This document summarizes a seminar presentation on offers in contract law. It defines an offer according to Indian contract law as a promise made with the intention of obtaining another's assent. It outlines the key elements of a valid offer and discusses different types of offers, including specific offers made to individuals, general offers to the public, cross offers made simultaneously between parties, standing offers open over time, implied offers inferred from conduct, and express offers made verbally or in writing. It also defines a counteroffer as a conditional acceptance that differs from the original offer's terms.

1. SEMINAR
ON
OFFER
(MERCANTILE LAW)
Presented by:-
VINAYAK GUPTA
B.COM (HONS.)
1

2. MEANING,PROVISIONS &
TYPES OF OFFER
2

3. 3

4. 4

5. IN CONTRACT LAW , AN OFFER IS
A PROMISE IN EXCHANGE FOR
PERFORMANCE BY ANOTHER
PARTY.
5

6. According to sec 2(a) of the Indian
contract act, 1872, “when one person
signifies to another his willingness to
do or to abstain from doing
anything, with a view to obtain the
assent of that other to such act, he
is said to make a proposal or offer .”
6

7. 1. Two person or parties.
2. Willingness to do or not to do
something.
3. Proposal must be communicated.
4. Proposal must be made with
intention to create legal relations.
5. Offer should be given to get consent
of the other person to such act.
7

8. 8

9. 1. An offer must be made with an
intention to create legal
relationship.
2. The terms of the offer should not
be impossible to perform.
3. An offer should be clear and not
ambiguous or vague. 9

10. 4. An offer must be
communicated to the other
party.
5. An offer & invitation to offer
must be distinguished from
each other.
6. An offer must be in form of
request and not as an offer. 10

11. 7. An offer must be made with
the intention to get the assent
of the offeree.
8. An offer may be positive or
negative.
9. Communication of special
condition is necessary 11

12. 12

13. 13

14. 1. Specific Offer
A specific offer is one which is made to a
definite person or particular group of
persons. A specific offer can be accepted
only by that definite person or that particular
group of persons to whom it has been made
14

15. 2. General Offer
A general offer is one which is not made to
a definite person, but to the world at large or
public in general. A general offer can be
accepted by any person by fulfilling the
terms of the offer. In case of general offer,
the contract is made with person who having
the knowledge of the offer comes forward
and acts according to the conditions of the
offer. 15

16. 3. Cross Offer
Two offers which are similar in all
respects made by two parties to each
other, in ignorance of each other’s offer
are known as `cross offers’
16

17. 4. Standing Offer
It is an offer which opens for
acceptance over a period of time. This
is also known as continuing or open
offer.
17

18. 5.Implied offer
Such an offer is inferred from conduct or
behavior of parties or circumstances of the
case. Under section 9 of the Indian Contract
Act, 1872,”In so far as the proposal is made
otherwise than in words, the offer is said to
be implied.”
18

19. 6.Express offer
An offer made in words, written or
spoken, is called as an express offer.
Example:- Mr.X says to Y,’I am willing
to purchase your car for Rupees 5000.’
19

20. 7.Counter offer
Conditional acceptance is called
counter offer . When an offer is
accepted on term and condition other
than set out by offerer is called counter
offer.
20

21. 1) Business Regulatory Framework
(P.D. SAINI)
2) www.ucas.com
3) www.4law school.com
4) www.study.com 21

22. 22