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Measles
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- 2. GROUP MEMBERS S/N NAMESMATRIC NO 1. Bankole Olukemi M. 170482 2. Ubogwu Joshua *179018 3. Adebisi Yusuff Adebayo 185416 4. Adeoye Adejuwon 185425 5. Babalola Khadeejah A. 185446 6. Fakeye Mojola 185460 7. Jacobs Tolulope 185464 8. Lawal Sodiq 185470 9. Olatunji Adebowale 185487 10. Rufai Basirat O. 185503
- 3. INTRODUCTION The diseaseis also known as RUBEOLA. The virus is known to infect only humans, especially young children below the age of 2 years in developing countries. Measles occurs worldwide and is still a significant cause of childhood morbidity and mortality despite the availability of vaccines.
- 4. EPIDEMIOLOGY Major epidemicsoccur every 2-3 years. Measles causes an average of 2.6 million deaths each year. 89780 measles mortalities were recorded in 2016. After the introduction of measles vaccine, an appreciable drop of 84% in the mortality rate worldwide was recorded.
- 5. VIROLOGY OF MEASLES Measles virus is the prototypic member of the morbillivirus genus of the family Paramyxoviridae. The viral genomic RNA is single-stranded, non-segmented and of negative polarity. It encodes 6 major structural proteins. Attachment to the host cells by the virus is mediated by HEMAGLUTININ. The human CD46 molecule has been identified as a cellular receptor for measles virus. Antibodies raised against either viral glycoprotein neutralize measles virus in vitro and protect against infection.
- 7. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY The virusis transmitted via respiratory droplets which remain contagious up to two hours after release. Measles infection in Nigeria is promoted by heat. Initial infection and replication occurs 2-4 days after release. Immunosuppression may predispose individuals to secondary opportunistic infections, particularly bronchopneumonia. Measles virus causes a progressive and often fatal giant cell pneumonia. After replication, the virus infects local lymphatic tissues where they are amplified in population. The virus causes a delayed type hypersensitivity interleukin-12 production.
- 8. SYMPTOMS These donot appear until 10-14 days after exposure. Symptoms include the following: cough; runny nose; sneezing; inflamed eyes, sore throat; fever; red botchy skin rash; malaise; fatigue; loss of appetite; and head ache.
- 11. TREATMENT PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT Thefollowing drugs are used in the management of measles symptoms: Generic Name Symptom Contraindications Possible Side Effects Acetaminophen {Paracetamol} Pain Fever Liver failure or damage Hypersensitivity Nausea Ibuprofen Pain Fever Ulcer in the gastrointestinal tract Gastrointestinal pain Antibiotics Secondary infections Varies Varies
- 12. HOME REMEDIES THATASSIST Bed rest Drinking a lot of water Turmeric Garlic Lemon juice Orange juice Coconut flesh and water Eggplant Butter Food rich in vitamin A (e.g. carrot,
- 13. PREVENTION OF MEASLES Measles vaccine This is given in doses, the first one is given between 12-25 months after delivery and the second, 4-6 years after delivery. Human immunoglobulin. Vitamin A. Ribavirin
- 14. COMPLICATIONS Miscarriage andpremature delivery. Febrile seizure. The following secondary infections could develop Infection Name Areas of Infection Conjunctivitis Eye Otitis media Middle ear Laryngitis Voice box Pharyngitis, Bronchitis, etc. Airways and respiratory tracts
- 15. REFERENCES Emedine.medscape.com McLeanHQ, Fiebelkorn AP, Temte JL, et al; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention of measles, rubella, congenital rubella syndrome, and mumps, 2013: summary recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep. 2013; 62:1-34 Demicheli V, Rivetti A, Debalini MG, et al. Vaccines for measles, mumps and rubella in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012; (2): CD004407.