This document is a facilitator guide for a presentation on Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI). It includes 16 pages describing the MBTI types and how to communicate effectively with each type. The guide provides tips on communication approaches, strengths, and strategies for each of the 8 personality types. It also includes diagrams mapping types to roles and interactive styles. The overall document provides a thorough overview of MBTI types to help facilitators effectively present and apply the framework.

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MYERS-BRIGGS INDICATEUR de TEMPERAMENT
Idealist
Choleric
Rational
Phlegmatic
Guardian
Melancholic
INTERACTION
STYLES
Artisan
Sanguine
1
Idealists
Rationals
Guardians
Artisans
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When communicating with Extraverts
• Acknowledge you are listening and use cues to show you are
preparing a response
• Provide immediate feedback and verbal acknowledgement
• Express overt interest and enthusiasm: lean forward, nod, smile,
and maintain eye contact
• If needed, ask for time to think about something, then set a time to
communicate;
• Anticipate others will want feedback and be prepared to share more
information sooner
• Focus on discussing topics you know well or have had a chance to
consider
• Seek networking opportuinities; find someone to help you make
links and contacts
• Take initiative to introduce yourself or start a conversation
• Deal with conflict and be willing to confront issues when they occur
• Remeber others often think out loud, so don’t assume words are
well thought out
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When communicating with introverts
• Think before speaking or let others know you are
thinking out loud
• Respect need for privacy, build trust, and be sure to
respect confidentiality
• Choose a time and place to communicate with a
minimum of distraction
• Speak slowly and calmly (without being condescending)
• Pause and wait for a response; don’t jump in to fill
silence, especially with small talk
• Don’t come across as imposing or demanding of an
immediate response
• Provide information ahead of time and allow time and
space for processing
• Focus on one topic, stay on topic, and avoid making
immediate decisions
• Summarize and share your final thoughts and direction. 20

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Sensing Types in communication
« Just the facts please »
Communication Strengths:
• Are anchored in current realities and common
sense
• Are practical and realiste
• Are observant and attend to details
• Retain and learn well from experience
• Immediately apply what is communicated
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Communication approach with
Sensing types
• Seek facts, details, and concrete examples
• Link information to immediate applications
• Want specific plans and procedures
• Like step-by-step explanations
• Relate information to what has happened in the past of is
happening now
• Prefer practical, plain language to symbols, metaphors,
theory or abstraction
• Focus on the here and now
• Don’t trust long-term, strategic communications
• Trust what has already been tried and proven to be true
• Are comfortable with familiarity and practicality
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When communicating with sensing types:
• Be practical and find ways to bring ideas down to earth
• Provide information on specific realities, details, and
immediate applications
• Provide concrete examples to prove your ideas work;
share facts and observations
• Present information sequentially rather than changing
topics and exploring links
• Show a plan and process for change rather than only a
concept
• Listen carefully to the facts and link new ideas to current
realities
• Remember others may not seek change
• Assess what is working well as well as what needs to be
changed
• Avoid extensive use of metaphors, analogies, and other
abstract communications
• Use words that relate to sensory and real-life images
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Intuitive types in communication
« I can see it all now »
Communication strengths:
• Are open to possibilities
• Anticipate and create change
• Are future orientated; see trends
• Link and integrate information
• Generate ideas
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Intuitive communication approach
• Want to know implications and relationships, not just
facts
• Become bored or impatient with details
• Like to brainstrom or play with ideas and imagine what
could be
• Focus on the future and long-term aspects and impacts
• See patterns and understand the big picture
• Are stimulated by possibilities; seek t create, grasp, and
share new ideas
• Use metaphors, analogies, and other forms fo symbolic
language
• In conversations, may jump across topics exploring links
• Trust and are eager to apply theories, models and
frameworks
• Don’t like to be hampered by barriers or limits
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When communicating with intuitive types
• Consider possibilities that may initially seem far fetched
• Provide an overview or thumbnail sketch first
• Suspend realities when necessary to brainstorm and
generate ideas
• Don’t get bogged down in facts and details
• Share main points, then add some detail as necessary
• Stretch toward taking a longer-term, future focus
• Show future possibilities of your ideas
• Trust what works and be open to changing what doesn’t
work
• Let others share their ideas and dreams
• Provide a reality check without discarding ideas; help
intuitive types link ideas to reality
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Thinking types in communication
« Is it logical ? »
Communication strengths:
• Calm, reasonable, and under control
• Provide honest and frank feedback
• Analyze, evaluate and critique
• Objective and principled
• Clear thinking process using defined
criteria
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Communication approach Thinking Types
• Use logic and analysis to spot flaws or
weaknesses
• Need to know « why »?
• Prefer information that is presented objectively
as a matter of fact
• Debate or challenge information
• List and consider pros and cons
• Create or use clearly defined criteria
• Trust competence and expertise
• Like completion and want to win
• Use precise and concise language
• Task and goal focused
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When communicating with thinking types
• Be calm and objective and demonstrate your
competence
• Offer honest and frank feedback as well as positive
comments
• Detach from situations and view them logically and
objectively
• Support your opinions with logical reasoning and clear
thinking
• Avoid becoming overly emotional or passionate when
discussing issues
• Be logical, reasonable, clear, concise
• Focus on tasks and objectives as well as on individuals
involved in the situation
• Don’t feel threatened or attacked when others like to
compete, debate or challenge
• Show cause-and-effect relationships and pros and cons
• Accept critical feedback without personalizing it. 42

