The document discusses the topic of proteomics, which is the study of the proteome or total protein makeup in living organisms. It provides background on biotechnology and the historical development of proteomics from genomics. Key points covered include: - Proteomics allows the identification of disease biomarkers and aids in new drug design. It helps with crop improvement through identifying stress-resistant cultivars and pathogen interactions. - Techniques discussed are protein extraction, separation through gel electrophoresis, identification through mass spectrometry and characterization through bioinformatics and crystallography. - Examples provided demonstrate proteomics aided in identifying biomarkers for various diseases and protein expression differences in grape species and fungal pathogens, which can improve disease

1. THE DEPARTMENT OF PLANT BIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY
FACULTY OF LIFE SCIENCES
UNIVERSITY OF BENIN, BENIN CITY
COURSE CODE:
BOT 850 (POSTGRADUATE SERMINAR)
TOPIC:
Proteomics : A Developing Area in Biotechnology
SPEAKER:
Mathew Osagie LAWANI
MAT. NUMBER:
PG/LSC1817757
DATE:
Friday 24th January, 2020

2. INTRODUCTION
• Biotechnology is the application of scientific
principles to the processing of materials
by biological agents (Smith, 2009)
• Proteomics is the study of the proteome,
which is the total protein makeup in
living organisms. (Hewick et al., 2003).

3. PROTEINS
• All living cells contain proteins. They are
complex, 3-D substances composed of one
or more long, folded polypeptide Chains.
• They constitute the bricks and mortars of the
cells and do most of the work.
• All the enzymes, several hormones, transport
carriers, immune-globulins etc are proteins.

4. Fig 1: A 3D image of a protein (Source: Google, 2007)

5. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF BIOTECHNOLOGY
• Fermentation of wine by Samaritans in 6000 BC
• Baking of bread by the Egyptians in 4000 BC
• Discovery of Microorganisms by Anton van Leeuwenhoek in 16
• Demonstration of Microorganisms Fermentative ability by
Loius Pasteur between 1857-1876
• Production of useful by products from microorganism in the 1940s
• Recombinant DNA Technology in the 1960’s
(Source: Smith, 2009)

6. DEVELOPMENT OF GENOMICS
• Genomics is the study of the genome, which is the
complete set of genetic material present
in a cell of an organism (Hausakeller and Calvert, 2004).
• The modern era of genomics was initiated in 1986
at an international conference in Santa Fe,
New Mexico. A meeting that led to the human
genome project.

7. FROM GENOMICS TO PROTEOMICS
• The term Proteomics was coined by Marc
Wilkins in 1994 referring to a PRO-tein
compliment of a gen-OME.
• Fifteen (15) years later it became more than
just an appendix of genome, it transitioned
into a complex scientific discipline (Fernandez et
al, 2010).

8. Fig 2: The relationship between Genomics and proteomics
(Source: Keller, 1999)

9. Fig 3 : Pathway of Proteome Research (Source: Lawani, 2020)
Sample
Collection and
Extraction
Protein
Separation
Protein Identification
Bioinformatics
Protein
Characterization

10. Fig 4: Protein Sample Collection and Extraction (Source: Nicholas et al,2015)

11. Plate 1: An image showing a 2–D Gel Electrophoresis Apparatus
(Source: Google, 2016)

12. Plate 2: An Image showing the results of a 2-D Gel Electrophoresis analysis
(Source: Mani, 2016)

13. Plate 3: A Multicollector Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometer
(Source: Google, 2019)

14. Fig 5: A mass spectrometer data analysis (Source: Google, 2019)

15. Fig 6: Use of bioinformatics tool (Source: Qt Forum, 2017)

16. Fig 7: X- Ray Crystallography analysis (Source: Google, 2019)

17. WHY PROTEOMICS?
a) Medicine
• Biomarkers for early disease diagnostics
• New drug design
b) Crop Improvement
• Biomarkers to determine Pierce’s disease tolerance in
grapes( Vitis species)
• Analysis of plant pathogenic fungi interactions
• Selection of abiotic stress resistant cultivars

18. Table 1: List of biomarkers identified for diagnosis of
several diseases (Source: Meuwis et al., 2007)
Diseases Biomarkers
Breast cancers HER-2/neuoncoprotein
Ischemic Heart Disease Troponin, natriuretic peptide
Stroke Lipoprotein associated phospholipase-A2
Traumatic Brain Injury C-tau, hyperphosphorylated axonal neuro-filment
protein and serum S100B

19. Fig 8: A drug in the active site of a protein (Source: Safoura et al., 2016)

20. Plate 4: Pierce’s disease symptoms in Vitis Species (Source: Google, 2020)

21. Table 2: Different expressed proteins in Vitis species
(Source: Adapted from Katam et al., 2015)

22. Fig 9: Quantitative differences among vitis species xylem proteins
(Source: Katam et al,2015)

23. Fig 10: One-DE analysis of mycelium protein extract of six different strain of
Botrytis cinerea isolated from infected lentil plants
(Source: Fernadez et al,2010)

24. CONCLUSION
Proteomics, in combination with other
techniques, constitutes a powerful tool in the
area of medicine and crop improvement. With
advancement in technology Proteomics is likely to
bring about novel drugs and ways to control
pathogens and diseases.