Measurement and analysis of data has been essential in science since ancient times. The Sumerians and Egyptians were the first to devise standardized measurement units like feet and cubits. In 1700, French scientists developed the metric system which uses the meter as its base unit of length. The International System of Units (SI) was later adopted, which is based on multiples of 10 and includes basic units like kilograms, meters, and seconds. Scientific notation is used to conveniently write very large or small numbers with coefficients between 1 and 10 and exponential bases.

1. Measurement and Analysis of
Data
Ms. Via Cerelle R. Villareal

2. - Historical Background
- Essential in science.
- Scientific experiments depends on
measurements.
- Ancient Sumerians and Egyptians
were the first to devise units of
measurement.

3. EXAMPLE OF ANCIENT TIMES
MEASURING UNITS
- Foot
( A mile was a thousand strides as defined by
the ancient Romans. A stride was about five
Roman feet.
- Cubit (came from the Latin word for
elbow).
(one cubit was the distance from a man’s
elbow to the tip of the middle finger.

4. Unit of Measurement
1700, group of French Scientist came up with such a
uniform systems of measurement.
- Meter as a standard unit of length, which includes
1/10,000,000 of the distance from the north pole to
equator.
- This system is called Metric System.

5. Metric System
• Uses a decimal base, which is most convenient to use.
• What is meter?
- It is defined as the distance travelled by light in a vacuum
in 1/299,792,458 of a second.

6. English System
• Inch, foot, yard, mile (Length)
• Ounce, pound (mass)
• Pint, gallon (volume)
- It is came from the origin- England.
- Used by most people in United State, Canada, and
countries that are members of the Commonwealth of
Nations (association of sovereign states consisting of the
United Kingdom and a number of its former dependecies)

7. Internation System of
Units
• universally, abbreviated as SI (from french,
Le Systeme International d’ Unites)
• Adopted by scientist in an international
agreement.
• It is convenient because it is based on
multiples of 10. (Each SI base unit can be
multiplied or divided y 10.

8. Prefixes Used in the SI System
and their Symbols and Meanings.
Prefix Symbols Meaning
Mega M 1,000,000
Kilo k 1,000
Deci d 1/10
centi c 1/100
milli m 1,1000
micro u 1/1,000,000
nano n 1/1,000,000,000

9. Some basic SI units of measurement
include the following;
• Mass – kilogram = (kg)
• Length – meter = (m)
• Time – second = (s)

10. To have an idea of the dimension of the
prefexis, refer to the figure below.
Prefix Mass Example Length Example
Kilo kilogram bag of rice kilometer road
Base unit gram coins meter table
milli milligram Human hair millimeter Size of a grain
of sand
micro Micro Mass of a
stamp
micrometer Length of a
bacterium
nano Nanogram Mass of a
molecule
nanometer Diameter of
an atom.

11. Factor-label Method or
Dimensional Analysis
Convert one unit of measure
Formula:
Value sought for = Given X Conversion
Factor
A CONVERSION FACTOR is a numerical ratio
used to express a measurement from one unit to
another unit.

12. Exercise Time

13. Cubic Meter
• A cubic meter is rather large. Imagine a cube with each
dimension as long as a meterstick.
Liter (L)
• Is a unit expresses the volume of liquids, such as soft drinks,
tetrapack juice, canned milk etc.
FORMULA
Density = Mass/Volume
Density- is a property of matter. The density of water at 4 degree
Celsius 1g/cm3 (one gram per cubic centimeter)

14. Scientific Notation
Avogadro’s number – the number of atoms
or molecules in a mole of any substance.
A mole is an SI unit which describes
the number of atoms that could fit in 0.012
kg of carbon 12.
602,000,000,000,000,000,000,000

15. The distance of Earth from the sun:
149 597 870.7 km
And the very small number like;
- The mass of electron
0. 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
910 938 291 kg
- Planck’s constant (h)
0. 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
000 662 Js (Joule-seconds)

16. Handling these numbers can be
cumbersome. A convenient way of writing
them is to use scientific notation.
A number written in scientific notation has two
parts.
1. COEFFICIENT
2. BASE

17. Coefficient
- Is any decimal number that is greater than
or equal to 1 but less than 10.
- It must have one and only one digit in front
of the decimal point.
- This is followed by the multiplication sign
(X).

18. Coefficient
- Is any decimal number that is greater than
or equal to 1 but less than 10.
- It must have one and only one digit in front
of the decimal point.
- This is followed by the multiplication sign
(X).