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Feeling types in communication
« Will anyone be hurt ? »
Communication strengths
• Able to empathize and develop rapport
• Often can see and appreciate others’
perpectives
• Supportive, nurturing, and interested in others
• Enjoy cooperating and collaborating
• Connect with others and create a harmonious
environment
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Communication approach Feeling types
• Focus on situational and subjective beliefs and
values
• See strengths and positive attributes
• Enjoy encouragement and positive feedback
• Share personal situations, case histories, stories
and examples
• Want to get to know someone personally
• Like making linds to and connections with others
• Like collaboration and want to cooperate
• Warm, supportive, expressive and harmony
• Interested in people and their needs
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When communicating with feeling types
• Avoid critiquing and evaluationg when you are listening
• Focus on people in the situation; find out what is valued
and important
• Consider the needs of others for harmony and a positive
atmosphere
• Be friendly and approachable and offer encouragement
and support
• Know when to provide feedback gently and critique
behaviours not people
• Include personal needs as criteria in decision making;
show people impacts
• Connect first, then challenge later, find areas of
agreement
• Be careful to acknowledge and not analyze others’
feelings and values
• Remember some people dislike competition; focus on
creating win-win situations 45
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Perceiving types in communication
« Let’s wait and see »
Communication strengths:
• Are flexible and adaptable
• Respond to the situation as needed
• Are open to new information
• Generate and consider a wide range of
options
• Take an easygoing approach to change
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Communication approach Perceiving types
• Seek new information and explore options
• Include lots of data and ideas in the decision making
process
• Have a flexible, spontaneous, and unstructured
communication style
• Are open to respond to unexpected requests or
opportunities
• Can postpone decisions or make tentative decisions that
can change
• Seek input form others exactly when they need it
• Feel boxed in if immediate decisions are requested
• Ask questions and provide options
• Prefer open-ended discussions and language to
conclusive statements
• See opportunity in interruptions and diversions
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When communicating with percieving types
• Allow opportunities to explore before deciding
• Expect and schedule in discussion time and plan for
changes in your schedule
• Establish mutual deadlines rather than direct others
• Avoid making decisions too quickly; seek more
information before deciding
• Check to ensure you are not making conclusions when
speaking
• Describe situations rather than evaluate them
• COnsider multiple options and ask more questions to
gather information
• Be open to changing and dynamic information and
situations
• Be willing to take intial steps without making a complete
plan
• Be open to accommodating enexpected communication
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Judging types in communication
« Just do something »
Communication strengths:
• Are decisive
• Share decisions, then move ahead
• Are well organised and efficient
communicators
• Are task and goal focused
• Provide clear expectations and timelines
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Communication approach judging types
• Reach conclusions quickly, make decisions, and provide
closure
• Establish clear expectations, timelines, and objectives
• Are punctual and expect others to be on time
• Communicate well-defined assignments and
consequences
• Like organised and efficient communications
• Prefer structured and scheduled interactions
• Are uncomfortable with open-ended, free-flowing
discussions
• Like to have information ahead to time, especially if it is
needed to complete tasks
• Expect and receive input from others withing scheduled
timelines
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When communicating with judging types
• Avoid sharing too many options by focusing on what is
most important
• Negotiate specific timelines and deadlines and
consistently deliver projects on time
• Avoid seeking immediate input on changes to
established plan
• Narrow and focus your options before sharing them
• Know when to stop exploring and start making decisions
• Create and share timelines so others know when your
part of the project will be completed
• When sharing information or assigning tasks, provide
structure and clear expectations
• Avoid adding unexpected tasks or options to a project,
especially at the last minute.
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Type
T F F T
INFJ INTJ J
I ISTJ ISFJ
I ISTP ISFP INFP INTP P
E ESTP ESFP ENFP ENTP P
E ESTJ ESFJ ENFJ ENTP J
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RM 5-1
NF SJ
Meaning and significance, IN
Membership or belonging
Unique identity Responsibility or Duty
Diplomatic skill set Logistical skill set
NT SP
Mastery and self control Freedom to act
Knowledge and competence Ability to make an impact
Strategic skill set Tactical skill set
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RM 3-16

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Conscientous
Facilitators
Inspirational
Organisers
Managerial
Motivators
Intuitive
Guides
Idealist Guardian
Dolphin IN
Beaver
Improvisators
Expeditors
Coordinators
Experential
Inquisitive
Engineers
Practical
Visionary
Rational Artisan
Owl Fox
Using the MBTI ® Tool in Organizations (3rd ed.) © 2001 by CPP, Inc. Permission is hereby granted to reproduce this overhead master for workshop use. 65
Duplication for any other use, including resale, is a violation of copyright law. MBTI is a trademark or registered trademark of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator RM 3-16
Trust in the United States and other countries.
Foreseer Harmonizer Planner Protector
Developer Clarifier Inspector Supporter
NF SJ
IN
Envisioner Discoverer Implementor Facilitator
Mentor Advocate Supervisor Caretaker
Conceptualiser Deginer Analyser Composer
Director Theorizer Operator Producer
NT SP
Strategist Explorer Promoter Motivator
Mobilizer Inventor Executor Presenter
Using the MBTI ® Tool in Organizations (3rd ed.) © 2001 by CPP, Inc. Permission is hereby granted to reproduce this overhead master for workshop use. 66
Duplication for any other use, including resale, is a violation of copyright law. MBTI is a trademark or registered trademark of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator RM 3-16
Trust in the United States and other countries.

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INFJ INFP ISTJ ISFJ
Idealist Guardian
NF SJ IN
ENFJ ENFP ESTJ ESFJ
INTJ INTP ISTP ISFP
Rational Artisan
NT SP
ENTJ ENTP ESTP ESFP
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RM 3-16
ABSTRACT CONCRETE
Directing Informing Directing Informing
AFFILIATIVE
Responding
Foreseer Harmonizer Planner Protector
Developper Clarifier Inspector Supporter
Ni Fe Fi Ne Si Te Si Fe
NF SJ
Envisionner
Initiating
Discoverer Implementor Faciliator
Mentor Advocate Caretaker
Fe Ni Supervisor
Ne Fi Fe Si
Te Si
Designer Protector
Responding
Conceptualizer Analyzer
PRAGMATIC
Designer Theorizer Operator Supporter
Ni Te Ti Ne Ti Se Fi Se
f
NT SP
Strategist Explorer Protector Motivator
Initiating
Mobiliser Inventor Executor Presenter
Te Ni Ne Ti Se Ti Se Fi
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RM 3-16

