Measles
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This document outlines information about Measles from a group project. It includes the group members, an introduction to Measles virus and the disease, epidemiology, virology, pathophysiology, symptoms, treatment, prevention, complications, and references. Measles is caused by a virus that infects humans, especially young children. It is a significant cause of childhood mortality despite available vaccines. The group's project focuses on understanding the microbiology of Measles.
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Outbreaks first described in 16th century
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Before the availability of pertussis vaccine in the 1940s, public health experts reported more than 200,000 cases of pertussis annually.
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Before the availability of pertussis vaccine in the 1940s, public health experts reported more than 200,000 cases of pertussis annually.
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In 2012, the last peak year, CDC reported 48,277 cases of pertussis.
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Malaria is a protozoal disease caused by Plasmodium parasites and transmitted via mosquito bites. Symptoms include fever, chills, sweating and headaches in three stages. In 2020, there were an estimated 241 million malaria cases and 627,000 deaths worldwide. In India and West Bengal, reported cases decreased compared to 2019. Malaria is transmitted primarily by Anopheles mosquitoes and affects people differently based on age, sex, pregnancy status and socioeconomic factors. Diagnosis involves blood smear microscopy and treatment depends on the Plasmodium species and disease severity. Controlling malaria involves surveillance, vector control, early diagnosis and treatment, and health promotion.
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Yellow fever
Yellow fever is a viral disease transmitted by mosquitoes that primarily affects monkeys and humans in tropical areas of Africa and South America. It causes fever, jaundice, and can lead to severe liver and kidney damage. There are three main transmission cycles: a sylvatic cycle between monkeys and wild mosquitoes in forests; an intermediate cycle between monkeys, humans and semi-domestic mosquitoes near forests; and an urban cycle between humans and the Aedes aegypti mosquito. The virus is controlled through vaccination programs and mosquito control measures like larval source reduction and insecticide spraying. International travel regulations require a valid yellow fever vaccination certificate for entry into affected areas.
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Typhoid fever is a systemic bacterial infection caused by Salmonella typhi contracted through contaminated food or water. It remains prevalent in developing countries and can be fatal if left untreated. The document discusses the causes, symptoms, treatments, and complications of typhoid fever. It causes high fever, abdominal pain, and can lead to gastrointestinal perforation or bleeding without appropriate antibiotics like ciprofloxacin. Nursing care focuses on monitoring for fever and complications, maintaining nutrition and hydration, and preventing spread.
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Measles is a highly infectious childhood disease caused by the measles virus. It is characterized by fever and a rash. While the disease itself is usually not fatal, it can lead to serious complications like pneumonia, encephalitis, and malnutrition. Transmission occurs via respiratory droplets. There is no specific treatment for measles, but supportive care and vitamin A supplementation can help recovery. Immunization with the measles vaccine provides lifelong protection and is the most effective preventive strategy.
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Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by parasites transmitted through mosquito bites, infecting 219 million people in 2017 and killing 435,000. There are four types of malaria parasites, with P. falciparum causing the most deaths. The disease is most prevalent in Africa, Asia, and South America. Symptoms include fever, chills, and flu-like illness, with risks greatest for young children, pregnant women, and those with weak immune systems. Treatment depends on the type and severity of malaria, but may include chloroquine, primaquine, artemether, and doxycycline to kill the parasites. Prevention involves mosquito nets, repellents, and in some cases antimal
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- Chronic carriers who continue to shed the bacteria in their feces or urine can spread typhoid for many years and are difficult to treat. Proper sanitation, water treatment, handwashing, and vaccination programs are needed to control typhoid outbreaks.
- Two vaccines are available - the Vi polysaccharide vaccine given as a single dose to individuals over 2, and the live attenuated Ty21a vaccine given orally in 3 doses over a week to individuals over 5. Vaccination provides protection for 3 years against
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Polio or poliomyelitis is first known to have occurred nearly 6,000 years ago, as evidenced by the withered and deformed limbs of certain Egyptian mummies.
Polio was epidemic in the United States and the world in the 20th century, especially in the 1940s and 1950s.
Poliomyelitis is a highly infectious viral disease, which mostly affects young children; the virus is transmitted by person-to-person spread mainly through the fecal-oral route, or, less frequently, by a common vehicle (e.g. contaminated food or water) and multiplies in the intestine, from where it can invade the nervous system and can cause paralysis.
Initial symptoms of polio include fever, fatigue, headache, vomiting, stiffness in the neck, and pain in the limbs.
Etiology
Polioviruses are enteroviruses within the Picornaviridae family.
