA investigation will be perform
and plan of tanker will altering. Limit of the tanker has been keeping same (12,000 Ltr). After the examination might be the
thickness of tanker can be diminished because of this material cost of the tanker will decreased. By limiting the material same
measure of item might be transport.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON THE INTAKE PORT OF A DIESEL ENGINE TO DETERMINE SWIRLijmech
This paper focuses on experimentalstudies of intake port of a four cylinder diesel engine for different
vacuum pressures and valve lift positions. In this study, the cylinder head is experimented through a paddle
wheel flow setup, which gives the flow coefficient and swirl number asoutput. Main scope of the work is to
understand the flow behaviour through the intake port and finally to determine mean flow coefficient and
mean swirl number for different valve lift ratios L/D, where L is valve lift and D is bore diameter.
Performance, Optimization and CFD Analysis of Submersible Pump Impellerijsrd.com
To improve the efficiency of submersible flow pump, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis is one of the advanced tools used in the pump industry. A detailed CFD analysis was done to predict the flow pattern inside the impeller which is an active pump component. From the results of CFD analysis, the velocity and pressure in the outlet of the impeller is predicted. CFD analyses are done using ANSYS CFX software. In this research paper we will modified the impeller design by choosing some parameter.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
EXPERIMENTAL VALIDATION AND COMBUSTION CHAMBER GEOMETRY OPTIMIZATION OF DIESE...IAEME Publication
Compression ignition diesel engines are very popular both in stationary and mobile applications. These engines find large applications because of their higher compression ratios,
robustness in design and higher thermal efficiencies. Air is sucked in to the chamber when the piston moves from TDC to BDC through the intake manifold during suction stroke. The fuel in atomized form is sprayed onto the compressed air in the chamber
Design improvement of mobile emulsion tankerLaukik Raut
The present investigation is an approach to enhance the outline of tanker. Thicker tanker builds the vehicle weight
because of this the quantity of shipments required to transport a similar measure of item. The fundamental target is to make the
ideal plan and enhance its capacity to withstand the powers. By giving the filet shape stresses will be disseminate all through and
configuration will safe. Initially the Cad model of existing tanker will be modeled after that FEA investigation will be perform
and plan of tanker will altering. Limit of the tanker has been keeping same (12,000 Ltr). After the examination might be the
thickness of tanker can be diminished because of this material cost of the tanker will decreased. By limiting the material same
measure of item might be transport.
Cavitation Effects in Centrifugal Pumps- A ReviewIJERA Editor
Cavitation is one of the most challenging fluid flow abnormalities leading to detrimental effects on both the
centrifugal pump flow behaviors and physical characteristics. Centrifugal pumps’ most low pressure zones are the
first cavitation victims, where cavitation manifests itself in form of pitting on the pump internal solid walls,
accompanied by noise and vibration, all leading to the pump hydraulic performance degradation. In the present
article, a general description of centrifugal pump performance and related parameters is presented. Based on the
literature survey, some light were shed on fundamental cavitation features; where different aspects relating to
cavitation in centrifugal pumps were briefly discussed.
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE AUTOMOTIVE PRODUCTION LINE USING ASSEMBLY LINE B...IAEME Publication
The main aim of an assembly line is to group the different facilities and workers inan efficient manner in order to obtain effective utilization of man power and machine.This calls for uniform rate of production as well as decrease in the work in process
inventory. Hence, this paper attempts to achieve these in an assembly line of anautomotive manufacturing unit using three different techniques such as Largestcandidate rule (LCR), Kilbridge and wester column method (KWC) and Rank
positional weighted method (RPW). All the three methods show better efficiency and acomparison is also drawn amongst the three to determine the best suited techniquepertaining to the current research work
T HE PASSENGER VEHICLE ' S LOGISTICS TRANSPORTATION PLANNING PROBLEM BASED O...ijcsa
In order to solve the heterogeneous vehicle routing
problem with two-dimensional loading constraint, a
n
integer programming model of the heterogeneous vehi
cle's routing problem has been founded. To optimize
the loading way of the 45 kind of passenger car by
quantum genetic algorithm (QGA), firstly the QGA is
adopted to get the assemble of each passenger car,
then analysis the routing problem of the each car-
carrier. The optimization of integer programming pr
oblems and the simulation and application of QGA ar
e
discussed specifically.
CFD Simulation for Flow over Passenger Car Using Tail Plates for Aerodynamic ...IOSR Journals
This work proposes an effective numerical model based on the Computational Fluid Dynamics
(CFD) approach to obtain the flow structure around a passenger car with Tail Plates. The experimental work of
the test vehicle and grid system is constructed by ANSYS-14.0. FLUENT which is the CFD solver & employed in
the present work. In this study, numerical iterations are completed, then after aerodynamic data and detailed
complicated flow structure are visualized.
In the present work, model of generic passenger car has been developed in solid works-10 and
generated the wind tunnel and applied the boundary conditions in ANSYS workbench 14.0 platform then after
testing and simulation has been performed for the evaluation of drag coefficient for passenger car. In another
case, the aerodynamics of the most suitable design of tail plate is introduced and analysedfor the evaluation of
drag coefficient for passenger car. The addition of tail plates results in a reduction of the drag-coefficient
3.87% and lift coefficient 16.62% in head-on wind. Rounding the edges partially reduces drag in head-on wind
but does not bring about the significant improvements in the aerodynamic efficiency of the passenger car with
tail plates, it can be obtained. Hence, the drag force can be reduced by using add on devices on vehicle and fuel
economy, stability of a passenger car can be improved.