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CHART THE COURSE BEHIND THE SCENES
Idealist
Rational
Guardian
Artisan
IN CHARGE GETTING THINGS GOING
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RM 3-16
Directing Informing Directing Informing
Responding
Foreseer Planner Harmonizer Protector
Developper Inspector Clarifier Supporter
INFJ ISTJ INFP ISFJ
Chart-the-course Behind-the-scenes
Conceptualizer Analyzer Designer Protector
Initiating
Designer Operator Theorizer Supporter
INTJ ISTP INTP ISFP
Envisionner Implementor
Responding
Discoverer Faciliator
Mentor Supervisor Advocate Caretaker
ENFJ ESTJ ENFP ESFJ
In-Charge
f Get-things-going
Strategist Protector Explorer Motivator
Initiating
Mobiliser Executor Inventor Presenter
ENTJ ESTP ENTP ESFP
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RM 3-16

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AG, EP, NC, BD, CV NB BR, JMC PL
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AG, EP, NC, BD, CV NB BR, JMC PL
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OE CV, BD, EP, AG, NC NB
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OE CV, BD, EP, AG, NC NB
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BR, JMC
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BR, JMC
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79
Les modes de perception
D'autres ont plutôt une vue
d'ensemble immédiate et voient
la forêt avant les arbres
Certains préfèrent
des faits précis et
voient les arbres
avant la forêt
 Osiris Conseil
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Deux points de départ différents
SENSATION (6 personnes)
 Harley Davidson
 Panneau antibruit
 Image – pas du reflet de la
réalité
 Reflet de ce qu’il pense
 Un drapeau peut être deux
 Obélisque du Capitole
 F16, Mirages au dessus de la
Concorde
 1959
 Photo Montage
 Le gars réfléchit à la guerre
qu’il a faite
 Des pavés
 Les signatures
 Osiris Conseil
 Une chaîne-clé, portefeuille,
gants
 Le soleil

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 Osiris Conseil
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Deux points de départ différents
INTUITION (3 personnes)
 Une certaine idée des US
 Anachronisme entre le
personnage moderne – cool
etc. – et le respect des
valeurs anciennes
 Fin de la division –
opposition du symbole du
mur/miroir
 Album musical
 2 images
 Osiris Conseil

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Quelques caractéristiques
S N
Porte son attention sur les Porte son attention sur les
faits, les éléments possibilités, les relations
Réaliste, pratique, orienté Imaginatif, conceptuel, attiré
vers le résultat par la nouveauté
Procède par étapes, avec des Procède par à-coups, avec
méthodes éprouvées, de façon des méthodes originales,
progressive saute à la conclusion
 Osiris Conseil

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L'orientation de l'énergie
Et d'autres plutôt vers le
monde intérieur !
Certains d'entre nous sont
plutôt attirés vers le monde
extérieur
 Osiris Conseil
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Les Extrovertis vus par les Introvertis
Ce qu’ils aiment: Ce qu’ils n’aiment pas:
 Bonne vision des choses;  Parlent de 3 sujets à la
 Premier contact facile; fois;
 Sympathique et  Superficiels;
chaleureux;  Ne laissent pas les
 Cherche l’aval des autres s’exprimer;
autres.  Jugement à l’emporte
pièce;
 Difficile à suivre;
 Osiris Conseil
 Trop rapide.

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Les Introvertis vus par les Extrovertis
Ce qu’ils aiment: Ce qu’ils n’aiment pas:
 Posés et réfléchis;  On ne sait pas ce qu’ils pensent;
 Profondeur de la réflexion;  On leur tire les vers du nez;
 Prennent du recul;  Impression de lenteur – on
 Sereins et calmes; déconnecte;
 Qualité de leur parole – c’est  Angoissés;
pensée;  Nous énerve;
 Nous permet de réfléchir.  Coléreux – soupe au lait;
 Ne tranchent pas;
 On a envie de parler à leur
place;
 Déconcertants;
 Manquent d’enthousiasme;
 Susceptibles;
 Ternes
 Osiris Conseil

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Quelques caractéristiques
E I
Tire son énergie du contact, Tire son énergie de son
brise facilement la glace monde intérieur, parle des
sujets qui l'intéressent
Action, réflexion, action ; Réflexion, action, réflexion ;
élabore sa pensée en parlant parle après avoir élaboré sa
pensée
S'exprime spontanément ; Manifeste de la réserve ;
communication intense et contacts approfondis sans
forte interactivité être interrompus
 Osiris Conseil

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Les critères de décision
Et d'autres se décident
plutôt en fonction de leur
échelle de valeurs
personnelle
Certains procèdent plutôt
d'une manière logique en
appliquant une grille de
critères
 Osiris Conseil
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Les Penseurs (T) vus par les « Feelers » (F)
Ce qu’ils aiment: Ce qu’ils n’aiment pas:
 Juste;  Trop froids;
 Logique;  Agressif et méchant;
 Cartésiens;  Jamais satisfaits;
 Rigueur;  Trop de détails;
 Sait prendre les décisions  Trop rationnel;
difficiles (licenciements etc.)  Critique, même blessants;
 Efficace;  Mauvaise foie;
 N’hésitez pas à créer le conflit;  Manque d’émotions;
 On peut s’appuyer sur eux.  Manque d’empathie;
 N’attendez pas le « bon
moment »;
 Pas très souple – ni diplomate;
 Idées arrêtées.
 Osiris Conseil

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Les « Feelers » (F) vus par les Penseurs (T)
Ce qu’ils aiment: Ce qu’ils n’aiment pas:
 Plus humains;  Manquent de franchise;
 Calment le jeu;  Lent dans la décision;
 Temporisent;  Pas assez factuels;
 Refusent/évitent le  Pas tranché;
conflit;  Compliquent les choses;
 Savent qu’ils ont besoin  Ne règlent pas le
de nous (T) problème;
 Ne pensent pas aux
conséquences;
 Fuitent les problèmes;
 Osiris Conseil
 Influencables.