Direct contact. Poliovirus can be transmitted through direct contact with someone infected with the virus.
Ingestion. Less commonly, it can be transmitted through contaminated food and water.
Clinical Manifestations
Most patients infected with poliovirus develop inapparent infections and are frequently asymptomatic.
Nonspecific symptoms. Fever, headache, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and oropharyngeal hyperemia are observed in mild cases and usually resolve within a few days.
Nonparalytic poliomyelitis. Nonparalytic poliomyelitis is characterized by the symptoms described above in addition to the following: nuchal rigidity, more severe headache, back, and lower extremity pain, and meningitis with lymphocytic pleocytosis (usually).
Assessment and Diagnostic Findings
To confirm the diagnosis, a sample of throat secretions, stool or a colorless fluid that surrounds your brain and spinal cord (cerebrospinal fluid) is checked for poliovirus.
Viral cultures. Obtain specimens from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), stool, and throat for viral cultures in patients with suspected poliomyelitis infection.
Serum antibody. Obtain acute and convalescent serum for antibody concentrations against the 3 polioviruses.
IG titer. A 4-fold increase in the immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody titers or a positive anti-immunoglobulin M (IgM) titer during the acute stage is diagnostic.
Medical Management
The treatment of poliomyelitis is mainly supportive.
Physical therapy. Physical therapy is indicated in cases of paralytic disease; in paralytic disease, it provide frequent mobilization to avoid the development of chronic decubitus ulcerations; active and passive motion exercises are indicated during the convalescent stage.
Total hip arthroplasty. Total hip arthroplasty is a surgical therapeutic option for patients with paralytic sequelae of poliomyelitis who develop hip dysplasia and degenerative disease.
Diet. Because patients with poliomyelitis are prone to develop constipation, a diet rich in fiber is usually indicated.
Pharmacologic Management
No antiviral agents are effective against poliovirus.
infectious diseases
This document summarizes several infectious diseases:
- Cholera causes severe watery diarrhea through ingestion of contaminated food/water and can lead to death from dehydration if untreated. Oral rehydration salts are used to treat cholera.
- Tuberculosis is caused by bacteria that spreads through the air. It is diagnosed through skin tests and microscopy and treated with a combination of drugs for at least six months.
- Diphtheria causes thick gray throat coating through bacteria spread by contact. It is diagnosed through exams and cultures and treated with antitoxin and antibiotics.
Assignment on health problem in india
This document discusses several major health problems in India. It outlines communicable diseases like malaria, tuberculosis, acute respiratory infections, diarrhea, leprosy, AIDS, polio, and smallpox as significant problems. Nutritional issues such as protein-energy malnutrition, anemia, low birth weight, and vitamin A deficiency are also prevalent. Environmental sanitation and access to adequate medical care are unevenly distributed between rural and urban areas. Rapid population growth further exacerbates these health challenges in India. The document provides details on causes, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis and management of these various health issues.
Poliomyelitis
This document provides an overview of poliomyelitis (polio), including its introduction, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. Some key points:
- Polio is a viral infection that can cause paralysis. It was first described in 1799 and primarily infects the gastrointestinal tract.
- Through vaccination efforts starting in the 1950s, polio has been eliminated in most developed countries. Global eradication efforts have reduced endemic countries from 125 to 3 between 1988-2012.
- Polio spreads through the fecal-oral route or oral secretions. There is no animal reservoir - humans are the only known carrier. Vaccines including both inactivated (Salk) and
Poliomyelitis
This document provides an overview of poliomyelitis (polio). It begins by describing the virus, signs and symptoms, and transmission routes. It then discusses epidemiology including endemic countries, modes of transmission, incubation period, and susceptibility by age. The clinical spectrum is outlined including inapparent infection, abortive polio, and paralytic forms. Complications, case fatality rates, and diagnosis are also summarized. The document concludes by covering prevention strategies such as vaccination, comparing Salk versus Sabin vaccines, and outlining epidemiological investigation protocols.
Health Problems in India by Preeti Thakur
India has huge burden of Health problems .In India health problems are discussed under six major headings as commonly seen in the country.
1.Communicable Disease Problem
2. Non-Communicable disease problem
3.Nutritional problem
4.Environmental sanitation problem
5.Medical care problem
6.Population problem
Ebola
The document summarizes information about the Ebola virus. It discusses that Ebola causes a severe hemorrhagic fever in humans and other primates with high mortality rates. It was first identified in 1976 near the Ebola River in Africa. Transmission occurs through contact with body fluids of infected humans or animals. Symptoms include fever, weakness, and bleeding. There is currently no approved vaccine or treatment, though experimental therapies are being studied. Prevention relies on avoiding contact with infected animals/people and bodily fluids through protective equipment and safe burials.