2008 IFAC World Congress: Oil and gas production optimization - lost potentia...Steinar Elgsæter
The information content in measurements of offshore oil and gas production is often low, and when a production model is fitted to such data, uncertainty may result. If production is optimized with an uncertain model, some potential production profit may be lost. The costs and risks of introducing additional excitation are typically large and cannot be justified unless the potential increase in profits are quantified. In previous work it is discussed how bootstrapping can be used to estimate uncertainty resulting from fitting production models to data with low information content. In this paper we propose how lost potential resulting from estimated uncertainty can be estimated using Monte-Carlo analysis. Based on a conservative formulation of the production optimization problem, a potential for production optimization in excess of 2% and lost potential due to the form of uncertainty considered in excess of 0.5% was identified using field data from a North Sea field.
Towards Finding the Optimal Bucket Filling Strategy through SimulationReno Filla
The purpose of earth-moving equipment like wheel loaders is to engage with the ground or other material. It is therefore obvious that the bucket filling phase must be included when studying optimal machine control over a complete working cycle because total productivity and efficiency of the machine are to a large extent determined by it. This paper reports and discusses the results of research into how to utilize Discrete Element Method simulations in combination with Optimal Control to find the optimal bucket filling strategy and what has been learned regarding preparing and conducting both simulations of bucket filling and physical testing for verification. This paper also discloses which bucket filling strategy appears to be optimal, based on the results so far – and why we cannot be completely certain.
Soot Formation in Diesel Engines By Using CfdIJERA Editor
In order to meet the stringent emission standards significant efforts have been imparted to the research and
development of cleaner IC engines. Diesel combustion and the formation of pollutants are directly influenced by
spatial and temporal distribution of the fuel injected. The development and validation of computational fluid
dynamics (CFD) models for diesel engine combustion and emissions is described. The complexity of diesel
combustion requires simulations with many complex interacting sub models in order to have a success in
improving the performance and to reduce the emissions. In the present work an attempt has been made to
develop a multidimensional axe-symmetric model for CI engine combustion and emissions. Later simulations
have been carried out. Commercial validation tool FLUENT was used for simulation. The tool solves basic
governing equations of fluid flow that is continuity, momentum, species transport and energy equation. Using
finite volume method turbulence was modeled by using RNG K-ɛ model. Injection was modeled using La
Grangian approach and reaction was modeled using non premixed combustion which considers the effects of
turbulence and detailed chemical mechanism into account to model the reaction rates. The specific heats were
approximated using piecewise polynomials. Subsequently the simulated results have been validated with the
existing experimental values
Cavitation Effects in Centrifugal Pumps- A ReviewIJERA Editor
Cavitation is one of the most challenging fluid flow abnormalities leading to detrimental effects on both the
centrifugal pump flow behaviors and physical characteristics. Centrifugal pumps’ most low pressure zones are the
first cavitation victims, where cavitation manifests itself in form of pitting on the pump internal solid walls,
accompanied by noise and vibration, all leading to the pump hydraulic performance degradation. In the present
article, a general description of centrifugal pump performance and related parameters is presented. Based on the
literature survey, some light were shed on fundamental cavitation features; where different aspects relating to
cavitation in centrifugal pumps were briefly discussed.
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE AUTOMOTIVE PRODUCTION LINE USING ASSEMBLY LINE B...IAEME Publication
The main aim of an assembly line is to group the different facilities and workers inan efficient manner in order to obtain effective utilization of man power and machine.This calls for uniform rate of production as well as decrease in the work in process
inventory. Hence, this paper attempts to achieve these in an assembly line of anautomotive manufacturing unit using three different techniques such as Largestcandidate rule (LCR), Kilbridge and wester column method (KWC) and Rank
positional weighted method (RPW). All the three methods show better efficiency and acomparison is also drawn amongst the three to determine the best suited techniquepertaining to the current research work
T HE PASSENGER VEHICLE ' S LOGISTICS TRANSPORTATION PLANNING PROBLEM BASED O...ijcsa
In order to solve the heterogeneous vehicle routing
problem with two-dimensional loading constraint, a
n
integer programming model of the heterogeneous vehi
cle's routing problem has been founded. To optimize
the loading way of the 45 kind of passenger car by
quantum genetic algorithm (QGA), firstly the QGA is
adopted to get the assemble of each passenger car,
then analysis the routing problem of the each car-
carrier. The optimization of integer programming pr
oblems and the simulation and application of QGA ar
e
discussed specifically.
CFD Simulation for Flow over Passenger Car Using Tail Plates for Aerodynamic ...IOSR Journals
This work proposes an effective numerical model based on the Computational Fluid Dynamics
(CFD) approach to obtain the flow structure around a passenger car with Tail Plates. The experimental work of
the test vehicle and grid system is constructed by ANSYS-14.0. FLUENT which is the CFD solver & employed in
the present work. In this study, numerical iterations are completed, then after aerodynamic data and detailed
complicated flow structure are visualized.
In the present work, model of generic passenger car has been developed in solid works-10 and
generated the wind tunnel and applied the boundary conditions in ANSYS workbench 14.0 platform then after
testing and simulation has been performed for the evaluation of drag coefficient for passenger car. In another
case, the aerodynamics of the most suitable design of tail plate is introduced and analysedfor the evaluation of
drag coefficient for passenger car. The addition of tail plates results in a reduction of the drag-coefficient
3.87% and lift coefficient 16.62% in head-on wind. Rounding the edges partially reduces drag in head-on wind
but does not bring about the significant improvements in the aerodynamic efficiency of the passenger car with
tail plates, it can be obtained. Hence, the drag force can be reduced by using add on devices on vehicle and fuel
economy, stability of a passenger car can be improved.