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Quelques caractéristiques
T F
Décide en appliquant une Décide en évaluant la
grille de critères objectifs cohérence avec son échelle
de valeurs
Plutôt impersonnel, juste, Plutôt personnel, chaleureux,
ferme, sceptique confiant
Logique, critique, indépendant Empathique, en recherche
d'harmonie
 Osiris Conseil

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Le style de vie
dans le monde extérieur
Et d'autres improvisent en
s'adaptant aux
circonstances avec un grand
sac en caoutchouc
Certains gèrent l'espace et le temps
 Osiris Conseil
de manière plutôt méthodique, avec
une règle et une montre
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Les Jugers (J) vus par les Percepteurs (P)
Ce qu’ils aiment: Ce qu’ils n’aiment pas:
 Organisé;  Pas de place pour l’imprévu
 Planifient, « tout est prévu »; ou de jeu en travaillant;
 Proactifs;  Manque de réactivité et
 Listent des choses à faire; d’adaptation;
 Ne se dispensent pas;  Rigide;
 Bureau bien rangé;  Absence de spontanéité;
 Voiture propre;  Décision pour trancher,
besoin d’avancer très vite;
 Procédures chez Hertz;  Pas multitâches;
 Prise de décision logique.  Trop de processus – difficile
pour les autres;
 Manquent de feeling;
 Osiris Conseil
 Peu dérangeable – porte
fermée..

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Les Percepteurs (P) vus par les Jugeurs (J)
Ce qu’ils aiment: Ce qu’ils n’aiment pas:
 Opportunistes;  Brouillon;
 Créatifs;  Pas organisés (pas de
 Plus concentrés sur ce check-list);
qu’ils font;  Pas fiables;
 Pas stressés;  Disent toujours oui
 S’amusent plus. (mais rien derrière);
 Manque de côté
pratique;
 Mono-tâches;
 Osiris Conseil
 Plus lents.

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Quelques caractéristiques
J P
Organisation, planification, Adaptation, flexibilité,
structure, classement souplesse, dispersion
Prévision, aime savoir à Improvisation, agit le moment
l'avance venu
S'y prend à l'avance, agit par S'y prend à la dernière
anticipation minute, agit sous la pression
 Osiris Conseil

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MBTI FUNCTION CHARACTERISTICS
ST SF NF NT
• Practical • Social • Idealistic • Theoretical
Likes work that is… • Crisp • Personal • Insightful • Complex
Establishes teams that • Efficient • Friendly • Creative • Effective
are… • Data oriented • Service Oriented • Growth Oriented • Competition Oriented
Team structure… • Hierarchical • Fraternal • Collegial • Entrepreneurial
• Predictable • Traditional • Dynamic • Achieving
Team focus… • Stable • Affiliative • Ideological • Competent
• Performance • Membership • Personal Meaning • Rationality
Seeks… • Accountability • Interaction • Development • Opportunity
• Control • Support • Growth • Long-Range Planning
• Military • Service • Arts • Sciences
Often found in… • Industry • Health Care • Communication • Start Up Companies
Lynn & Associates
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ABSTRACT CONCRETE
Directing Informing Directing Informing
AFFILIATIVE
Responding
Foreseer Harmonizer Planner Protector
Developper Clarifier Inspector Supporter
INFJ INFP ISTJ ISFJ
NF SJ
Envisionner Faciliator
Initiating
Discoverer Implementor
Mentor Advocate Caretaker
ENFJ Supervisor ESFJ
ENFP
ESTJ
Designer Protector
Responding
Conceptualizer Analyzer
PRAGMATIC
Designer Theorizer Operator Supporter
INTJ INTP ISTP
ISFP
f
NT SP
Strategist Explorer Protector Motivator
Initiating
Mobiliser Inventor Executor Presenter
ENTJ ENTP ESTP ESFP
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RM 3-16