Dengue and chikungunya in Children
This document discusses dengue fever and chikungunya fever, which commonly present as acute febrile illness in children. Dengue is caused by one of four serotypes of dengue virus transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes. It presents with high fever, body aches, and potentially severe bleeding or organ dysfunction. Chikungunya causes high fever and severe joint pain transmitted by the same mosquitoes. Both require supportive care but dengue may require hospitalization and IV fluids depending on severity of symptoms and warning signs. Accurate diagnosis is important given changing epidemiology and impact on healthcare systems.
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Measles
- 2. GROUP MEMBERS S/N NAMES MATRIC NO 1. Bankole Olukemi M. 170482 2. Ubogwu Joshua *179018 3. Adebisi Yusuff Adebayo 185416 4. Adeoye Adejuwon 185425 5. Babalola Khadeejah A. 185446 6. Fakeye Mojola 185460 7. Jacobs Tolulope 185464 8. Lawal Sodiq 185470 9. Olatunji Adebowale 185487 10. Rufai Basirat O. 185503
- 3. INTRODUCTION The disease is also known as RUBEOLA. The virus is known to infect only humans, especially young children below the age of 2 years in developing countries. Measles occurs worldwide and is still a significant cause of childhood morbidity and mortality despite the availability of vaccines.
- 4. EPIDEMIOLOGY Major epidemics occur every 2-3 years. Measles causes an average of 2.6 million deaths each year. 89780 measles mortalities were recorded in 2016. After the introduction of measles vaccine, an appreciable drop of 84% in the mortality rate worldwide was recorded.
- 5. VIROLOGY OF MEASLES Measles virus is the prototypic member of the morbillivirus genus of the family Paramyxoviridae. The viral genomic RNA is single-stranded, non-segmented and of negative polarity. It encodes 6 major structural proteins. Attachment to the host cells by the virus is mediated by HEMAGLUTININ. The human CD46 molecule has been identified as a cellular receptor for measles virus. Antibodies raised against either viral glycoprotein neutralize measles virus in vitro and protect against infection.
- 7. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY The virus is transmitted via respiratory droplets which remain contagious up to two hours after release. Measles infection in Nigeria is promoted by heat. Initial infection and replication occurs 2-4 days after release. Immunosuppression may predispose individuals to secondary opportunistic infections, particularly bronchopneumonia. Measles virus causes a progressive and often fatal giant cell pneumonia. After replication, the virus infects local lymphatic tissues where they are amplified in population. The virus causes a delayed type hypersensitivity interleukin-12 production.
- 8. SYMPTOMS These do not appear until 10-14 days after exposure. Symptoms include the following: cough; runny nose; sneezing; inflamed eyes, sore throat; fever; red botchy skin rash; malaise; fatigue; loss of appetite; and head ache.
- 11. TREATMENT PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT The following drugs are used in the management of measles symptoms: Generic Name Symptom Contraindications Possible Side Effects Acetaminophen {Paracetamol} Pain Fever Liver failure or damage Hypersensitivity Nausea Ibuprofen Pain Fever Ulcer in the gastrointestinal tract Gastrointestinal pain Antibiotics Secondary infections Varies Varies
- 12. HOME REMEDIES THAT ASSIST Bed rest Drinking a lot of water Turmeric Garlic Lemon juice Orange juice Coconut flesh and water Eggplant Butter Food rich in vitamin A (e.g. carrot,
- 13. PREVENTION OF MEASLES Measles vaccine This is given in doses, the first one is given between 12-25 months after delivery and the second, 4-6 years after delivery. Human immunoglobulin. Vitamin A. Ribavirin
- 14. COMPLICATIONS Miscarriage and premature delivery. Febrile seizure. The following secondary infections could develop Infection Name Areas of Infection Conjunctivitis Eye Otitis media Middle ear Laryngitis Voice box Pharyngitis, Bronchitis, etc. Airways and respiratory tracts
- 15. REFERENCES Emedine.medscape.com McLean HQ, Fiebelkorn AP, Temte JL, et al; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention of measles, rubella, congenital rubella syndrome, and mumps, 2013: summary recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep. 2013; 62:1-34 Demicheli V, Rivetti A, Debalini MG, et al. Vaccines for measles, mumps and rubella in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012; (2): CD004407.