2008 IFAC World Congress: Oil and gas production optimization - lost potentia...Steinar Elgsæter
The information content in measurements of offshore oil and gas production is often low, and when a production model is fitted to such data, uncertainty may result. If production is optimized with an uncertain model, some potential production profit may be lost. The costs and risks of introducing additional excitation are typically large and cannot be justified unless the potential increase in profits are quantified. In previous work it is discussed how bootstrapping can be used to estimate uncertainty resulting from fitting production models to data with low information content. In this paper we propose how lost potential resulting from estimated uncertainty can be estimated using Monte-Carlo analysis. Based on a conservative formulation of the production optimization problem, a potential for production optimization in excess of 2% and lost potential due to the form of uncertainty considered in excess of 0.5% was identified using field data from a North Sea field.
Towards Finding the Optimal Bucket Filling Strategy through SimulationReno Filla
The purpose of earth-moving equipment like wheel loaders is to engage with the ground or other material. It is therefore obvious that the bucket filling phase must be included when studying optimal machine control over a complete working cycle because total productivity and efficiency of the machine are to a large extent determined by it. This paper reports and discusses the results of research into how to utilize Discrete Element Method simulations in combination with Optimal Control to find the optimal bucket filling strategy and what has been learned regarding preparing and conducting both simulations of bucket filling and physical testing for verification. This paper also discloses which bucket filling strategy appears to be optimal, based on the results so far – and why we cannot be completely certain.
Soot Formation in Diesel Engines By Using CfdIJERA Editor
In order to meet the stringent emission standards significant efforts have been imparted to the research and
development of cleaner IC engines. Diesel combustion and the formation of pollutants are directly influenced by
spatial and temporal distribution of the fuel injected. The development and validation of computational fluid
dynamics (CFD) models for diesel engine combustion and emissions is described. The complexity of diesel
combustion requires simulations with many complex interacting sub models in order to have a success in
improving the performance and to reduce the emissions. In the present work an attempt has been made to
develop a multidimensional axe-symmetric model for CI engine combustion and emissions. Later simulations
have been carried out. Commercial validation tool FLUENT was used for simulation. The tool solves basic
governing equations of fluid flow that is continuity, momentum, species transport and energy equation. Using
finite volume method turbulence was modeled by using RNG K-ɛ model. Injection was modeled using La
Grangian approach and reaction was modeled using non premixed combustion which considers the effects of
turbulence and detailed chemical mechanism into account to model the reaction rates. The specific heats were
approximated using piecewise polynomials. Subsequently the simulated results have been validated with the
existing experimental values
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
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yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Numerical Simulation of Combustion Behavior of DI Diesel Engine with Conjunct...Khatir NAIMA
Currently, computational fluid dynamics has become an effective supplement to experimentation in the analysis and development of various engineering systems including internal combustion engines. In fact, multi-dimensional modelling of IC engines is less extensive and less time consuming than experimentation. In this aim, CONVERGE code was used to study the combustion behavior in a DI engine with various mesh control techniques including embedding and Adaptive Mesh Refinement (AMR). The simulation covers the compression, spray, combustion and expansion. A single spray plume and 1/6th of the combustion cylinder (60 degrees) is simulated. In light of the simulation results it is extremely recommended to use AMR approach in conjunction with embedding around the nozzle for running engine simulations.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Optimization of time step and cfd study of combustion in di diesel engineeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
CFD Studies of Split Injection on the Combustion and Emission Characteristics...IJERA Editor
In this study, the effect of split injection on the combustion and emissions in DI diesel engine is investigated using CFD tool .One of the important problems in reducing pollutant emission from diesel engines is trade-off between soot and NOx. Split injection is one of the most powerful tools that decrease soot and NOx emissions simultaneously. Split injection is defined as splitting the main single injection profile in two or more injection pulses with definite delay dwell between the injections. A four-stroke, single cylinder, diesel engine was taken into consideration at constant speed conditions . A model was developed for comprehensive predictions and assessments for variations in combustion phenomenon for DI diesel engines . By using the finite volume method the design and analysis of combustion chamber,emission characteristics were studied. The results of the split injection were compared with single injection and the optimum case of split injection was observed.
DESIGN IMPROVEMENTS OF VARIABLE DISPLACEMENT PUMPS-A REVIEWijiert bestjournal
In Variable displacement pump the displacement or amount of fluid pumped per revolution of
pump‟s input shaft can be varied as per requirement. This paper investigate the different
improvements achieved for increase the efficiency of variable displacement pump .This paper
also discussed about the alternative mechanisms for variable displacement pump to improve
efficiency and cost reduction of pump.
Optimization of Bajaj three wheeler carburetor fuel tube for better performancedbpublications
This paper presents the analysis of Bajaj three wheeler carburetor for better performance using Ansyss fluent computational fluid dynamics software. Carburetor is a device which mixes air and fuel before entering into the engine. If the mixture is not proper it results in excess fuel consumption, increase in pollution due to improper burning and also increase in running cost of the Bajaj. In this regard an effort has been made to optimize the design of the carburetor to minimize these problems. In Mettu town more than one thousand Bajaj three wheelers are running and it needs better optimization in order to achieve fuel saving thereby reducing the pollution. In this regard carburetor size was determined from the Bajaj three wheeler and it is simulated using Ansyss computational fluid dynamics software for different modification in fuel tube and size. Analysis has been done and different results were plotted, the results show there will be a better saving in fuel for modified design. The simulation has been done for different fuel tube size and modification of inlet obstacle. Modified design can be suggested to the manufacturer for the better performance thereby reducing the fuel consumption, environmental pollution and running cost of the Bajaj three wheeler.