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IDEALIST GUARDIAN RATIONAL ARTISAN
Meaning and Membership or Mastery and self- Freedom to act on
significance and belonging and control and needs of the moment
Core needs unique identity responsability or knowledge and and the ability to
duty competence make an impact
Stressors Insincerity, betrayal Abandonnement, Powerlessness, Constraint,
and lack of integrity insubordination incompetence and boredom and lack
and lack of lack of knowledge of impact
belonging
When Disassociates and Complains, Obsesses and Retaliates and
stressed becomes phony becomes « tired, becomes mindless becomes reckless
sick, sorry,
worried »
•Affirmation and •Inclusion in news and •Reconfirmation of •Finding options and
nurturing from self competence and new ways to have
Antidotes activities, appreciation
and others and new and new membership knowledge or a new impact. New a
for stress quests project activities
107
RM 3-16
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ABSTRACT CONCRETE
Idealist Guardian
AFFILIATIVE
•Meaning and significance •Membership or Belonging
•Unique Identity •Responsibility or duty
•Diplomatic skill set – clarifying, •Logistical skill set –organizing,
unifying, individualizing and inspiring facilitating, checking and supporting
•Abstract language •Concrete language
•Affiliative roles •Affiliative roles
•Interest in motives to determine •Interest in structure to determine
meaning and purpose roles and responsabilities
Rational Artisan
•Mastery and Self-Control •Freedom to Act
PRAGMATIC
•Knowledge and competence •Ability to make an impact
•Strategic skill set –engineering, •Tactical skill set – actions,
conceptualizing, theorizing and composing, producing and motivating
coordinating
•Concrete language
•Abstract language •Pragmatic roles
•Pragmatic roles •Interest in motives to determine what’s
•Interest in structure to determine in it for the other person 115
organizing principles RM 4-49
ABSTRACT CONCRETE
Idealist Guardian
Diplomatic skill set: Logistical skill set
AFFILIATIVE
•To get the right things and the right
•Build bridges between people information, in the right place, at the
•To have empathy right time, in the right quantity, in the
•To strive to unify by understanding and right quality, to the right people and
resolving deeper issues while honoring not to the wrong people.
individual uniqueness •To attend to people’s comforts, to
•To move to a level of abstraction to see make it easy for others
how two seemingly different views are •To make sure everything is taken care
alike and then to choose a symbolic way of so things go right and things don’t
of communicating the similarity go wrong.
Rational Artisan
Strategic skill set Tactical skill set:
PRAGMATIC
•To think of and explain all the possible •To read the current context, the
contingencies and influencing factors situation, and skillfully manage the
and then design processes for situation to effect a desired result, often
achieving the objectives coming up with a variety of solutions
•To abstractly analyze a situation and •To take action according to the needs
consider previously unthought-of of the moment and plan the next move
possibilities •To cleverly display, compose and
•To look at the relationships between perform with attention to impact and
effect 116
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THE IDEALIST
Be yourself and believe in yourself
• The dolphin is used as the animal metaphor for
the idealist temperament
• Although animals do not have human
characteristics, we often interpret their actions in
terms of human behaviour.
• Folklore describes the dolphin as expressive,
caring, helpful, enthousiastic, and collaborative.
• These characteristics are also found in the
idealist temperament, making the dolphin a
recognizable image for this group
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THE IDEALIST -dolphin
• Focus on growing and becoming better
• Seek personal growth and authenticity
• Strive to understand and develop themselves and others
• Engage in meaningful actions and interactions
• Live by and express their values
• Are stimulated by change and possibilities
• Imagine and work toward creating a better future for themselves and
others
• Have a personal and positive perspective
• See potential and opportunity, especially for people
• Guide others toward growth
• Provide support and encouragement
• Often act as a catalyst for change and growth
• Are caring and collaborative
• Are sensitive, appreciative and empathic
• Want reassurance and acceptance
• Are optimistic and enthusiastic
127
Idealist
• Want to be authentic, benevolent and empathetic;
• Search for identity, meaning and significance;
• Are relationship orientated, particularly valuing meaningful
relationships;
• Are romantic and idealistic, wanting to make the world a
better place;
• Look to the future;
• Trust their intuition, imagination and impressions;
• Focus on develolping potential, fostering and facilitating
growth through coaching, teaching, counseling
communicating.
• Generally are enthusiastic;
• Think in terms of integration and similarities and look for
universals;
• Are gifted in the use of metaphors to bridge different
perspectives;
• Are diplomatic;
• Frequently are drawn to work that inspires and develops128
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General Description Idealist
• Focus on growing and becoming better;
• Seek personal growth and authenticity;
• Strive to understand and develop themselves and others;
• Engage in meaningful actions and interactions;
• Live by and express their values;
• Are stimulated by change and possibilities;
• Imagine and work toward creating a better future for themselves and
others;
• Have a personal and positive perspective;
• See potential and opportunity, especially for people;
• Guide others toward growth;
• Provide support and encouragement;
• Often act as a catalyst for change and growth;
• Are caring and collaborative;
• Are sensitive, appreciative and empathetic;
• Want reassurance and acceptance;
• Are optimistic and enthusiastic;
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Diplomatic skill set - Idealists
• Build bridges between people;
• Have empathy;
• Strive to unify by understanding and resolving deeper
issues while honoring individual uniqueness;
• Move to a level of abstraction to see how two seemingly
different points of view are alike and then choose a
symbolic way of communicating the similarity;
• Helps others harmonize and clarifty their values to bring
unity to the individual and the group;
• Have foresight and vision with implications for
developping the people involved, then communicating
that vision so that it is accepted and followed;
• Help others find their path and inspire them to follow it;
• Envision and then mentor others to achieve the
envisioned potential. 130

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Idealist strenghts on a team
• Need a sense of « higher » purpose
• Constantly see and wish to develop the potential of
people in the team
• Build bridges between disparate viewpoints
• Innately assess the authenticity of those around them
• Build strong team relationships to increase team
cohesiveness and unity
• Constantly see creative approaches
• Bring passion and enthusiasm to the team when they
feel the work is meaningful
• Foucused on possibilities in the future
• Empathises and build consensus with the team
• Give genuine feedback to team members
• Emphasize communication
131
Idealist challenges on a team
• May not draw the line quickly enough with performance
problems
• May appear wishy-washy because they see both sides
of an issue
• May fantasize negative meaning
• May become overdependent on relationships or avoid
conflict
• Dislike detail and repetitive tasks
• Will not enjoy work that is perceived as mundane or
meaningless unless attached to a cause
• May not be realistic, including about time requirements
• May not make « tough » decisons
• Needs lots or recognition to maintain self-esteem
• May « overcommunicate » or want to spend to much
time getting to the bottom of issues 132