Mechanical Engineering: An International Journal (MEIJ)meijjournal
Mechanical Engineering: An International Journal (MEIJ) is a peer-reviewed, open access
journal that addresses the impacts and challenges of Mechanical Engineering. The journal documents practical and theoretical results which make a fundamental contribution for the
development of Mechanical Engineering.This journal aims to bring together researchers and practitioners in all Mechanical Engineering aspects, including (but not limited to):
Mechanical Engineering: An International Journal (MEIJ)meijjournal
Mechanical Engineering: An International Journal (MEIJ) is a peer-reviewed, open access
journal that addresses the impacts and challenges of Mechanical Engineering. The journal documents practical and theoretical results which make a fundamental contribution for the
development of Mechanical Engineering.This journal aims to bring together researchers and practitioners in all Mechanical Engineering aspects, including (but not limited to):
Mechanical Engineering: An International Journal (MEIJ)meijjournal
Mechanical Engineering: An International Journal (MEIJ) is a peer-reviewed, open access journal that addresses the impacts and challenges of Mechanical Engineering. The journal documents practical and theoretical results which make a fundamental contribution for the development of Mechanical Engineering.
This journal aims to bring together researchers and practitioners in all Mechanical Engineering aspects, including (but not limited to):
Mechanical Engineering: An International Journal(MEIJ)meijjournal
Mechanical Engineering: An International Journal (MEIJ) is a peer-reviewed, open access
journal that addresses the impacts and challenges of Mechanical Engineering. The journal documents practical and theoretical results which make a fundamental contribution for the development of
Mechanical Engineering.
This journal aims to bring together researchers and practitioners in all Mechanical Engineering aspects, including (but not limited to):
The method for optimum design of resin injection molding process condition us...meijjournal
In recent years, the demand for plastic products has increased, and along with the deepening of academics,
mass production, weight reduction, and high precision are progressing. In the fields of design development
and production technology, there are many issues related to quality assurance such as molding defects and
product strength. In particular, in the resin molding process, there is a high degree of freedom in product
shape and mold structure, and it is an important issue to create quality functions that apply analysis of
complex multidimensional information. In this study, the important factors of the resin molding process
related to the optimization of resin strength are extracted by applying the multivariate analysis method and
robust parameter design. As a result of verification of the proposed method, it is clarified that uniformization
of the resin filling density in the mold is extremely important for stabilizing the resin strength.
Mechanical Engineering: An International Journal (MEIJ)meijjournal
Mechanical Engineering: An International Journal (MEIJ) is a peer-reviewed, open access journal that addresses the impacts and challenges of Mechanical Engineering. The journal documents practical and theoretical results which make a fundamental contribution for the development of Mechanical Engineering.
Micro Planning And CNC ProgrammingFor Cylindrical Part In AMPPS meijjournal
The decision on sequencing of operations, tool travel and machining time calculations is done in
microplanning. After a set of processes has been selected for all the features of part, the sequencing task
begins by searching and analysing relationship between features. This is done by rule to detect geometrical
interactions and the appropriate precedence relationship in knowledge base. For deciding sequence of
operations precedence relationship among the different operations is developed using decision rules.
CNC program is generated based on the process plan of a given component. The generated CNC program
is then validated by simulation software before giving it to CNC machine
Mechanical Engineering: An International Journal (MEIJ)meijjournal
Mechanical Engineering: An International Journal is a peer-reviewed, open access journal that addresses the impacts and challenges of Mechanical Engineering. The journal documents practical and theoretical results which make a fundamental contribution for the development of Mechanical Engineering.
This journal aims to bring together researchers and practitioners in all Mechanical Engineering aspects, including (but not limited to):
Mechanical Engineering: An International Journal (MEIJ)meijjournal
Mechanical Engineering: An International Journal is a peer-reviewed, open access journal
that addresses the impacts and challenges of Mechanical Engineering. The journal
documents practical and theoretical results which make a fundamental contribution for the
development of Mechanical Engineering.
Mechanical Engineering: An International Journal (MEIJ) meijjournal
Mechanical Engineering: An International Journal (MEIJ) is a peer-reviewed, open access journal that addresses the impacts and challenges of Mechanical Engineering. The journal documents practical and theoretical results which make a fundamental contribution for the development of Mechanical Engineering.
Design and 3D Print of an Explorer Robotmeijjournal
This paper describes the design and 3d print of an explorer robot with suspension rocker-bogie which is
based in the robots sent into space. Also, it describes of software to acquire the image in real time and the
control of robot. It should be noted that space exploration has been a feature of governments for many
years. Nowadays there are companies that can transport loads to space; There are also companies that
have made great advances in robotics and manufacturing.These technological advances can help in space
exploration, either by making robots lighter and easier to manufacture or even by creating pieces and tools
from space.
Mechanical Engineering: An International Journal (MEIJ) meijjournal
Mechanical Engineering: An International Journal (MEIJ) is a peer-reviewed, open access journal that addresses the impacts and challenges of Mechanical Engineering. The journal documents practical and theoretical results which make a fundamental contribution for the development of Mechanical Engineering.
The Method for Optimum Design of Resin Injection Molding Process Conditions u...meijjournal
In recent years, the demand for plastic products has increased, and along with the deepening of academics, mass production, weight reduction, and high precision are progressing. In the fields of design development and production technology, there are many issues related to quality assurance such as molding defects and product strength. In particular, in the resin molding process, there is a high degree of freedom in product shape and mold structure, and it is an important issue to create quality functions that apply analysis of complex multidimensional information. In this study, the important factors of the resin molding process related to the optimization of resin strength are extracted by applying the multivariate analysis method and robust parameter design. As a result of verification of the proposed method, it is clarified that uniformization of the resin filling density in the mold is extremely important for stabilizing the resin strength.
Mechanical Engineering: An International Journal (MEIJ) meijjournal
Mechanical Engineering: An International Journal (MEIJ) is a peer-reviewed, open access journal that addresses the impacts and challenges of Mechanical Engineering. The journal documents practical and theoretical results which make a fundamental contribution for the development of Mechanical Engineering.
4th International Conference on Mechanical Engineering (MECN 2022)meijjournal
4th International Conference on Mechanical Engineering (MECN 2022) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications impacts and challenges of Mechanical Engineering. The conference documents practical and theoretical results which make a fundamental contribution for the development of Mechanical Engineering.
Mechanical Engineering: An International Journal (MEIJ) meijjournal
Mechanical Engineering: An International Journal (MEIJ) is a peer-reviewed, open access journal that addresses the impacts and challenges of Mechanical Engineering. The journal documents practical and theoretical results which make a fundamental contribution for the development of Mechanical Engineering.
USING GIS AND REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUES FOR SOLAR HOTSPOTS INSTALLATION IN TH...meijjournal
Solar energy has been widely tapped around the world replacing conventional non-renewable energy.
Currently, one of the most challenging problems is to increase the quantity of energy tagged from solar energy. Before installing solar panels, assessing where solar panels should be placed can significantly benefit panel performance. This study aims to conduct a site selection analysis for solar panel installation using Geographical Information Systems (GIS). The focus of the analysis is on building rooftop PVC panel installation. In this study, Google Earth images were used to digitize the rooftop that is potential for solar PVC panel and derive the areas using ArcGIS software.
Mechanical Engineering: An International Journal (MEIJ)meijjournal
Mechanical Engineering: An International Journal (MEIJ) is a peer-reviewed, open access journal that addresses the impacts and challenges of Mechanical Engineering. The journal documents practical and theoretical results which make a fundamental contribution for the development of Mechanical Engineering.
Mechanical Engineering: An International Journal (MEIJ)meijjournal
Mechanical Engineering: An International Journal (MEIJ) is a peer-reviewed, open access journal that addresses the impacts and challenges of Mechanical Engineering. The journal documents practical and theoretical results which make a fundamental contribution for the development of Mechanical Engineering.
This journal aims to bring together researchers and practitioners in all Mechanical Engineering aspects, including (but not limited to)
THE METHOD FOR OPTIMUM DESIGN OF RESIN INJECTION MOLDING PROCESS CONDITIONS U...meijjournal
In recent years, the demand for plastic products has increased, and along with the deepening of academics,
mass production, weight reduction, and high precision are progressing. In the fields of design development
and production technology, there are many issues related to quality assurance such as molding defects and
product strength. In particular, in the resin molding process, there is a high degree of freedom in product
shape and mold structure, and it is an important issue to create quality functions that apply analysis of
complex multidimensional information. In this study, the important factors of the resin molding process
related to the optimization of resin strength are extracted by applying the multivariate analysis method and
robust parameter design. As a result of verification of the proposed method, it is clarified that uniformization
of the resin filling density in the mold is extremely important for stabilizing the resin strength.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
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Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
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Mechanical Engineering: An International Journal (MEIJ)
1. Mechanical Engineering: An International Journal (MEIJ), Vol. 3, No. 3, August 2016
DOI: 10.5121/meij.2016.3301 1
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES, GEOMETRY ACQUISITION AND
GRID GENERATION OF DIESEL ENGINE INLET PORT FOR
THREE DIMENSIONAL CALIBRATED CFD CODE FOR
FUTURISTIC DESIGN
Shankar.V1
, Ganesan V 2
, Thejaraju. R3
, Varunraju.R.