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Intuitive Guides – ENFJ & INFJ
• Makes the ideal a goal;
• Is a master of articulating personal values through group
and one-on-one communication;
• Listens for emotions and symbolic content, critiques for
value, and relates preferences and relationships;
• Is sensitive to complex interpersonal connections, ethical
boundaries, and the logic of one’s values;
• Trusts foresight;
• Often is aware of a collective future or envisions a path
for growth;
• Projects and introjects – needs to know the future impact
of decisions on people;
• Has ideals that are directed to reconciling, connecting
and developing people and their ideas. 133
ENFJ
Envisoner Mentor
• Communicate and share values
• Succeeding at relationships
• Realizing dreams – their own and others
• Seek opportunities to grow together
• Heeding the call to a life work or mission
• Enjoy the creative process
• Intuitive intellect
• Reconcile the past and the future
• Talent for seeing potential in others
• Often find living in the present difficult
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ENFJ = Envisoner Mentor
« Two heads are better than one »
1. DOMINANT extraverted Feeling Fe – providing the
structures and the encouragement to energise people
and groups to grow – outwardly decisive, collaborative
and considerate
2. AUXILIARY introverted Intuition Ni – developing
innovative ways for people to realise their potential –
inwardly focused on possibilities for people
3. TERTIARY Sensing – considering immediate,
practical problems –As they mature, consider more
practicalities
4. INFERIOR introverted Thinking Ti – using detached,
precise logic to evaluate interactions – Development
challenge is to assess situations objectively.
135
ENFJ = Insightful Contibutor
Communication Highlights
• Warm, compassionate, enthusistic, insightful,
and encouraging
• Imagine new options and possibilities for helping
people realise and reach their potential
• Combine vision, strategic planning, task
orientation, and a focus on other’s needs
• Responsibly organise and coordinate resources
toward a goal
• Ensure that the means justify the end in terms of
employee motivation and morale
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ENFJ = Insightful Contibutor
At first Glance
• Sincere, sociable, friendly, expressive, open and
supportive
• Collaborative and cooperative; seek consensus
and harmony
• Potential and development of people is their first
and foremost focus
• Enjoy leading others, organising projects and
mobilizing people
• Achieve results by harnessing unique
contributions of each team member
137
ENFJ = Insightful Contibutor
What they want to hear
• Discussion about the sharing of personal values
and ideas
• Vision and possibilities for people; focused on
growth and development
• Positive and nuturing comments; empathy,
tolerance, and harmony
• Opportunities for everyone to collaborate,
contribute, and use their skills
• Others taking time and energy to develop and
maintain relationships
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ENFJ = Insightful Contibutor
When expressing themselves
• Often guide others by mentoring, advocating,
counseling and teaching
• Tuned in to individual differences; value diversity
and accommodate needs
• Communicate, establish rapport, and connect
with a broad range of people
• Express their values and opinions; clarify
perspectives and build agreement
• Discuss theories and abstract ideas and
concepts; expect others to contribute.
139
ENFJ = Insightful Contibutor
Giving/receiving feedback
• Like others to affirm their opinions and validate
them as a person
• Actively support other team members with words
and actions
• Openly value and appreciate others and expect
support themselves
• Can take criticism personally and become hurt
• Energetically guide others and encourage them
to make good decisions
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ENFJ = Insightful Contibutor
Interpersonal focus
• Want to build strong teams and create a
harmonious environment
• Affected by unpleasant working relationships,
atmosphere, and morale
• Sensitive to personal issues; explore and want
to understand personal conflicts
• Will focus on and deal with conflict, stress, or
strain on people involved in projects
• Seek harmony; may spend more time than
others want on interpersonal issues
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INFJ
Forseer Developer
• Personal growth
• Sustain the vision
• Honor the gifts of others
• Taking a creative approach to life
• Talent for foreseeing
• Exploring issues
• Bridge differences and connect people
• Practical problem solving
• Live with a sense of purpose
• Living an idealistic life often presents them with a great
deal of stress and a need to withdrawl
143
INFJ = forseer Developer
« There’s more to it than meets the eye »
• DOMINANT introverted Intuition Ni –
Becoming focused by insights about people and
images of the future – inwardly focused on integrating
ideas to benefit people
• AUXILIARY extraverted Feeling Fe – Structuring the
external world to support a vision of possibilites for
people – outwardly decisive, collaborative, and
considerate
• TERTIARY Thinking – Taking account of long-range
consequences – as they mature, assess situations
more objectively
• INFERIOR extraverted Sensing Se – Noticing
realistic data about people – developmental challenge
is acting on immediate realities
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INFJ = Compassionante Visionnary
Communication Highlights
• Quietly supportive, encouraging and affirming;
seek harmony and connections
• Seek purpose and meaning; align their actions
to a humanistic goal
• Link values, ideas, people and action to make
collaborative plan of action
• See human potential and opportunities for
growth for self and others
• Provide long-term vision and future-focused,
innovative ideas.
145
INFJ = Compassionante Visionnary
At first Glance
• Appear private and cautious to the casual
observer; share insights only with those they
trust
• Quietly inspiring and careful to understand and
affirm the values of others
• Need quiet, uninterrupted time to conceptualise
ideas and process connections
• Organise people and resources to get a job
done in a personal caring way
• Strive to meet their own high standards and
hesitant to share ideas before they are
perfected.
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INFJ = Compassionante Visionnary
What they want to hear
• Long-term possibilities, especially for developing
human potential
• Connections and common ground; quality and
depth of relationships is important
• Thinking outside the box using metaphors,
symbols, and other abstract language
• Collaboration, cooperation and accommodation;
nuturing and supportive language
• In depth, personal, one-to-one dialogues in an
environment of trust
147
INFJ = Compassionante Visionnary
When expressing themselves
• Seek to help or educate people and present
ideas in a personally meaningful context
• When trust is established, express themselves
and enjoy receiving support
• Find it difficult at times to incorporate others’
feedback
• Reframe questions or change the framework
they are presented in
• If their values are challenged, can be very
insistent, firm-minded and unyielding
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INFJ = Compassionante Visionnary
Giving/receiving feedback
• Value genuine and honest self-expression; quick
to see posturing or insincerity
• Like to be validated and appreciated and will do
the same for others
• If they are not supported, may withdraw from
contact with others
• Find it hard to deal with people who are overly
critical, blunt or impersonal
• Have difficulty giving or receiving negative
feedback; can take negative feedback
personally.
149
INFJ = Compassionante Visionnary
Interpersonal focus
• Learn about, appreciate, and utilise people’s
special talents and skills
• Sensitive to others’ moods and feelings,
conciliate people with opposing positions
• Good sense of how to motivate, validate and
quietly influence others
• May not always express their own needs,
feelings or personal concerns
• Put significant energy into developing bonds and
selective about including others
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Communicating effectively with INFJs
151
Inspirational Mediators – ENFP & INFP
• Is perceptive of intonation, emotion, and the multiple
meanings and implications behind words, especially
what is not said;
• Enjoys the magical moment;
• Responds to a rich and dynamic, interesting and
inspiring voice;
• Often picks up on and mirrors others’ behaviour;
• Imagines, weaves, and relates stories;
• Understands through metaphor and creates by
combining the threads of various possibilities;
• Wants harmony in values and meaningful serendipity
and surprise;
• Has a sense of pathos and irony;
• Notices incongruity, identity and ethical contradiciton;
• Often ends up acting as catalyst.
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ENFP
Discoverer Advocate
• Inspiring and facilitating others
• Exploring perceptions
• Talent for seeing what’s not being said and voicing
unspoken meanings
• Seek t have ideal relationships
• Recognize happiness
• Living out stories
• Want to authentically live with themselves
• Respond to insights in the creative process
• Finding the magical situation
• Restless hunger for discovering their direction
153
ENFP
Discoverer Advocate
• DOMINANT extraverted Intuition Ne –
Seeing exciting possibilities for people and
enthusiastically pursuing them – outwardly focused on
possibilities for people
• AUXILIARY introverted Feeling Fi – Evaluating and
organising insights to help people realise their potential
– inwardly evaluating ideas according to their personal
values
• TERTIARY Thinking – Using detachement and logic
to analyse options – as they mature, assess situations
more objectively
• INFERIOR introverted Sensing Si – Storing and
retrieving realistic, practical data – developmental
challenge is considering realities
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ENFP = Compassionante Explorer
Communication Highlights
• Outgoing, optimistic, caring, genuine and
compassionate
• Energetically and enthusiastically encourage
and persuade others
• Identify opportunities to develop human
potiential and improve people’s situations
• Champion changes that provide possibilities and
improve processes for people
• Help people find niches, develop strengths, and
compensate for weaknesses
155
ENFP = Compassionante Explorer
At first glance
• Empower, advocate for and encourage the
individual in the organisation
• Enjoy collaboration, cooperation; and the
sharing of ideas
• See potential and possibilities in people; focused
on relationships and growth
• Create and share a wealth of innovative ideas
and a vision of the future
• Value and encourage diversity; enjoy working
with a wide variety of people
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ENFP = Compassionante Explorer
What they want to hear
• People’s experiences, feelings, thoughts,
viewpoints and ideas
• Dialogue to facilitate becoming known as a
person and developing a relationship
• General guidelines and information, not
specific directions or commands
• Theories and models that will enhance
growth, learning and development
• Collaborative language focusing on
teamwork and individual contributions 157
ENFP = Compassionante Explorer
When expressing themselves
• Highly participative, sociable, and friendly;
connect and develop rapport with others
• Use empathy when interpreting situations
and dealing with others
• Sensitive to group dynamics; highlight and
integrate ideas and input
• Often teach, counsel, facilitate, motivate,
negotiate, recrute and resolve conflicts
• Challenge accepted practices if not
aligned to human values or needs 158