V4
, Amal Chacko. K5
&
Chakrapani A 6
1
Professor & Principal Investigator, 2
Visiting Professor, 3
Assistant Professor and
Research Faculty , 4
Research Associate 5
Fellowship-Student
Major Research Project -Diesel Engine Research & Development
Diesel Engine Laboratory
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Christ University
Bangalore-560074, India
6
Operations Manager, Analytical & Computational Research Inc, Bangalore, India
1
Email: shankar.v@christuniversity.in
ABSTRACT
A typical diesel engine port is of complicated geometry . This paper addresses the experimental studies of
intake port of a four cylinder diesel engine for different vacuum pressures and valve lift positions. In this
study the cylinder head is experimented through a paddle wheel flow setup which gives the flow coefficient
and swirl number as output. The main scope of the work is to understand the flow behaviour through the
intake port and finally to determine mean flow coefficient and mean swirl number for different valve lift
ratios L/D, where L is valve lift and D is bore diameter. This paper also addresses the geometry acquisition
and grid generation for three dimensional Computational Fluid Analysis for flow filed computation and
obtain a calibrated CFD code for future design once the code is validated with experimental results
KEYWORDS
Experimental study, Intake port, mean swirl number, mean flow coefficient, L/D ratio, CFD, calibrated
code
1. BACKGROUND INFORMATION
The research focus is on diesel engine at Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of
Engineering Christ University, Bangalore and a research proposal was made [1] and Major
Research Project (MRP) and in-house funded project has been sanctioned [2] during November
2013 by the Centre of Research Projects, Christ University for a period of three years. The aim
and objective in three phases is a) to create a state-of-the-art facility catering to various class of
diesel engines in the range of five to hundred HP. Five to ten HP single cylinder engines are used
for irrigation and tiller applications whereas sixty to eighty HP class four cylinder engines are
used for light motor vehicle applications, b) to evaluate the base line engine characteristics by
extensive testing and endurance testing and c) to work on engine modification by going in for
Low Heat Rejection (LHR) engine with the idea of providing value added inputs on the existing
engine in terms of better Specific Fuel Consumption (SFC) and reduced pollutants. Research
work is in good progress and LHR engine is realized by Thermal Barrier Coating ( TBC) of
2. Mechanical Engineering: An International Journal (MEIJ), Vol. 3, No. 3, August 2016
2
piston crown. A dozen thrust areas are identified for research and one such fascinating area is 3
D Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) studies of diesel engine intake port and experimental
validation,
Over half a dozen research faculties from various departments – Mechanical, Electrical,
Electronics, Mathematics and Chemistry departments participate in this interdisciplinary research
program and thirty undergraduate research students participate in the program. The potential
spinoff includes: a) faculty pursuing Ph.D. b) Students performing research after prescribed
academic hours and turning out project/fellowship reports and c) vendor development for
associating with research work. For instance, Amado Tools, Bangalore is involved in fabrication
related activities and Automotive Research Association of India (ARAI), Pune is involved in
testing at the paddle wheel facility [3].
Shankar [4] gave special lectures on CFD to research students covering two semesters in the
academic year 2013-14 and further Analytical Computational Research Inc. , Bangalore headed
by Madhukar Rao and team conducted ten months industrial CFD certificate program for
research students [5]. Ganesan , retired Professor of Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Madras
delivers special lectures every month on principles of IC ( Internal Engines ) and research on
mathematical modelling incorporating inlet swirl, turbulence and combustion analyses [6].
2. INTRODUCTION
Research on diesel engine inlet port has been a fascinating area for the last so many decades and
continues to be potential area of research in the next generation advanced diesel engines for
enhanced mixing and combustion efficiency. There is a need to press into service available tools
like Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) which is far advanced in terms of millions of grids
coupled with a potential solver. The 3 Dimensional (D) CFD analysis, no doubt, gives a lot of
information. However, testing is required to calibrate the CFD code so that it would be useful for
future design, development and optimization of inlet ports. This, in turn, has a tremendous effect
on power, Specific Fuel Consumption (SFC) and exhaust emissions from the engine. CFD has
minimized testing efforts; however it does not and cannot eliminate experimental tests. S.K
Sabale and S.B. Sanab [7] has developed a methodology for design of helical inlet port targeting
high swirl number of the order of 1.8 and experimentally tested in paddle wheel facility. .
Anqi Chen [8] gives a mathematical description and numerical approximation of the flow through
inlet port and uses STAR CD CFD code for 3 D CFD analysis. Steady flow in the inlet port and
the cylinder is analysed and computation of unsteady flow is highlighted. . Researchers in the past
used classical diagnostic techniques, such as hot wire anemometer [9], to investigate engine flow
field. For the analytical work, method of characteristics [10] has been used for computation. With
the advancement of both software and hardware capabilities, powerful 3 D CFD codes like
Fluent, Star CD are used for computation optical diagnostics are employed for experimental
verification.
It is recognized that volumetric efficiency and therefore power output could be considerably
increased by improving air induction and flow characteristics. Air motion into the cylinder
during intake stroke of an internal combustion engine is one of the important factors, which
govern the performance of an engine. Swirl is the rotation of charge about cylinder axis and it is
used in diesel engines to control air-fuel mixing. Several research studies related to swirl
enhancement in IC engines reported that swirl facilitates mixing of air fuel mixture and increases
the combustion rate. Furthermore, a high swirl is also not desired, as kinetic energy for the flow is
obtained at expense of a reduced volumetric efficiency. Optimum swirl can be created by
optimum design of the intake port. An optimal swirl ratio is not only good for optimum
combustion, but also for optimal emission reduction[11]. The recent experiments and
3. Mechanical Engineering: An International Journal (MEIJ), Vol. 3, No. 3, August 2016
3
computations have indicated that the induction generated turbulence, which independent of its
initial magnitude, decays by the time of ignition to levels determined by the engine speed.
Therefore, it is desirable for the bulk in-cylinder flow to persist through compression, hence
releasing its stored kinetic energy at convenient time for combustion to be affected. The
controlling parameter is the design and orientation of intake port, in the absence of piston bowl
effects. The significant portion of the combustion process takes place by diffusion of flames in a
diesel engine. The air-fuel mixing controls the rate of chemical reaction and hence the heat
release under this condition. The earlier studies show that the air-fuel mixing is a function of
kinetic energies associated with fuel injection and air turbulence[12].
Yufeng Li [13] proposed new equations for estimation of swirl ratio in which the volumetric
efficiency, the compression ratio and pressure drop through intake valve are taken into
consideration. Cylinder head of few diesel engines were tested on the steady flow rig and their
swirl ratios were estimated by these methods. However the result did not show much difference
but corrections of the compression ratio, the volumetric efficiency and pressure drop on the swirl
ratio were clearly understood.
The focus on present work is to experimentally investigate the swirl number and flow coefficient
for different valve lift and vacuum pressure. The test article is typical research engine cylinder
head of a four cylinder four stroke seventy two HP diesel engine with a bore of the order of 76
mm and stroke being 80 mm. Ideally, it is good to test all the four ports individually y to have a
statistical correlation of data. However, extensive tests are carried out on one port and 3 D CFD
analysis is in progress for validation and for future design purposes. The experimental results are
presented in RTME International Conference , Dubai, during April 2016 [14] and further
published in [15].
Further , attempts are made for geometry acquisition in terms of three dimensional model of a
typical diesel engine inlet port , geometry cleaning and grid generation for further three
dimensional CFD analysis, experimentally validate and to obtain a calibrated CFD code for
futuristic design purposes.
3. TYPICAL INLET PORT
A typical intake port geometry and schematic representation of swirl flow behaviour
through the intake port is shown in Fig. 1 and a schematic of steady flow swirl is given in
Fig. 2.
Fig. 1 Typical inlet port and valve assembly
4. Mechanical Engineering: An International Journal (MEIJ), Vol. 3, No. 3, August 2016
4
Fig. 2 Schematic of steady flow swirl
3.1 Parameters Governing Swirl Flow
It has been observed that in-cylinder flow strongly depends on the inlet port, valve and cylinder-
head geometry. Thus in order to better understand the swirl flow behaviour, it is necessary to
understand the effect of each design parameters – effect of valve shape, port shape , valve lift and
pressure drop on swirl flow.
3.1.1 Effect of Valve Shape
In order to understand the effect of valve shape, the fillet radius of the valve stem, angle of valve
head, valve seat angle and sharp corners on the valve and seat have been changed and their
influence on air flow characteristics was studied by Tanaka[16]. He found that rounding of sharp
corners on the valve and the seat had major influence as rounding of corners between valve and
seat made convergent-divergent nozzle which increases the air flow rate.
3.1.2 Effect of Port Shape
The shape of the port near port exit and passage between valve seat and valve head effects the
flow pattern. Flow coefficient defined as ratio of measured flow rate and theoretical flow rate
increases when the square ratio of port diameter to valve seat diameter were in range of 2.25 to
4.0 as the resistance to the flow decreases studied by Kastner et al.[17].
3.1.3 Effect of Valve Lift
Flow pattern inside the inlet valve and cylinder vary with valve lift. In an automobile engine, the
valve lift is limited by getting the valve open and shut quickly and is generally one-fifth of valve
head diameter. Khalighi[18] observed that at low lifts, the swirl pattern is characterized by double
rotation under the valve and flow remains attached to valve head and seat whereas at higher lifts,
there is only single rotation and flow separates from valve head. Hence, the discharge coefficient
,Cd, decreases at low valve lift and then increases with increase in valve lift.
3.1.4 Pressure Drop
Flow through intake valve and its seat is similar to flow through venture in which passage
converges and diverges. The discharge coefficient decreases as the pressure drop is increased thus
limiting the flow rate of air inside the cylinder. At higher valve lifts, the discharge coefficient is
independent of pressure drop as flow breaks away from wall and passage has more divergence.
L- Valve lift
Vd-Valve diameter
Ls-Stroke length
D-Bore diameter
5. Mechanical Engineering: An International Journal (MEIJ), Vol. 3, No. 3, August 2016
5
4. TEST PLAN
To measure the swirl number of the engine under consideration for the following conditions:
a. For various air-flow rate ( with a pressure differential between 200-650mm of water)-200,
250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500 , 550, 600 and 650 mm of water
b. For different intake valve lifts (0-8mm)
Swirl tests have been carried out in the paddle wheel facility of Automotive Research Association
of India (ARAI), Pune. Typical test plan is given in table 1[19,20].
Table 1 Intake Port Test Matrix
5. PADDLE WHEEL SETUP
The Swirl test facility in ARAI is shown in Fig 3. and a schematic of the test facility is given in
Fig 4.
Fig 3. Swirl Flow Rig [3]
Fig. 4 A Schematic of paddle wheel facility at ARAI, Pune
Air swirl speed or momentum in the cylinder generated by intake ports is generally measured on a
steady flow rig. The variable frequency drive blower provides an air flow source for the steady
flow rig. The cylinder head to be measured is placed on the rig bench and is centred well with
Sl.
No
Pressure
(mm of
Water)
Valve Lift (mm)
V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6 V7 V8
1 200 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
2 250 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
3 300 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
4 350 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
5 400 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
6 450 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
7 500 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
8 550 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
9 600 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
10 650 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Cylinder
head
Cylinder
liner
Surge
Tank
6. Mechanical Engineering: An International Journal (MEIJ), Vol. 3, No. 3, August 2016
6
cylinder dummy which has diameter identical to engine bore. The steady flow starts from
maximum valve lift up to 1mm of valve lift.
6. GEOMETRY ACQUISITION
The geometry acquisition takes two third of time in any 3 D CFD analysis. Hence, it is worth
making a lot of efforts to ensure accuracy at every stage.
6.1 THREE D MODEL
A typical model using PRO E software [21] is shown in Fig. 5 .
Fig. 5 Three Dimensional of a typical diesel engine inlet port
6.2 GRID GENERATION
Meshing is one of the most important tasks in any numerical simulation. Ideally meshing should
represent the geometry and physics completely. Even though historically hexahedral elements are
preferred over tetrahedral elements to discretize the geometry, tetrahedral elements are the clear
choice to discretize the complex geometries of this type. The advantages of using hexahedral
elements can be easily offset by increasing the number of tetrahedral elements. In this case, 1,
33,000 tetrahedral elements are used to discretize the geometry. Mesh sensitivity analysis using at
least three different mesh densities will be performed to identify the optimal mesh density while
calibrating the code with experiments. A base simulation with the optimised mesh density will be
conducted, followed by adaptive local refinement, based on the solution gradients.