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ENFP = Compassionante Explorer
Giving/receiving feedback
• Validate, appreciate, and celebrate unique and
valuable individual contributions
• Seek to please others and are motivated by
positive feedback and encouragement
• Like to be mentored or supported within the
work setting rather than supervised
• Overly sensitive to feedback that is objective and
task focused rather than personal
• Will give more positive that corrective feedback
and may hesitate to criticize others
159
ENFP = Compassionante Explorer
Interpersonal focus
• Strongly and directly affected by interpersonal
conflict
• People are more important than the work itself;
seek a positive environment
• Sensitive to issues of working relationships,
organisational climate and morale
• Perceptive to the needs, situations and
motivations of others
• Treat everyone as a unique individual with a
contribution to offer
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INFP
Harmonizer-Clarifier
• Going with the flow
• Knowing what is behind what is said
• Uncovering mysteries
• Exploring moral questions
• Talent for facilitative listening
• Relate through stories and metaphors
• Balancing opposites
• Getting reacquainted with themselves
• Have a way of knowing what is believable
• Struggle with structure and getting their lives in order
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INFP
Harmonizer-Clarifier
• DOMINANT introverted Feeling Fi –
Filtering everything a coherent core of personal values
based on respecting individuals – inwardly focused on
evaluating ideas according to values
• AUXILIARY extraverted Intuition Ne – Approaching
people and ideas with a sense of curiosity and
possibility – outwardly focused on possibilities for
people
• TERTIARY Sensing – Focusing on people’s daily
needs – as they mature, consider more current
realities
• INFERIOR extroverted Thinking Te – Using
detachement and logic to evaluate possibilities –
developmental challenge is evaluating objectively
163
INFP = Insightful enhancer
Communication Highlights
• Kind, considerate, encouraging, and helpful;
focuses on people, ideas and possibilities
• Flexible, casaul, adaptable, creative problem
solvers
• Future focused and envision ways to meet
people’s needs and enhance their potential
• Compassionate and function as peacekeepers;
maintain harmony
• True to themselves and choose actions on the
basis of personal values and priorities
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INFP = Insightful enhancer
At first glance
• Quiet, calm, supportive listeners who are
willing to hear others’ concerns
• Devote their attention to understanding
others’ situations and points of view
• Explore options and find innovative, long-
term solutions and opportunities
• Optimistic and see ways that change can
be positive for the people involved
• Attuned to and appreciative of individual
differences 165
INFP = Insightful enhancer
What they want to hear
• Personal stories of inspiration and how
others have managed adversity
• Calm, quiet; time to reflect and work on
meaningful tasks in an unstructured way
• Fewer communications that are overly
formal, structured, rule bound, or detailed
• In-depth, personal, one-to-one dialogues
in an environment of trust
• Others taking time to get to know them
and earn their trust 166

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INFP = Insightful enhancer
When expressing themselves
• See communications as unique; adapt
interactions to suit each individual and situation
• Reserved and selective when expressing their
own emotions and values
• Usually do not have a broad or casual social
network; seek meaning in relationships
• Share their deepest values and feelings with
only a very few people
• Self-critical when not able to live up to their own
ideals and high expectations
167
INFP = Insightful enhancer
Giving/receiving feedback
• Appreciative of others and give positive
feedback; want to be appreciated
• Dislike being underestimated, but won’t
share accomplishments casually
• Find it hard to listen to critical feedback
and can take it very personally
• Find it difficult to give negative feedback
and may avoid doing so
• If they do give constructive feedback, give
it gently and with great care 168