Base grid is generated using software [22] and typical grid is shown in Fig. 6.
Fig. 6 Grid Generation
6.3 GOVERNING EQUATIONS AND BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
The governing equations are continuity , momentum and energy equations supplements by
equation of state [23].
7. Mechanical Engineering: An International Journal (MEIJ), Vol. 3, No. 3, August 2016
7
6.4 PHYSICAL MODEL OF TURBULENCE
By default two equation turbulence model is used [23]. Subsequently , it is planned to
incorporate three different types of turbulence model when we go in for the calibrated
code exercise.
6.5 SOLVER ANSWER
ANSWER®
has been developed for solution of the Navier-Stokes, the Boundary Layer and the
Convective Transport equations including chemical reactions, combustion and turbulence.
ANSWER®
- General purpose CFD solved developed by ACRi (WWW.ACRiCFD.COM) is used
to for the simulations.
7. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Results and discussion regarding experimental results and grid quality check are presented below:
7.1 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
The current study involves determination of mean swirl number, mean flow coefficient, paddle
wheel speed, and discharge coefficient and flow rate with respect to L/D non dimensional ratio
for various pressures . The results are presented and discussed below:
Figure 7. Paddle wheel speed Vs Valve lift ratio
The variation of the paddle wheel speed with respect to different pressures of water has been
plotted in figure 7. From the above figure , it can be obsreved that the variation of paddle wheel
speed with respect to non dimentional ratio L/D at different pressures are uniform and linear
behaviour. Thus we can understand that with increase in pressure drop the circumferential
velocity increases which increases the pedal wheel speed and it increases linearly with valve lift.
8. Mechanical Engineering: An International Journal (MEIJ), Vol. 3, No. 3, August 2016
8
Figure 8. Flow coefficient Vs Valve lift ratio
Fig 8. shows the variation of flow coefficient versus L/D ratio. From the above figure, the
variation of non dimentional ratio between 0.03-0.09 results in distortion of the flow coefficient
whereas from L/D ratio of 0.10-0.22, the flow coefficient is independent of pressure drop.
Therefore in general the flow coefficient is approximately independent of pressure drop except at
small valve lift, where it increases with pressure drop.
Figure 9. Swirl number Vs Valve lift ratio
The variation of the swirl number with respect to different pressures of water has been plotted in
Fig. 9. From the above figure, the variation of non dimentional ratio between 0.05-0.12 results in
distorting the swirl number from 0-0.7 as disturbance is created for the flow. Thus we can
understand that at lower valve lift, the swirl number increases with pressure drop but at higher
lifts, the swirl number is independent of pressure drop.
Figure 10. Flow rate Vs Valve lift ratio
9. Mechanical Engineering: An International Journal (MEIJ), Vol. 3, No. 3, August 2016
9
From figure 10. it may be noted that the port allows the flow from 5 l/s to 38 l/s for the L/D ratio
ranging from 0.015 to 0.243. For initial half range of L/D ratio, the flow increases linearly and for
the remaining half the increase is moderate and then it becomes asymptotic. At lower valve lift,
the flow remains attached to the valve head and valve seat. But at higher lifts the flow separates
from valve seat. Thus at higher valve lift, the rate of increase of flow rate decreases and becomes
asymptotic.
7.2GRID QUALITY CHECK
Grid quality check is carried out for aspect ratio and skewness.
7.2.1 ASPECT RATIO
Aspect ratio is defined as the ratio of the longest edge of an element to either its shortest edge or
the shortest distance from a corner node to the opposing edge. For 3-D elements, each face of the
element is treated as a 2-D element and its aspect ratio is determined. The largest aspect ratio
among these faces is returned as the aspect ratio of 3-D element. . The recommended aspect ratio
shall be less than 5 where in the present meshing 0.2 % of the total elements are not meeting this
criterion. Further efforts are on to refine local refining of the mesh.
7.2.2 SKEWNESS
Skew is calculated by finding the minimum angle between the vector from each node to the
opposing mid-side and the vector between the two adjacent mid-sides at each node of the
element. Ninety degrees minus the minimum angle found is reported as skewness of the element.
The recommended skew angle shall be greater than 60. In the present exercise 1.3 % of the total
elements are not meeting the criteria and efforts are on for local refining of the mesh.
8. CONCLUSION
The present focus is on experimental results on diesel engine inlet port and geometry
acquisition and three dimensional modeling and grid generation towards CFD analysis.
Quality grid is generated through three dimensional modeling. Further, computer run on
high end platform is in progress. The results would be compared with experimental and
calibrated CFD code would be ready for futuristic design.
9. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Authors would like to acknowledge with thanks the Christ University Management headed by
Vice Chancellor, Dr. (Fr.) Thomas C Mathew, Engineering Director Fr. Benny Thomas,
Associate Director (Centre for Research–Projects) Prof. D.N.S Kumar, Associate Dean, Faculty
of Engineering, Dr. Iven Jose and Mechanical Department Co-Ordinator Dr. Gurumoorthy
Hebbar for encouraging R & D work. Discussions with Dr. Madhukar Rao, Technical Director,
ACRI, Bangalore are acknowledged.
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10
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