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INFP = Insightful enhancer
Interpersonal focus
• Consider the needs of people much more
important than accomplishing a result
• Greatly affected by the quality of their
relationships with people at work
• Usually perceptive, aware of emotions and
values, and able to read people well
• Avoid interpersonal conflict; may withdraw
or find it hard to express needs
• Strive to maintain harmony even at the risk
of leaving their own needs unmet 169
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171
THE GUARDIAN - beaver
• Folklore describes the beaver as
industrious, methodical, organized,
responsible and group orientated.
• These qualities are also found in the
guardian temperament.
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THE GUARDIAN
Slow and steady wins the race
• Focus on maintaining procedures, policies and order
• Seek a place to fit in and be part of a group
• Value membership and order
• Like being useful, practical and economical
• Preserve the status quo and conserve what has worked well in the
past
• Contribute to the larger group
• Work hard: complet tasks and meet expectations
• Like activites to be useful and sensible
• Are practical and realistic
• Focus on planning and organising using facts and details
• Are dependable, loyal, punctual, responsible and reliable
• Prefer to meet deadlines without a last minute rush
• Like clear; detailed and specific tasks
• Prefer predictability, security, structure, rules and routines
• Feel obligated to give, commit to, and care for things and people
• Enjoy traditions and rituals
173
Guardians
• Want to fit in, to have membership;
• Hunger for responsibility, accountability, and
predictability;
• Tend to be generous, to serve and to do their duty;
• Establish and maintain institutions and SOP;
• Tend to protect and preserve, to stand guard and warn;
• Look to the past and tradition;
• Foster enculturation with ceremonies and rules;
• Trusts contracts and authority;
• Want security and stability;
• Think in terms of what is conventional, comparisons;
associations and discrete elements;
• Generally are serious and concerned, fatalistic;
• Are skilled at ensuring that things, information, and
people are in the right place, in the right amounts, in the
right quality at the right time;
• Frequently gravitate toward business and commerce. 174

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Guardians
• Focus on maintaining procedures, policies and order;
• Seek a place to fit in and be part of a group;
• Value membership and order;
• Like being useful, practical and economical;
• Preserve the status quo and conserve what has worked in the past;
• Contribute to the larger group;
• Work hard; complete tasks and meet expectations;
• Like activities to be useful and sensible;
• Are practical and realistic;
• Focus on planning and organising using facts and details;
• Are dependable; loyal, punctual, responsible and reliable;
• Prefer to meet deadlines without a last minute rush;
• Like clear, detailed, and specific tasks;
• Prefer predictability, security, structure, rules and routines;
• Feel obligated to give, commit to; and care for things and people;
• Enjoy traditions and rituals.
175
Logistical Skill Set - Guardians
• Provide the logistical support and protection necessary for people to
get things done right and make sure things to well and
don’t go wrong;
• Provide service and caretaking that help people get
underway;
• Get the right things and the right information, in the right
place, at the right time, in the right quantity, in the right
quality, to the right people and not to the wrong people;
• Attend to people’s comforts and make things easy for
others;
• Standardize, establish, and oversee policies and
procedures that provide stability for the group;
• Investigate what has happened before, carefully
describing where we want to go and how to get there;
and monitoring the plan along the way;.
• Sheloter and protect to ensure safety and well-being;
• Examine, assess and instruct to meet standards. 176

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Guardian strengths on a team
• Strong team loyalty
• Respect for authority
• Provide historical perspective: what worked/didn’t work
in the past
• Implement consistent systems and procedures to
optimize resource allocation
• Responsible, good follow-through
• Contingency planning for all perceived eventualities
• Bring continuity
• Constantly monitor systems and procedures
• Provide clear, step-by-step directions
• Economical with resources and possessions
• Can manage large amounts of information 177
Guardian challenges on a team
• May want to maintain the group when no longer suitable
• May not question authority when appropriate
• May be viewed as inflexible and reluctant to change
• May be too caught up in details and rigidly insist on
existing processes
• May follow through when they should move on
• May be viewed as pessimistic and waste time
overplanning
• May be viewed as « anal »
• May micromange the details and find it hard to multitask
simultaneously
• May seem pennywise and pound foolish
• May loose sight of the big picture in all the details 178

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The Managerial Organiser – ESTJ & ISTJ
• Has strong organisational skills;
• Thinks in terms of steps, rules, and roles to follow to
meet goals;
• Trusts measurement and standard operating
procedures;
• Uses figures and numbers, makes charts and lists and is
good at arranging tasks or ideas in a sequential manner;
• Plans and checks off steps to be responsible;
• Feels a sense of loyalty;
• Has an eye for order, overseeing and supervising,
directing others and being directed;
• Can painstakingly work through problems to assure
correctness;
• Banks on hindsight, history and wealth of experience;
• Uses analogies to solve novel problems.
179
ISTJ
Planner Inspector
• Drawing up plans and being prepared
• Take responsibility
• Getting work done first
• Being active in the community
• Loyalty to their roles
• Cultivating good qualities
• Doing the right thing
• Bear life’s burdens and overcome adversity
• Talented at planning, sequencing, and noticing what is
missing
• Having to learn so much in hindsight is painful at times
180

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ISTJ
Planner Inspector
• DOMINANT introverted Sensing Si –
Respecting and relying on internally stored data about
reality and actual events – inwardly taking in and
assimilating relevant information
• AUXILIARY extraverted Thinking Te – Organising
and structuring the external world with logical systems
– outwardly logically decisive, focused on
accomplishing tasks
• TERTIARY Feeling – Considering the impact of
decisions on others – as they mature, consider
personal impacts of decisions
• INFERIOR extraverted Intuition Ne – Seeing
possibilites and larger connections – developmental
challenge is to seek and act on new ideas
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ISTJ = Logical assimilator
Communication Highlights
• Straightforward, practical, logical, and
efficient
• Independent, self-sufficient, and self-
reliant
• Focused on facts, details and results
• Trust and remember information gained
from experience
• Depth of knowledge and wealth of
specialized information
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